Low ankle–brachial index predicts an adverse 1-year outcome after acute coronary and cerebrovascular events

BACKGROUND: Low ankle-brachial Index (ABI) identifies patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. The aim of this study was to correlate ABI value (normal or low) with 1-year clinical outcome in patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndromes or cerebrovascular diseases (CVD). METHODS: ABI was measured in consecutive patients hospitalized because of acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). An ABI lower than or equal to 0.90 was considered abnormal. The primary outcome of the study was the composite of non-fatal acute myocardial infarction, non-fatal ischemic stroke, and death from any cause during the year following the index event. RESULTS: An abnormal ABI was found in 27.2% of 1003 patients with acute coronary syndromes, and in 33.5% of 755 patients with acute CVD. After a median follow-up of 372 days, the frequency of the primary outcome was 10.8% (57/526) in patients with abnormal ABI and 5.9% (73/1232) in patients with normal ABI [odds ratio (OR) 1.96; 95% CI 1.36-2.81]. Death was more common in patients with abnormal ABI (OR 2.05; 95% CI 1.31-3.22). Cardiovascular mortality accounted for 81.7% of overall mortality. ABI was predictive of adverse outcome after adjustment for vascular risk factors in the logistic regression analysis (OR 1.93; 95% CI 1.24-3.01). The predictive value of ABI was mainly accounted for by patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndromes (adverse outcome: 12.8% in patients with abnormal ABI and 5.9% in patients with normal ABI, OR 2.35; 95% CI 1.47-3.76). CONCLUSIONS: An abnormal ABI can be found in one-third of patients hospitalized for acute coronary or cerebrovascular events and is a predictor of an adverse 1-year outcome.     

急性冠脉综合征中糖原磷酸化酶BB的观察

目的 观察和比较急性冠脉综合征患者发病过程中糖原磷酸化酶BB、肌酸磷酸激酶及其亚型的变化情况方法 对正常对照组、稳定型心绞痛、不稳定型心绞痛及急性心肌梗死患者进行采血,酶联免疫法检测GPBB,生化检测CK、CK-MB。急性心肌梗死组分不同时间段进行比较。结果 稳定型心绞痛组与正常对照组比较,P>0.05。不稳定型心绞痛组与正常对照组比较,GPBB P<0.05,CK、CK-MB P>0.05。急性心肌梗死各组中GPBB与正常对照组相比,均P<0.05.且在12-24 h出现峰值。CK 3 h以内组与正常对照组相比,P>0.05;其余均P<0.05,且呈持续上升趋势。CK-MB 3 h以内组与正常对照组相比,P>0.05;其余均P<0.05,且在24-36 h出现峰值。结论 与CK、CK-MB相比,GPBB对于急性心肌梗死的早期诊断具有明显的特异性和敏感性     

联合检测CTnI、MB和心肌酶学在评价心肌损伤中的应用

目的 探讨人血中心肌肌钙蛋白I(CTnI)、肌红蛋白(MB)和心肌酶学在心肌损伤中的临床意义.方法 对80例急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者血清中CTnI、MB和肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)进行联合检测,CTnI、MB采用化学发光法,CK-MB采用日本OLYMPUS-AU400全自动生化分析仪.结果 在检测的80例ACS患者血清中CTnI增高66例,MB增高46例,CK-MB增高42例,而健康体检组三项检测均正常.结论 联合检测CTnI、MB、CK-MB水平,可提高ACS诊断率.     

