鸡来源产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌携带整合子基因的研究

目的 分析鸡肠道内共生的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌整合子携带状况以及其与多重耐药性的关系.方法 从甘肃、湖北、北京、四川地区养殖场鸡粪便标本中分离的大肠埃希菌,肉汤稀释法检测菌株的耐药性,WHONET软件进行耐药性分析;筛选出的ESBLs菌株进行整合子的PCR检测和基因测序. 结果 通过药敏试验从鸡粪中分离的224株大肠埃希菌中共检出产ESBLs的菌株54株,分离率为24.1%.产ESBLs的菌株中I类整合子的携带率为63.0%,I类整合子可变区发现的耐药基因有addA1、aadA2、aadA5、aadA22,dfrA12、dfrA17、dfrI,aar-3,分别介导氨基糖苷类、磺胺类抗生素以及利福平的耐药性.aadA22是在国内菌株中首次报道.Ⅱ类整合子携带率为5.6%,携带的耐药基因包括sat、ereA、aadA1.Ⅲ类整合子酶阳性的有3株菌,但其可变区未检出任何耐药基因. 结论 I类整合子主要介导氨基精苷类抗生素和甲氧嘧啶的耐药性,在大肠埃希菌ESBLs菌株的多重耐药性中具有重要的作用,加强养殖动物大肠埃希菌耐药性以及整合子携带状况的监测,对防止耐药菌株的广泛传播,改善临床抗生素的疗效具有重要意义.     

污水中大肠埃希菌携带第1类整合子的鉴定和特征分析

目的：探讨污水中大肠埃希菌携带第1类耐药整合子的分布、特征及所含基因盒的种类。方法：常规方法分离大肠埃希菌；纸片扩散法对9种抗生素进行耐药性监测和分析；PIER鉴定1类整合子阳性株；PCR产物测序并对结果进行分析。结果：42份标本中分离出24株大肠埃希菌，为多重耐药菌株，耐药谱为氨苄西林-复方磺胺-红霉素-四环素-链霉素-庆大霉素。有3株（12．5％）鉴定出1．6kb 1类整合子，PCR产物测序得知携带pse-1-aadA1、pse-1-aadA2、pse-1-aacA1基因盒，传递对β-内酰胺类-氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性。结论：1类整合子存在于污水来源的大肠埃希菌中，并携带相应的耐药基因盒，决定着对β-内酰胺类-氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性。     

尿液分离大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类整合子分子特征及其与耐药性的关系

目的 了解尿液分离大肠埃希菌中Ⅰ类整合子及相关基因盒的分布,分析整合子与细菌耐药性的关系.方法 选取108株临床非重复分离自尿液标本中的大肠埃希菌,经全自动细菌分析系统鉴定并检测其对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性,聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测Ⅰ类整合酶基因,对Ⅰ类整合酶阳性菌株用PCR扩增并测序分析可变区基因盒种类及可变区启动子类型.结果 108株临床非重复分离自尿液大肠埃希菌中有60株占56.0％检测到Ⅰ类整合酶基因;共检测出5种不同长度的可变区片段:8株750 bp片段不含基因盒,2株1500 bp片段为aadA2,34株2200 bp片段为dfrA 17-aadA5,4株2500 bp片段为dfrA 12-orfF-aa dA2,2株2800 bp片段为aacA4-cmlA1,其中1株大肠埃希菌同时扩增出2200、2500 bp的可变区片段,有11株Ⅰ类整合酶基因阳性大肠埃希菌未扩增出可变区;可变区启动子大多为相对较弱的启动子PcH1、PcW;Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌株对多种抗菌药物的耐药率高于Ⅰ类整合子阴性菌株.结论 Ⅰ类整合子及相关基因盒在尿液分离大肠埃希菌中分布广泛,与细菌耐药性关系密切,所携带的整合子具有较强的捕获外源性耐药基因盒的能力.     

产志贺样毒素大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类整合子的鉴定和分析

目的阐明各种来源的产志贺样毒素大肠埃希菌(Shiga toxin-producing E. coli,STEC)中I类耐药整合子的分布、特征、所含基因盒的状况以及所表达的耐药信息.方法常规分离出大肠埃希菌、血清学分型,PCR法鉴定产stx1-2毒素性菌株;纸片扩散法对17种抗菌药物进行耐药性监测和分析;PCR法鉴定I类整合子阳性株;PCR产物测序并对结果进行分析.结果各种标本中共鉴定出46株产志贺样毒素大肠埃希菌,其中23株为O157:H7;全部STEC对复方新诺明耐药,对链霉素耐药率为28.3%,氨苄西林为30.4%,而且有5株对至少＞4种抗菌药物多重耐药,耐药谱为复方新诺明-链霉素-氨苄西林-庆大霉素;46株分离株中有11株(23.9%)鉴定出I类整合子,PCR产物测序得知9株携带aadA1基因盒,2株携带aadA2基因盒,均来自氨基糖苷类抗菌药物耐药菌株(39.3%),传递对氨基糖苷类抗菌药物的耐药性.结论I类整合子存在于各种来源的产志贺样毒素大肠埃希菌中,并携带相应的基因盒,决定着对氨基糖苷类抗菌药物的耐药性.     

