聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出术后乳房形态的修复

目的探讨乳房内注入的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶（polyacrylamide hydrogel,PAHG）取出术后,乳房形态的修复方法。方法对36例取出术后半年进行乳房形态的Ⅱ期修复,所有受术者术前均行MRI检查,以明确注射PAHG残留量及分布。根据组织缺损情况进行分类,综合采用自体脂肪颗粒注射、硅凝胶假体置入、脱细胞异体真皮或自体真皮游离移植等方法进行修复。结果本组所有受术者乳房形态均得到明显改善,无感染、乳房结节、假体边缘外露等并发症出现;手术效果的满意率为97．2％。结论PAHG取出术后乳房形态的Ⅱ期修复手术应在取出术后半年进行,根据乳房局部组织缺损情况采用个性化的手术方案,针对不同层次的组织缺损综合采用自体脂肪颗粒注射移植、硅凝胶乳房假体置入、真皮片游离移植等方法,可最大限度地恢复和改善PAHG取出术后乳房畸形的外观。     

脱细胞异体真皮基质在聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出同期假体置入隆乳术中修复乳房下皱襞的疗效观察

目的观察聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶(polyacrylamide hydrogel,PAHG)隆乳注射物取出术后,一期行假体置入隆乳时用脱细胞异体真皮基质(acellular dermal matrix,ADM)修复乳房下皱襞的临床疗效。方法自2009年5月至2018年5月,对50例接受PAHG注射隆乳术后乳房下皱襞畸形的患者,在取出注射物的同时用ADM修复乳房下皱襞,并置入假体隆乳。术后随访6～12个月,以观察临床疗效。结果本组20例采用乳房下皱襞入路,30例采用乳晕入路。所有患者均未出现包膜挛缩、下皱襞挛缩移位等严重并发症,乳房形态较前明显改善,效果满意。结论 ADM可修复PAHG造成的乳房下皱襞畸形,重塑腺体后腔穴。同期行假体置入隆乳,操作简便,并发症较少,患者满意度较高,可在临床推广应用。     

包膜外聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳材料取出同期双平面假体隆乳术

目的：探讨包膜外聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳材料取出同期双平面假体隆乳术的疗效。方法：在全麻＋局麻下,采用乳晕下缘弧形切口,在注射聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶隆乳的包膜外分离,然后完整取出聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶及其包膜。同时在胸大肌下分离,在乳房下皱襞处离断胸大肌起点,胸大肌下腔隙内放置引流管,并置入硅凝胶隆乳假体,调整乳房形态满意后逐层缝合乳腺组织、皮下组织及皮肤切口。结果：本组10例均一次性完整取出聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶及其包膜,假体隆乳术后形态满意。但由于包膜组织剥离范围较广,术后引流液较多,引流管放置时间较长,拔管时间为3～6天,平均4.5天。无一例发生伤口感染或愈合不良。结论：对于单腔包膜完整的注射聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶隆乳患者的再次手术,本方法简便易行,取出聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶完整,隆乳术后乳房形态满意,是一种较好的手术方式。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶隆乳术后乳房损伤处理方法的再思考

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后可出现多种并发症,而且多种并发症往往共存。目前,临床主要处理方法有穿刺或小切口抽吸法,手术切开取出注射物,内窥镜微创取出法等。注射物取出后对乳房形态修复的方式主要有一期和二期乳房硅胶假体置入两种方式。本文旨在分析比较聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后各种处理方法的优劣,重新考量现存方法的合理性和不足之处。从循证医学角度对现存的多种手术方法和乳房形态修复方法进行评价和综述。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出乳房形态重塑围手术期的护理

目的:探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出术后,乳房形态重塑的围手术期护理方法和效果。方法:取出水凝胶后,继发乳房畸形,即时假体置入,术中、术后采用各种方法在围手术期中进行有效的心理疏导和精心护理。结果:本组30例,经精心护理后,无伤口感染,切口裂开,无包膜挛缩等并发症。结论:聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出术后,即时重塑乳房形态,按个性化精心护理治疗,既能使乳房形态改善,又可减轻心理压力,效果满意。     

