弥漫性轴索损伤32例诊疗体会

弥漫性轴索损伤(DAI diffuse axonal injury)属重型颅脑损伤的一种,其诊断和治疗极为困难,预后极差。我院1998年～2002年有32例病人被诊断为弥漫性轴索损伤。讨论如下。 1 临床资料     

弥漫性轴索损伤48例治疗体会

弥漫性轴索损伤(DAI)可能是导致颅脑损伤病人伤后植物生存或严重神经功能障碍的最主要原因,到目前为止,对重型弥漫性轴索损伤尚无有效的治疗措施。现对我院自1999年6月～2003年10月收治的48例弥漫性轴索损伤病例进行总结分析。     

神经外科——颅脑外伤

骑跨横窦硬膜外血肿的微创手术治疗;自体颅骨修补术治疗重型颅脑损伤后颅骨缺损117例分析;36例弥漫性轴索损伤诊治临床分析;亚低温在治疗重型颅脑损伤中的应用（附45例临床报告）;颅脑创伤后神经行为障碍的认识和药物治疗（述评）     

弥漫性轴索损伤64例治疗体会

目的:探讨弥漫性轴索损伤(di ffuse axonal i nj ury,DAI)的诊治措施,以改善其预后。方法:选取弥漫性轴索损伤64例,分析其临床资料。结果:轻型、中型、弥漫性轴索损伤恢复良好,重型、特重型弥漫性轴索损伤预后不佳。结论:格拉斯哥评分小于8分者、瞳孔有变化者、损伤靠近脑中轴部分者、伴有其他内型的颅脑损伤者、有心肺合并症者预后较差。     

重型颅脑损伤现场抢救（附106例病案分析）

目的总结重型颅脑损伤现场抢救的经验，认识现场抢救对重型颅脑损伤的预后及接受再治疗起着决定性作用。方法对106例重型颅脑损伤患者进行回顾性分析。结果106例重型颅脑损伤患者存活74例（70％），其中治愈，恢复良好和轻、中残62例（58％），重残12例（11％），死亡32例（30％）。结论现场抢救是决定重型颅脑损伤预后的重要因素，为重型颅脑损伤后继治疗创造有利条件。     

颅脑外伤

外伤后急性弥漫性脑肿胀的诊断和治疗；前额叶底部对冲性脑挫裂伤31例手术治疗体会；标准大骨瓣减压术在重型颅脑损伤治疗中的应用；重型颅脑创伤后如何做好切除颅骨减压手术；重型颅脑损伤患者术中急性脑膨出的原因及防治；环孢素A对轴索损伤后的神经保护作用；     

重型脑弥漫性轴索损伤的治疗探讨

脑弥漫性轴索损伤（Difluse axonal injury，DAI）最先是由Strieh从病理组织变化中发现。并于1982年由Admas等命名，DAI占重型颅脑损伤的28％。42％。其致死率、致残率极高．而重型DAI显得更为严重，因此，各国学者仍在不断地进行研究其治疗对策．现结合本院ICU收治的54例重型DAI患者作一回顾性分析，对其治疗措施作一探讨，报告如下。     

弥漫性轴索损伤42例救治体会

目的探讨弥漫性轴索损伤的临床诊断和救治方案。方法总结本院2001年1月至2005年12月收治的42例弥漫性轴索损伤的诊断和救治体会。结果按GOS评分治愈8例,中残6例,重残11例,植物生存3例,死亡14例。结论弥漫性轴索损伤病人根据受伤机制,临床体征和头颅CT表现及时明确诊断,早期采取综合治疗方案对弥漫性轴索损伤患者预后具有确定的临床意义。     

弥漫性轴索损伤40例治疗体会

弥漫性轴索损伤（DAI）是一种较严重的脑损伤，其预后较差，是颅脑损伤治疗的难点，现将我院近3年来对40例DAI的治疗做一总结。     

脑弥漫性轴索损伤65例诊治分析

脑弥漫性轴索损伤（diffuse axonal injury,DAI）属于弥漫性脑损伤,是头部遭受加速性旋转外力作用时,因剪切力而造成的以脑内神经轴索断裂和毛细血管损伤为主要特征的原发性脑损伤,多数病情危重,是颅脑损伤后植物生存、重残和死亡的最常见原因之一[1],也是临床救治的重点和难点。本院自2000年1月至2008年1月收治DAI患者65例,占同期收治的重型颅脑损伤患者的18%,现将诊治结果报告如下。     