Exercise tolerance as a predictor of acute myocardial infarction in emergency department patients with potential acute coronary syndromes

There is mounting evidence that exercise tolerance is an important predictor of heart disease. Our objective was to determine if decreased exercise tolerance, as estimated by physicians, may be useful in stratifying risk in Emergency Department (ED) patients with potential acute coronary syndromes. We conducted a prospective cohort study on a convenience sample of ED patients at an urban teaching hospital. Patients with chest pain, dyspnea, syncope, or epigastric pain who were evaluated for acute coronary syndromes were included. Clinical and laboratory data were recorded. In addition, the Emergency Physicians were asked to estimate the exercise tolerance of the patient as excellent, good, bad, or very poor. The primary outcome of the study was myocardial infarction (MI) or death in patients stratified by physician-perceived exercise tolerance (excellent or good vs. bad or very poor). There were 166 patients enrolled in the study. Nine patients (5%) had an MI; there were no deaths. Physicians reported exercise tolerance as excellent in 33 patients, good in 63, bad in 50, and very poor in 20. The unadjusted risk of MI was significantly elevated in patients with physician-perceived decreased exercise tolerance (relative risk = 4.8, 95% confidence interval 1.03-22). After adjustment for age, sex, and major cardiovascular risk factors, decreased exercise tolerance remained a significant predictor of MI (adjusted odds ratio = 7.3, 95% confidence interval 1.2-46). Exercise tolerance, as estimated by clinical impression, may be an important predictor of complications in ED patients presenting with potential acute coronary syndromes.     

It is safe to manage selected patients with acute coronary syndromes in unmonitored beds

This prospective, observational study evaluated the safety of the Western Hospital admission protocol for patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes. The study included all patients admitted from the Emergency Department with an admission diagnosis of unstable angina, post infarct angina, atypical chest pain, or chest pain for evaluation. Data collected included demographic data, admission diagnosis, location of admission (bed with or without cardiac monitoring), past medical history and presenting chest pain history to determine Agency for Health Care Policy (AHCPR) and Western Hospital (WH) protocol classifications, cardiac enzyme assays, electrocardiogram analysis, adverse outcomes [death, myocardial infarction (MI), dysrhythmia, acute pulmonary edema, recurrent pain], diagnosis at hospital discharge, and length of stay-(LOS). There were 508 patients with a mean age of 63.7 years enrolled in the study. Three hundred nineteen (62.8%) were admitted to beds without any cardiac monitoring. There was one unexpected death in the unmonitored group, an 85 year-old patient who suffered a presumed dysrhythmia and whom the treating physician had decided was not for resuscitation. Twelve patients suffered nonfatal MI, and none suffered pulmonary edema. All MI patients made an uneventful recovery, and none required thrombolysis. If all patients had been admitted to an area of care based on AHCPR guidelines, an additional 310 admissions to monitored beds would have been required. The results of this study suggest that selected patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes can be safely managed in beds without continuous cardiac monitoring.     

Diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with anginal pain and non-diagnostic electrocardiograms

Patients with acute chest pain suggestive of myocardial ischaemia, and normal or non-diagnostic electrocardiograms, form a difficult subgroup for diagnosis and early risk stratification. We prospectively evaluated the role of troponin T (cTnT), troponin I (cTnI), CKMB mass and myoglobin, in the diagnosis and risk stratification of 214 patients with acute chest pain of < or = 24 h and non-diagnostic or normal ECGs admitted directly to the Cardiac Unit of the Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast from the Mobile Coronary Care Unit or the Accident/Emergency Department. This was a single-centre prospective study, and follow-up (3 months) was complete for all patients. Blood was assessed for quantitative cTnT, cTnI, CKMB mass and myoglobin, and qualitative cTnT on admission and at 12 h. Diagnosis of index event and incidence of new cardiac events (death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, revascularization, or readmission for unstable angina) over 3 months were assessed. Based on standard criteria, myocardial infarction occurred in 37/214 (17%), and unstable angina in 72/214 (34%). At 12 h from admission, cardiac troponins had higher sensitivity for the diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes (myocardial infarction and unstable angina) than conventional markers (cTnI 48%, cTnT 38%, CKMB mass 30% or myoglobin 27%). At 3 months, a new cardiac event had occurred in 42/214 (20%). Significantly higher event rates occurred when any of the biochemical markers was elevated, but the statistical significance was highest for patients with elevated cTnI (p < 0.0001). Whilst gender, history of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), stress test response, cTnT, cTnI, CKMB mass and myoglobin were univariate predictors, cTnI at 12 h and stress test response were the only two independent significant predictors for a subsequent cardiac event at 3 months. Raised cTnI at 12 h after admission had the highest sensitivity for the diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes, and was independently associated with a 2-3 times increased risk of future cardiac events within 3 months among patients with acute chest pain suggestive of myocardial ischaemia but with normal or non-diagnostic ECGs.     