经乳晕切口取出聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶同期假体隆乳

目的介绍一种聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳后取出同时置入假体隆乳的新方法。方法经乳晕切开乳腺组织后，反复冲洗，尽量取出注入的材料，并通过原切口于胸大肌下置入乳房假体。结果37例患者均取得了良好效果，外观形态好，无1例出现血肿和感染。结论经乳晕切口将聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出后，同期胸大肌下置入硅凝胶假体，是一种可行且效果较好的方法。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳后的并发症分析及其处理

目的：探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶（PAHG）注射隆乳后并发症的处理策略。方法：对注射PAHG隆乳112例术后并发症患者的临床资料及诊治方法进行总结分析。结果：分析112例PAHG注射隆乳后出现并发症的患者并进行处理,注射隆乳取出术后,有1例切口延期愈合,1例置入假体形成包膜挛缩,其余I期愈合良好,术后1年内随访,乳房未触及明显硬块。同期置入假体者的乳房形态好,乳房外形及手感均感满意。结论：在彩超照片引导,手术直视下清除PAHG及切除变性组织,才是最大限度地取出PAHG的方法。若就医者有强烈要求且术中PAHG清除较彻底,局部组织较为完整的前提下可考虑同期行假体置入。否则取出至少3个月后重新评价局部情况,判断是否行假体置入。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳取出术后同时置入假体适应证探讨

目的探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳取出术后即时置入假体的适应证。方法对226例聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后发生并发症患者,行磁共振检查及症状和体征归纳总结,结合取出术中所见具体情况及患者意愿等判断即时置入假体的适应证,对于符合即时置入条件者共61例实行假体置入术。结果行单纯注射物取出术的165例,术后恢复良好,术前临床症状基本消失;即时置入假体的61例,术后乳房塑形满意,效果良好。结论对于聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳取出术者,根据磁共振以及物理检查,结合术中具体情况,以及患者有无置入假体要求等,符合者可以即时置入假体。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶隆乳术后取出及乳房畸形修复方法

目的 探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶（polyacrylamide hydrogels,PAHG）注射隆乳术后取出PAHG及修复术后乳房畸形的手术方法和时机.方法 经乳晕下缘1/2长切口,利用内镜辅助进行注射物清除术,根据注射物侵蚀范围确定是否行同期硅凝胶乳房假体（以下简称假体）置入术,利用生物修补膜固定假体并重塑乳房下皱襞.结果 46例中,39例注射物及其包膜被完全取出,7例取出游离PAHG,而包膜因广泛且单薄致有残留.14例同期置入乳房假体,其中5例应用生物修补膜;4例Ⅱ期置入假体;切口均Ⅰ期愈合,切口瘢痕不明显;1例伴发乳腺癌患者切除患侧乳房;1例同期置入假体及生物修补膜,术后3个月出现假体移位,再次手术重新固定;1例应用生物修补膜,术后出现注射物残腔积液,最终取出生物修补膜.结论 采用经乳晕下缘1/2长切口内镜辅助下行PAHG取出并完整去除包膜的手术,注射物取出彻底,可应用假体同期或延期修复取出术后乳房的畸形,必要时应用生物修补膜固定假体并重塑乳房下皱襞形态.     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症处理

目的 探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后各种并发症及处理方法.方法 自2003年2月至2007年2月收治45例聚丙烯酰胺注射隆胸术后病人,采用注射器抽取及手术切开直视下水凝胶取出术,其中20例取出同时行假体隆胸术.结果 本组病例治疗均获得了满意效果.结论 聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出术是目前治疗并发症的较好方法,假体隆胸术可以改善水凝胶取出后的乳房形态.     