创伤性脑损伤后肺损伤的发病机制研究进展

背景 创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)患者可能发生肺损伤,严重时甚至发生肺功能障碍.脑与肺通过复杂途径相互联系.发生肺功能障碍的TBI患者病死率增加、 加强治疗病房住院时间延长且神经预后较差.目的 综述TBI后肺损伤的研究进展.内容 讨论TBI后肺损伤的发生特点并综述其潜在机制.趋向 根据具体情况评估TBI患者发生肺损伤的潜在风险,并在其临床症状出现前进行相应干预有助于降低发生TBI后肺损伤的风险.     

医原性输尿管膀胱损伤诊治分析

目的 探讨医原性输尿管膀胱损伤发生原因及防治方法.方法 医原性输尿管膀胱损伤患者47例,男7例,女40例.其中妇产科手术损伤38例、泌尿外科5例、普外科4例. 结果 术中发现输尿管损伤16例,其中断裂14例,输尿管壁部分撕裂伤2例;行输尿管断端吻合术13例,肾盂输尿管吻合术1例,1例输尿管镜手术引起输尿管穿孔者予终止手术并留置双J管,1例被迫切除肾脏;术后3～7 d发现输尿管损伤7例,其中输尿管下段被结扎4例.输尿管阴道瘘3例,均于术后2周内行输尿管下段膀胱再植术.术中发现膀胱损伤19例,膀胱壁不规则撕裂长约1～3 cm;行膀胱修补术17例,由腔镜和TVT手术引起膀胱穿孔2例予留置导尿1周;术后1周～1个月发现膀胱阴道瘘5例,均于3个月后行瘘管切除修补术.术后47例随访5个月～11年,平均47个月,患者均治愈,无并发症. 结论 医原性损伤重在预防,术中及时发现、正确处理可避免二次手术;术后出现尿瘘者选择合理治疗方案可提高治愈率.     

Glutaraldehyde-induced bowel injury after laparoscopy

We document the sequelae of the inadvertent introduction of glutaraldehyde into the peritoneal cavity. It describes the clinical course, progressive histological changes to the bowel at different periods over the course of 1 year, and what long-term morbidity remains. The chemical structure, effects, and pathogenesis of glutaraldehyde are described as well as suggestions for avoiding similar problems in the future.     

以腹部为主的多发性损伤诊治探讨

目的 探讨腹部为主的多发性损伤的诊治策略,提高腹部外伤的治疗水平。方法 回顾性地总结分析８９例腹部为主的多发性损伤的诊断方法和治疗结果。结果 诊断性腹腔穿刺,ＣＴ和Ｂ超的阳性率分别为９８．７％,８４．２％,９２．３％;８２例手术,术后１２例死亡,７例保守治愈出院。     

Inhalation burn injury in children

With advances in burn care, many children are surviving severe burn injuries. Inhalation injury remains a predictor of morbidity and mortality in burn injury. Inhalation of smoke and toxic gases leads to pulmonary complications, including airway obstruction from bronchial casts, pulmonary edema, decreased pulmonary compliance, and ventilation–perfusion mismatch, as well as systemic toxicity from carbon monoxide poisoning and cyanide toxicity. The diagnosis of inhalation injury is suggested by the history and physical exam and can be confirmed by bronchoscopy. Management consists of supportive measures, pulmonary toilet, treatment of pulmonary infection and ventilatory support as needed. This review details the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management options for inhalation injury.     