下壁导联 ST 段抬高急性主动脉夹层临床分析

目的：分析下壁导联 ST 段抬高的急性主动脉夹层临床特征，减少误诊，及时采取正确治疗策略。方法回顾性分析14例下壁导联 ST 段抬高的急性主动脉夹层临床表现、心电图特点、影像学表现、实验室检查、冠脉造影表现和治疗转归等资料。结果下壁导联 ST 段抬高的急性主动脉夹层患者相关临床表现提示单一高血压危险因素占79％，就诊时血压正常或高血压比例为86％；心电图提示 ST 段抬高幅度 STⅢ＞STⅡ并伴 V1或 V4R 导联 ST 段抬高比例为86％；实验室检查提示平均 D-二聚体＞2000 ng／mL；冠脉造影表现为未显示冠脉开口、冠脉血管正常或单纯右冠近端病变等；经胸心脏超声和胸部 CT 大血管造影对本病的识别率达到100％；本组患者的病死率为50％。结论下壁导联 ST 段抬高的急性主动脉夹层患者病情危重，病死率高，急诊手术治疗能明显提高患者生存率。     

Clinical predictors of 30-day cardiac events in patients with acute coronary syndrome at a community hospital

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine predictors of coronary events (cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction, and urgent revascularization) within 30 days after admission. METHODS: We prospectively collected data on 400 patients admitted through our emergency room for unstable angina and acute coronary syndromes. Patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and those who required thrombolysis were excluded. RESULTS: Of 383 patients who were eligible, 120 patients had coronary events within 30 days. Statistically significant variables associated with coronary events were advanced age, male sex, family history of premature coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetes mellitus, tobacco abuse, prior congestive heart failure, prior myocardial infarction, and history of CAD. Symptoms at presentation associated with cardiac events were typical angina and shortness of breath. Objective measures of ischemia associated with cardiac events were elevated troponin T, elevated creatine kinase MB, and ischemic electrocardiographic changes. Using forward stepwise regression analysis, we generated a model to predict 30-day major adverse cardiac events. The strongest predicting variable was serum troponin T (accounting for 33% of predicting r2, P < 0.001) followed by typical angina (r2 increasing to 37%), ischemic electrocardiographic changes (40%), prior CAD (42%), family history of premature CAD (44%), shortness of breath (46%), and positive creatine kinase MB (48%). The positive predictive power of the complete model was r2 = 48%, P < 0.001. CONCLUSION: Our model incorporating elements from the patient's demographic, medical history, presentation, and ischemic assessment identified 48% of patients presenting with unstable angina and acute coronary syndromes who will suffer a major adverse cardiac event within 30 days of admission. Although the strongest predictor was identified as serum troponin T, other clinical criteria offered improvement in our predictive abilities. Therefore, good initial clinical evaluation in addition to simple tests such as serum cardiac markers and electrocardiography are valuable in risk stratification of patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes and cardiac chest pain. Additional testing may be necessary to improve the positive predictive value of the model. Cardiac enzymes and electrocardiographic changes have the highest negative predictive value for occurrence of major adverse cardiac events. Identification of high-risk patients is essential to direct resources toward these patients and to avoid unnecessary costs and risk to the low-risk population.     