去细胞异体真皮、去细胞猪真皮和自体刃厚皮移植在临床中的应用

目的观察去细胞异体真皮或去细胞猪真皮加自体刃厚皮移植在深度烧伤和整形外科中的应用效果。方法采用去细胞异体真皮或我们研制的去细胞猪真皮加自体刃厚皮移植的方法,修复各种创面119例次,比较不同创面的植皮成活率,观察应用不同部位的皮肤覆盖去细胞异体真皮或去细胞猪真皮与植皮成活的关系,并对部分病例进行了组织学观察和随访。结果削痂、切痂和切瘢创面植皮成活率分别为(93．4％±3．1)％、(92．1±4．6)％和(94．5±3．8)％,三者间差异无显著意义;去细胞异体真皮加自体刃厚皮移植与去细胞猪真皮加自体刃厚皮移植,二者植皮成活率差异无显著意义。躯干、四肢自体刃厚皮覆盖的去细胞异体真皮或去细胞猪真皮,植皮成活率分别为(93．1±4．8)％、(89．0±6．2)％,而应用刃厚头皮或自体微粒皮加异体皮覆盖的去细胞异体真皮或去细胞猪真皮,植皮成活率明显下降(P<0．05或0．01)。组织学观察,术后19个月时表皮、真皮形态正常,胶原纤维排列规则,未见胶原纤维明显增生和瘢痕化,无皮肤附件。成活的复合移植皮肤,与邻近正常肤色近似,色素沉着轻,无明显皱缩,触之软,活动度好。结论去细胞异体真皮或去细胞猪真皮加自体刃厚皮移植修复深度烧伤创面或切瘢后创面不失为一种较理想的材料。     

The effect of skin expansion on acellular dermis in an experimental model

Objective: Although acellular dermis is widely used in prosthesis-based breast reconstruction, there is no study evaluating its expandability and histological, ultra-structural related changes. The purpose of this study is to determine whether acellular dermis could be expanded and whether the histological changes occurring in the skin with tissue expansion is different from normal when acellular dermis is used.

Methods: Twenty-two male Wistar rats were used in this study. In group 1 (n?=?6), a rectangular-shaped tissue expander with final volume of 35?ml was placed subcutaneously. In group 2 (n?=?6) tissue expander was placed submuscularly. In group 3 (n?=?6), a 4?×?5?cm, acellular dermis was inserted and sutured in place, tissue expander was placed underneath acellular dermis. Group 4 (n?=?4) was control, no procedure was done after creation of a pocket. After day 30, tissue expanders were inflated with 2?ml every 2 days with saline solution. On day 66, midvertical, midhorizontal surface expansion measurements were recorded. Samples were examined macroscopically. Biopsies were taken from mid-point of the expanded full-thickness flap. Histological evaluation, total skin thickness, epidermal thickness, and the amount of vascularisation were measured.

Results: There was no expansion noted on the acellular dermis; however, acellular dermis increased vascularity and decreased the thinning of the overlying skin and thickening of the epidermis when compared to other groups.

Conclusion: Acellular dermis use can be beneficial in implant-based breast reconstruction in terms of morbidity and its tissue support.     

Acellular Dermis-Assisted Breast Reconstruction

BACKGROUND: In 2004, the authors reported their findings with placement of tissue expanders for breast reconstruction in the partial submuscular position, the equivalent of the "dual-plane" technique for breast augmentation. Limitations with subpectoral expander placement include difficulty controlling the lower pole of the pocket during expansion, unprotected device coverage by a thin inferior mastectomy flap, possible effacement of the inframammary fold, and limited control over the superior migration of the pectoralis major muscle. This study aimed to examine the safety and efficacy of an acellular dermal sling in providing inferolateral support to the device during immediate breast reconstruction and expansion. METHODS: This study prospectively investigated 58 breasts of 43 consecutive women who underwent immediate breast reconstruction with tissue expanders and acellular dermis. After completion of adjuvant therapy and expansion, the devices were exchanged for implants. The patients were tracked through January, 2007. The study parameters included demographic information, oncologic data, complications, and aesthetic outcomes. RESULTS: The mean time required to complete reconstruction was 8.6 months. The overall complication rate after expander/acellular dermis placement was 12%, whereas the complication rate after exchange to implants was 2.2%. The aesthetic outcome for reconstructed breasts did not differ significantly from that for the control subjects who had no surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Acellular dermis appears to be a useful adjunct in immediate prosthetic breast reconstruction. Acellular dermis-assisted breast reconstruction has a low complication rate, helps to reconstruct an aesthetically pleasing breast, and facilitates expeditious completion of the reconstruction.     