健康人肠道大肠埃希菌整合子和耐药基因盒的研究

目的：研究健康人肠道大肠埃希菌的整合子携带情况与整合子携带的基因盒种类及其与耐药性之间关系.方法：PCR检测Ⅰ类整合子,确定细菌携带整合子的情况.整合子阳性菌株进一步检测整合子的可变区,分析插入基因盒的序列.结果：150株大肠埃希菌中有38株携带Ⅰ类整合子,集中分布在对3种以上抗生素耐药的菌株中.插入基因盒集中在甲氧苄氨嘧啶耐药基因（dfr）和氨基糖甙类抗生素耐药基因（aadA）.结论：细菌的多重耐药性与整合子携带高度一致,但是细菌耐药谱和其整合子无对应关系.     

健康人群大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类整合子与耐药性关系

目的 研究健康人群大肠埃希菌中Ⅰ类整合子携带情况及分子特征,分析其与细菌耐药性关系.方法 采用Vitek32细菌分析仪和纸片扩散法,检测150株大肠埃希菌抗生素敏感性,PCR检测总DNA中Ⅰ类整合子,扩增产物进行限制性核酸内切酶分析,测序确定携带基因盒种类,脉冲场凝胶电泳对整合子阳性菌株分子分型.结果 150株大肠埃希菌中,83株菌耐受>3种抗生素,耐多药率55.3%;超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)阳性5株,阳性率3.3%;携带Ⅰ类整合子42株,扩增子150～3 000 bp,,有8种带型;耐药基因盒主要是dfr和aadA类,最常见基因盒排列dfr17～aadA5;整合子分布在不同基因型菌株中.结论 健康人携带的大肠埃希菌中广泛存在Ⅰ类整合子,与细菌耐多药性密切相关;分子分型结果提示整合子能在细菌种内水平传播,整合子是介导细菌耐药性的重要分子机制.     

临床分离大肠埃希菌整合子介导的耐药机制分析

目的了解临床分离大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药特征及整合子在大肠埃希菌中的分布情况,探讨其与大肠埃希菌耐药性之间的相关性。方法收集温州地区2002年-2010年分离的大肠埃希菌,采用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验;PCR扩增3类整合子整合酶基因和整合子可变区,并测序分析整合子携带的耐药基因盒类型及att C位点。结果共收集524株大肠埃希菌,均为耐药菌,对3类或3类以上抗菌药物不敏感的多重耐药菌(MDR)占60.8%;Ⅰ类整合子的检出率为53.8%(28/524),所检出的整合子可变区分为6种类型,att C位点有16种类型,dfr A17-aad A5基因盒检出率最高(70.2%);Ⅱ类整合子阳性仅有3株;Ⅲ类整合子未检测到。结论大肠埃希菌整体耐药情况严重;Ⅰ类整合子在临床分离大肠埃希菌中分布广泛,并与大肠埃希菌的耐药性关系密切,主要介导对氨基糖苷类、磺胺类等多种抗菌药物的耐药性。     

水产品中耐药大肠埃希菌整合子与耐药基因盒研究

目的:利用水产品中分离到的耐药大肠埃希菌,研究整合子与耐药性的关系。方法:PCR扩增1类和2类整合酶及整合子,将其进行序列分析。结果:85株耐药大肠埃希菌中88%含有1类整合酶基因;其中68%能扩增此基因;1类整合子可变区PCR扩增产物谱型有17种;1类整合子最常见的基因盒有4种。还发现1株大肠埃希菌同时携带1和2两类不同的整合酶和整合子。结论:大肠埃希菌耐药性与整合子有相关性。     

食品中大肠埃希菌整合子与耐药性的关系研究

目的：研究食品中大肠埃希菌的整合子携带情况及其与耐药性之间的关系。方法：PCR检测细菌总DNA中1、2、3类整合酶基因，确定细菌携带整合子的情况。阳性菌株进一步检测整合子的可变区，分析插入基因盒的序列。结果：50株大肠杆菌中19株携带1类整合子，2株携带2类整合子，集中分布在对4种以上抗生素耐药的菌株中。插入基因盒主要是dfr和aadA类基因盒，各种基因盒组合中最常见的是dfr17-aadA5。结论：细菌的多重耐药性与整合子携带高度一致，但是单个菌株的耐药谱与整合子的耐药基因盒缺乏对应关系。     

临床分离大肠埃希菌耐药性分析及I型整合子研究

目的了解临床分离大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药状况;研究整合子在大肠埃希菌中的分布情况,探讨其与大肠埃希菌耐药性之间的相关性。方法收集广东省3所医院2010-2012年分离的大肠埃希菌,采用K B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验;聚合酶链反应（PCR）法扩增3类整合子整合酶基因和整合子可变区,测序分析整合子所携带的耐药基因盒类型。结果共收集156株大肠埃希菌,其对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类和磺胺类等的大多数抗菌药物的耐药率＞50%;耐药率＜10%的抗菌药物有头孢哌酮/舒巴坦（0）、亚胺培南（3.85%）、头孢替坦（4.35%）、厄他培南（7.69%）和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦（8.97%）;I类整合子的检出率为57.69%（90/156）,多重耐药菌与非多重耐药菌的整合子检出率分别为66.00%（66/100）和64.71%（22/34）,两组比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,但分别与敏感菌组（9.09%,2/22）相比,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。所检出的整合子可变区分为9种类型,大部分都含有aadA和dfrA耐药基因盒。结论大肠埃希菌整体耐药情况严重;I类整合子在临床分离大肠埃希菌中分布广泛,并与大肠埃希菌的耐药性关系密切,主要介导对氨基糖苷类、磺胺类、β 内酰胺类等多种抗菌药物的耐药性。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.