Value of a single troponin T at the time of presentation as compared to serial CK-MB determinations in patients with suspected myocardial ischemia

BACKGROUND: Prior studies with cardiac markers have focused predominantly on subjects presenting to the emergency department with chest pain or unstable angina, and have relied on serial markers for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. We evaluated the diagnostic utility of a single cardiac troponin T (cTnT) determination at the time of presentation as compared to serial creatine kinase (CK) MB determinations in a broad spectrum of patients with suspected myocardial ischemia. METHODS: A total of 267 consecutive patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected myocardial ischemia had a single, blinded cTnT determination drawn at the time of presentation to the emergency department in addition to routine serial electrocardiographic and CK-MB determinations. RESULTS: The specificity (93.7% vs. 87.1%; p<0.05) and positive predictive value (80.0% vs. 69.4%; p<0.05) of a single cTnT determination were superior to that of serial CK-MB determinations without compromising sensitivity. Forty-six percent of patients with confirmed myocardial infarction and an abnormal cTnT at presentation had a normal initial CK-MB determination. Conversely, 20% of patients without acute coronary syndromes had an abnormal CK-MB determination in the setting of a normal cTnT. The initial cTnT was abnormal in all patients with confirmed myocardial infarction and a symptom duration of at least 3.5 h. CONCLUSIONS: In a heterogeneous population of patients with suspected myocardial ischemia, the initial cTnT determination drawn at the time of presentation is a powerful diagnostic tool that, when used in context with symptom duration, allows for more rapid and accurate triage of patients than serial CK-MB determinations.     

Predicting adverse outcomes in syncope

Syncope is a common presentation to the Emergency Department (ED); however, appropriate management and indications for hospitalization remain an ongoing challenge. The objective of this study was to determine if a predefined decision rule could accurately identify patients with syncope likely to have an adverse outcome or critical intervention. A prospective, observational, cohort study was conducted of consecutive ED patients aged 18 years or older presenting with syncope. A clinical decision rule was developed a priori to identify patients at risk if they met any of the following 8 criteria: 1) Signs and symptoms of acute coronary syndrome; 2) Signs of conduction disease; 3) Worrisome cardiac history; 4) Valvular heart disease by history or physical examination; 5) Family history of sudden death; 6) Persistent abnormal vital signs in the ED; 7) Volume depletion; 8) Primary central nervous system event. The primary outcome was either a critical intervention or an adverse outcome within 30 days. Among 362 patients enrolled with syncope, 293 (81%) patients completed their 30-day follow-up. Of these, 201 (69%) were admitted. There were 68 patients (23%) who had either a critical intervention or adverse outcome. The rule identified 66/68 patients who met the outcome for a sensitivity of 97% (95% confidence interval 93-100%) and specificity of 62% (56-69%). This pathway may be useful in identifying patients with syncope who are likely to have adverse outcome or critical interventions. Implementation and multicenter validation is needed before widespread application.     

Serum markers in the emergency department diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction

No currently used cardiac-specific serum marker meets all the criteria for an "ideal" marker of AMI. No test is both highly sensitive and highly specific for acute infarction within 6 hours following the onset of chest pain, the timeframe of interest to most emergency physicians in making diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. Patients presenting to the ED with chest pain or other symptoms suggestive of acute cardiac ischemia therefore cannot make a diagnosis of AMI excluded on the basis of a single cardiac marker value obtained within a few hours after symptom onset. The total CK level is far too insensitive and nonspecific a test to be used to diagnose AMI. It retains its value, however, as a screening test, and serum of patients with abnormal total CK values should undergo a CK-MBmass assay. Elevation in CK-MB is a vital component of ultimate diagnosis of AMI, but levels of this marker are normal in one fourth to one half of patients with AMI at the time of ED presentation. The test is highly specific, however, and an abnormal value (particularly when it exceeds 5% of the total CK value) at any time in a patient with chest pain is highly suggestive of an AMI. There have been several improvements of CK-MB assay timing and subform quantification that appear highly useful for emergency physicians. Rapid serial CK-MB assessment greatly increases the diagnostic value of the assay in a timeframe suitable for ED purposes but unfortunately still misses about 10% of patients ultimately diagnosed with acute MI. Assays of CK-MB subforms have very high sensitivity, and, although unreliable within 4 hours of symptom onset, have excellent diagnostic value at 6 or more hours after chest pain begins. Automated test assays recently have become available and could prove applicable to ED settings. The cardiac troponins are highly useful as markers of acute coronary syndromes, rather than specifically of AMI, and abnormal values at any time following chest pain onset are highly predictive of an adverse cardiac event. The ED applicability of the troponins is severely limited, however, because values remain normal in most patients with acute cardiac events as long as 6 hours following symptom onset. Myoglobin appeared promising as a marker of early cardiac ischemia but appears to be only marginally more sensitive than CK-MB assays early after symptom onset and less sensitive than CK-MB at 8 hours or more after chest pain starts. Rapid serial myoglobin assessment, however, appears highly useful as an early marker of AMI. The marker has a very narrow diagnostic window. The clinician is left with several tests that are highly effective in correctly identifying patients with AMI (or at high risk for AMI), but none that can dependably exclude patients with acute coronary syndromes soon after chest pain onset. A prudent strategy when assessing ED patients with chest pain and nondiagnostic ECGs is to order CK-MB and troponin values on presentation in the hope of making an early diagnosis of AMI or unstable coronary syndrome. Although it is recognized that normal values obtained within 6 hours of symptom onset do not exclude an acute coronary syndrome, patients at low clinical risk and having normal cardiac marker tests could be provisionally admitted to low-acuity hospital settings or ED observation. After 6 to 8 hours of symptom duration has elapsed, the cardiac-specific markers are highly effective in diagnosing AMI, and such values obtained can be used more appropriately to make final disposition decisions. At no time should results of serum marker tests outweigh ECG findings or clinical assessment of the patient's risk and stability.     