脱细胞异体真皮与自体表皮复合移植修复创面

目的　研究应用脱细胞异体真皮与自体表皮复合移植修复创面的临床效果。　方法　 2 0 0 0年 7月～2 0 0 2年 8月 ,应用脱细胞异体真皮与自体表皮构成的复合皮对 34例头颈、躯干及四肢等部位的创面进行修复 ,创面最小5 cm× 10 cm,最大 12 cm× 19cm,其中陈旧性肉芽创面 2例 ,巨大色素痣切除创面 4例 ,皮肤广泛毛细血管瘤切除后创面 6例 ,瘢痕切除后创面 2 2例。观察移植皮片的成活率及愈后皮片色泽、功能情况。　结果　临床应用 34例 ,术后移植复合皮全部成活 ,30例获 3个月～ 2年随访 ,移植皮片颜色与周围正常肤色接近 ,皮片柔软 ,瘢痕增生不明显 ,功能改善显著。　结论　脱细胞异体真皮与自体表皮复合移植较单纯自体表皮移植后 ,皮片质量及关节部位功能上均有明显改善 ,尤其适合于四肢创面修复。     

应用异种脱细胞真皮的眼睑原位重建术的实验研究

目的探讨应用异种(猪)脱细胞真皮施行兔眼睑原位重建术后的组织相容性,比较异种(猪)脱细胞与异体巩膜替代睑板后的组织转归。方法采用兔眼睑缺损动物模型,随机分别给予异种(猪)脱细胞真皮、兔异体巩膜施行眼睑原位重建术。活体观察动物术后和移植物情况,于术后1、2、4、6、8和12周,取带植片的眼睑,光镜下观察替代材料和自体睑板交界处的组织病理学改变,包括炎症反应、纤维血管化情况和融合情况;取4、8和12周标本做透射电镜观察上述组织的超微结构改变。结果光镜和电镜下二者反应类似,差异无统计学意义。组织学检查显示异种脱细胞真皮引起的免疫和炎症反应轻微。结论异种(猪)脱细胞真皮在植入兔眼睑后有较好的组织相容性,并可引导新生胶原的生长,起到替代睑板的作用。     

Clinical study on orthopaedic treatment of chronic osteomyelitis with soft tissue defect in adults

To investigate the clinical application value of different flap transfer and repair techniques in adult patients with chronic osteomyelitis of limbs complicated with soft tissue defects. According to the characteristics and defects of 21 cases, different plastic surgery was applied, including debridement, negative pressure device, and tissue flap to cover wound. Among 21 cases of chronic osteomyelitis complicated with local soft tissue defect, 15 patients were repaired with sural neurotrophic musculocutaneous flap transfer, 2 patients were repaired with medial plantar skin flap transfer, 2 patients were repaired with ilioinguinal skin flap transfer, 1 patient was repaired with z‐forming wound, and 1 patient was repaired with soleus muscle flap combined with full‐thickness skin graft. All the 21 patients underwent bone cement implantation after dead bone osteotomy. Among them, 19 patients underwent bone cement replacement with 3D prosthesis within 6 months to 1 year after surgery, and 2 patients carried bone cement for a long time. Early intervention, thorough debridement, removal of necrotic or infection, and then selecting the appropriate wound skin flap coverage are important means of guarantee slow osteomyelitis wound healing and for providing a possible way to permanent prosthesis implantation subsequently.     