负荷超声心动图联合心肌声学造影评估缺血性心脏病患者临床预后的价值

目的探讨负荷超声心动图联合心肌声学造影评估疑诊或确诊冠心病患者发生不良心血管事件的价值。 方法回顾性连续纳入南方医科大学南方医院心内科2014年2月至2020年9月进行负荷超声心动图联合心肌声学造影的疑诊或确诊冠心病患者共361例。根据负荷超声心动图结果将患者分为正常组（260例）和异常组（101例）。随访不良心血管终点事件（主要终点事件包括全因性死亡、心血管死亡和非致死性心肌梗死,次要终点事件包括心绞痛住院、血运重建）,比较负荷超声异常组与负荷超声正常组不良事件发生率;应用Cox回归分析及KM生存曲线分析终点事件发生的预测因素及2年、5年无主要心血管不良事件生存率。 结果361例患者完成随访,平均随访时间（41.05±22.50）个月。7例患者出现主要终点事件,39例患者发生心绞痛住院事件,55例患者进行了血运重建。其中,负荷超声正常组2例发生主要终点事件,36例发生次要终点事件,负荷超声异常组5例发生主要终点事件,41例发生次要终点事件,负荷超声异常组与正常组不良事件发生率差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。Cox比例风险模型多因素分析结果显示,负荷超声心动图结果（HR=0.354,95%CI：0.221~0.569,P＜0.001）是终点事件的预测因素之一。KM生存曲线分析提示负荷超声正常组2年、5年无主要心血管不良事件生存率分别为96.2%、84.9%,而负荷超声异常组2年、5年无主要心血管不良事件生存率分别为93.8%、66.2%,2组患者的生存率曲线差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。 结论负荷超声心动图检查在诊断冠状动脉疾病、风险分层和血运重建指导方面发挥着重要作用,可作为冠心病或疑诊冠心病患者预后评估的重要手段。     

Prehospital use of aspirin rarely is associated with adverse events

INTRODUCTION: Aspirin is commonly administered for acute coronary syndromes in the prehospital setting. Few studies have addressed the incidence of adverse effects associated with prehospital administration of aspirin. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of adverse events following the administration of aspirin by prehospital personnel. METHODS: Multi-center, retrospective, case series that involved all patients who received aspirin in the prehospital setting from (01 August 1999-31 January 2000). Patient encounter forms of the emergency medical services (EMS) of a metropolitan fire department were reviewed. All patients who had a potential cardiac syndrome (i.e., chest pain, dyspnea) as documented on the EMS forms were included in the review. Exclusion criteria included failure to meet inclusion criteria, and chest pain secondary to apparent non-cardiac causes (i.e., trauma). Hospital charts were reviewed from a subset of patients at the participating hospitals. The major outcome was an adverse event following prehospital administration of aspirin. This outcome was evaluated during the EMS encounter, at emergency department discharge, or at six and 24-hours post-aspirin ingestion. An adverse event secondary to aspirin ingestion was defined as anaphylaxis or allergic reactions, such as rash or respiratory changes. RESULTS: A total of 25,600 EMS encounter forms were reviewed, yielding 2,399 patients with a potential cardiac syndrome. Prior to EMS arrival, 585 patients had received aspirin, and 893 were administered aspirin by EMS personnel. No patients had an adverse event during the EMS encounter. Of these patients, 229 were transported to participating hospitals and 219 medical records were available for review with no adverse reactions recorded during their hospital course. CONCLUSION: Aspirin is rarely associated with adverse events when administered by prehospital personnel for presumed coronary syndromes.     

Cumulative CT exposures in emergency department patients evaluated for suspected renal colic

Computed tomography (CT) is the diagnostic standard in Emergency Department evaluation of suspected renal colic but delivers substantial radiation. We determined the frequency of CT scan in suspected renal colic, diagnosis and outcome, and cumulative CT scans per patient. A retrospective chart review with waiver of informed consent was conducted. A total of 356 patient encounters were reviewed from January to October 2003. Mean age was 39 years. Seventy-four percent included a CT scan, with 38% normal, 58% showing urolithiasis, and 1% showing emergent etiologies. Six percent of patients undergoing CT were admitted for urolithiasis, and 6% had a urologic procedure within 7 days. Sixteen percent of patients did not have a CT scan, and 79% underwent two or more CT scans. Emergency Department patients presenting with symptoms suggesting renal colic are likely to undergo CT on multiple occasions. Radiation exposures from repeated CT scans are substantial, and a clinical decision rule for this scenario is needed.     

Creatine kinase MB isoforms in patients with skeletal muscle injury: ramifications for early detection of acute myocardial infarction.

We measured total creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB isoenzyme, and the MB isoforms in 202 serum and plasma samples from nine groups of patients and normal individuals: 39 with acute myocardial infarction (MI), divided according to time between the onset of chest pain and blood collection (1-6 h, 7-12 h, and 13-48 h); 26 with chest pain for whom an MI was ruled out, sampled at admission; 17 undergoing bypass surgery or cardiac catheterization, sampled within 6 h after either procedure; 17 with acute skeletal muscle injury, sampled within 8 h after injury; 30 marathon runners immediately after a race; 17 runners and other athletes > 12 h after training or a race; 12 with cerebral injury or seizures, sampled at admission; 8 with closed head injury, sampled at admission; and 38 normal subjects. CK-MB (relative index) and MB isoforms (MB2/MB1) were respectively increased in 15% and 75% of MI patients 1-6 h after onset, 94% and 94% after 7-12 h, and 88% and 8% after 12 h, and in 87% and 82% of cardiac surgery patients. MB isoforms were increased in most patients with acute skeletal muscle trauma and in subjects examined after exercise, but were within normal limits in patients for whom MI was ruled out, patients with cerebral trauma, and normal individuals. The relative index of MB/total CK was normal in essentially all individuals in the last groups, including those with acute skeletal muscle trauma. We concluded that the CK-MB isoform ratio is increased in both acute skeletal muscle injury and MI. The isoform ratio is most useful for distinguishing recent from old (> 12 h) injury.     