脱细胞异体真皮在烧伤后期瘢痕畸形整复中的应用

目的：评价脱细胞异体真皮在烧伤后期瘢痕畸形整复中的应用价值。方法：对32例烧伤后期瘢痕畸形病人整复后继发创面进行脱细胞异体真皮与自体刃厚皮片复合移植。结果：32例病人复合移植皮片全部成活，成活率为100％。成活的复合移植皮片具有外观平整，颜色与邻近正常皮肤相近似，无明显收缩，触之柔软，耐磨，弹性好等特点。结论：脱细胞异体真皮是烧伤后期瘢痕畸形整复中比较理想的材料。     

Healing effect of acellular fish skin with plasma rich in growth factor on full‐thickness skin defects

Acellular skin as a scaffold has a good potential to regenerate or repair damaged tissues. Growth factors such as Plasma Rich in Growth Factor (PRGF) as a rich source of active proteins can accelerate tissue regeneration. In this study, an acellular scaffold derived from fish skin with growth factors was used to repair full‐thickness skin defects in a rat model. Cellular results demonstrated that epithelial cells adhere well to acellular scaffolds. The results of animal studies showed that the groups treated with acellular scaffold and growth factor have a high ability to close and heal wounds on the 28th day after surgery. Histological and staining results showed that in the treated groups with scaffold and growth factor, an epidermal layer was formed with some skin appendages similar to normal skin. Overall, such scaffolds with biological agents can cause an acceptable synergistic effect on skin regeneration and wound healing.     

去细胞同种异体神经移植修复周围神经缺损临床安全性研究

目的 探讨化学去细胞同种异体神经移植修复人体周围神经缺损的临床安全性.方法 从2002年3月至2011年1月,取成年遗体捐献者的周围神经,使用化学萃取法制备去细胞同种异体神经,将其消毒、储存,并用于临床治疗41例周围神经缺损患者.男性38例,女性3例,年龄10～55岁.受伤至神经修复时间10 h至9个月,平均4.1个月.受损神经包括臂丛神经10例,上臂桡神经3例,前臂尺神经4例,指(趾)神经12例,坐骨神经2例,胫神经3例,腓总神经5例,股神经2例.合并骨折12例,合并软组织损伤或缺损20例.神经桥接长度2～10 cm,平均6.1 cm.术后不使用免疫抑制药物.术后随访9～5l个月,平均20.2个月.通过手术部位物理检查及血生化和免疫检测以评价移植的安全性.结果 术后患者全部得到随访,39例伤口一期愈合,2例发生表浅感染,经换药后延迟愈合.所有患者均未发生免疫排斥反应、过敏性反应、深部感染、肝肾毒副作用等不良反应.术后1、12周血生化检测均正常,特种蛋白、淋巴细胞亚群等免疫检测指标术前、术后差异无统计学意义.结论 临床上采用去细胞同种异体神经移植修复人体周围神经缺损是安全的.     

Nerve graft immunogenicity as a factor determining axonal regeneration in the rat

Acellular basal lamina grafts have recently been reported to support axonal regeneration and have been used in peripheral nerve repair. The present study was designed to determine the immunogenicity of such basal lamina allografts (grafts that are genetically different) and their potential as bridging material for nerve gap repair. Inbred strains of Fischer and Buffalo rats with known histocompatibility differences were used. Acellular grafts were prepared by repeated freezing and thawing nerve tissue predegenerated in situ for 6 weeks. Non-frozen predegenerated nerves were used as cellular grafts for comparison. Fischer rats were used as hosts and received cellular or acellular grafts obtained from Fischer (isograft, genetically identical) or Buffalo (allograft) donors. The grafts were evaluated morphologically at 1, 2, 4, and 12 weeks after transplantation. The cellular isografts supported axonal regeneration best. The cellular allografts were invariably rejected and were unsuccessful or only partially successful in supporting regeneration. In contrast, acellular allografts, in spite of their mild immunogenicity were successful in supporting regeneration, as were the acellular isografts. The rate of host axonal regeneration and recovery of target muscle was reduced in acellular allografts and isografts as compared to cellular isografts. It is concluded that acellular allografts are suitable for supporting axonal regeneration and may be used to bridge gaps in injured peripheral nerves.