Creatine kinase MB and M-mode echocardiographic changes in cardiac contusion

Cardiac contusion was suspected in 95 patients with severe blunt chest trauma of whom 93 did not require hospitalization. Creatine kinase (CK) MB isoenzyme activity was elevated over 4.0 U/l in 10 (10.5%) patients (CK MB positive) by between 2% and 8% (mean +/- SE 4.1 +/- 0.6%), when the total CK was 296 +/- 74 (mean +/- SE). Two patients had a pericardial rub. M-mode echocardiography was performed on 16 patients: 7 CK MB positive (CK MB+) and 9 CK MB negative (CK MB-) without the physician's knowledge of the CK MB status of the patients. The left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, in healthy subjects 48.3 +/- 4.9 mm, was increased to 55.4 +/- 1.8 mm (p less than 0.01) in CK MB+ patients and to 56.3 +/- 6.0 mm (p less than 0.01) in CK MB- patients. The end-systolic left ventricular diameter, in healthy subjects 36.7 +/- 5.2 mm, was increased to 42.4 +/- 6.7 mm (p less than 0.01) in CK MB+ patients and to 41.3 +/- 6.5 mm (p less than 0.01) in CK MB- patients. The mean ejection fraction was 48.6 +/- 11.0 in CK MB+ and 53.6 +/- 11.8 in CK MB- group. Minor contractile abnormalities occurred in all CK MB+ patients in 2 or more left ventricular regions and in 7 out of 9 CK MB- patients in 1 or 2 regions. The regional motion pattern was hypokinesia with sharp systolic deflections at abnormal areas and hyperkinesia on normal segments. Aortic root was enlarged in all patients with contusion and CK MB+. There was no apparent increase in left atrial size. "Flattened" ST-segment and T-waves were seen in 5 CK MB+ patients but not in the CK MB- patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Cardiac enzymes. How to use serial determinations to confirm acute myocardial infarction.

Although acute myocardial infarction can be diagnosed on the basis of clinical history, electrocardiographic (ECG) findings, and abnormalities of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme levels, measurement of cardiac enzyme levels is the most reliable way to confirm or exclude the diagnosis. If the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB) remains normal during the 48 hours after the suspected clinical event, acute myocardial infarction can be reliably ruled out; if CK-MB values become elevated and the LDH isoenzyme pattern (LDH2:LDH1 ratio) becomes "flipped," the diagnosis can reliably be made. However, if CK-MB values become elevated but the LDH isoenzyme pattern remains normal, the diagnosis is less firm and ECG and myocardial imaging techniques may be needed to confirm or exclude myocardial infarction.     

急性心肌梗死时心电图对应导联ST段压低的临床价值分析

目的 探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）伴或不伴ST段压低（STD）临床意义.方法 纳入2009年9月到2012年9月AMI患者65例,其中AMI伴STD患者（STD组）29例,不伴STD患者（NSTD组）36例.分析两组患者冠脉受累支数、心肌损伤标志物水平及体内炎症水平差异.结果 STD组患者更多罹患冠脉多支病变;AMI伴STD患者心肌损伤标志物水平较NSTD患者高;同时,AMI伴STD患者红细胞沉降率（ESR）及C反应蛋白（CRP）水平均较NSTD患者为高.结论 AMI伴STD发生率高,可能提示更严重心肌病变及更强烈炎症反应.     

手足口病患儿联合检测肌酸激酶同工酶MB、心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ在合并病毒性心肌炎诊断中的价值

目的探讨手足口病患儿联合检测血清中肌酸激酶同工酶MB（CK—MB）、心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ（cTnI）水平对诊断合并病毒性心肌炎的价值。方法将188倒HFMD患儿分为确诊合并精毒性心肌炎组、疑似舍并病毒性心肌炎组、无合并病毒性心肌灸组。所有惠儿清晨空腹采集静脉血,检测血清中的肌酸激酶同工酶MB（CK—MB）、心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ（cTnI）水平,对结果进行统计分析。结果确诊合并病毒性心肌炎组与疑似合并病毒性心肌炎组血清中CK—MB、cTnI均高于无合并病毒性心肌炎组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;确诊合并病毒性心肌炎组血清中CK—MB、cTnI与疑似合并病毒性心肌炎组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。确诊组与疑似组两项检测中的总异常率均分别高于两纽中CK—MB、cTnI单独检测异常率（P〈0．05,P〈0．05）。结论CK—MB、cTnI在HFMD中诊断合并病毒性心肌炎有重要意义;HFMD患儿同时检测血清中CK—MB、cTrI水平,可以提高合并病毒性心肌炎的捡出率。