Clinical diagnosis and treatment of abdominal visceral injury complicated by craniocerebral injury

Objective : To improve the cure rate of patients with abdominal visceral injury complicated by craniocerebral injury. Methods: Clinical data of 176 cases of abdominal visceral injury complicated by craniocerebral injury were retrospectively analyzed. Results: In this series, 44 cases died and the mortality was 25.0%. The main cause of death is abdominal visceral injury combined with shock and severe craniocerebral injury. Conclusions: It is essential to improve the cure rate by accurate diagnosis at early stage. Abdominal paracentesis and CT should be performed promptly and dynamically. Priority should be given to the treatment of life-threatening injuries.     

Hand injury from powered wood splitters

We describe the types of hand injury sustained from powered wood splitters. Information about all patients with such injuries treated at the Department of Hand Surgery, University Hospital, Uppsala, during the period 1995–2001 was collected from their records, and from written questionnaires and telephone interviews. Fourteen of the 131 patients found were below the age of 15. There was no change in the annual injury rate for inpatients. Wedge splitters caused 82% and screw splitters 18% of all injuries. The part of the hand most often injured by screw splitters was the metacarpus and by wedge splitters the index finger. Screw splitters caused palmar perforation, avulsion of the thumb, and shredding injuries. Traumatic amputation and devascularising injuries were also common. Hand injury from powered wood splitters is an important and continuing problem. Most injuries are caused by wedge splitters, injuries caused by screw splitters differ from those caused by wedge splitters. Preventive measures are needed and should include keeping children away from splitters. Further research to facilitate prevention is warranted.     

Inconsistencies with screening for traumatic brain injury in spinal cord injury across the continuum of care

Objective: Explore how traumatic brain injury (TBI) is screened among spinal cord injury (SCI) patients across the continuum of care.

Design: Retrospective chart review

Setting: Emergency department, trauma, inpatient rehabilitation

Participants: 325 patients with SCI from inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF) between March 1, 2011 and December 31, 2014 were screened. 49 eligible subjects had traumatic SCI and received care in adjoining acute care (AC) hospital.

Outcome Measures: Demographic characteristics and variables that capture diagnosis of TBI/SCI included documentation from ambulance, emergency department, AC, and IRF including ICD-9 codes, altered mental status, loss of consciousness (LOC), Glasgow Coma Score, Post Traumatic Amnesia (PTA), neuroimaging, and cognitive assessments.

Results: Participants were male (81%), white (55%), privately insured (49%), and aged 39.3±18.0 years with 51% paraplegic and 49% tetraplegic. Mechanisms of injury were gunshot wound (31%), fall (29%), and motor vehicle accident (20%). TBI occurred in 65% of SCI individuals, however documentation of identification of TBI, LOC, and CT imaging results varied in H&P, discharge notes, and ICD-9 codes across the continuum. Cognitive assessments were performed on 16% of subjects.

Conclusions: Documentation showed variability between AC and IRF and among disciplines. Imaging and GCS were more consistently documented than LOC and PTA. It is necessary to standardize screening processes between AC and IRF to identify dual diagnosis.     

拇趾毁损伤的再造

目的介绍逆行足内、外侧双岛状瓦合皮瓣加髂骨植骨再造足拇趾外伤性缺损的临床经验。方法对拇趾及踌、第2趾毁损且跖趾关节完好者,采用以足背动脉跖底深支为蒂,以内踩前或跗内侧血管、外踝前或跗外侧血管为分支的足内、外侧分叶皮瓣瓦合加髂骨植骨再造足拇趾。结果术后皮瓣顺利成活,经6～18个月随访,再造足拇趾外形满意,皮瓣两点辨别觉6-8mm,X线示髂骨与残端趾骨骨性愈合,髂骨未见吸收征象．拇趾跖趾关节背伸达40°,屈曲达30°。结论采用逆行足内、外侧分叶瓦合皮瓣加髂骨植骨再造拇趾是一种简单有效的方法。     

脊髓损伤后并发肺损伤的实验研究

目的探讨脊髓损伤后并发肺损伤的机理、病理及治疗方法。方法家兔40只,通过改良Allen法制成脊髓损伤模型,截瘫按Talove分级为1～2级,分为治疗组(B)和对照组(A),治疗组于伤后3h开始自静脉给予常规剂量(0.35mg/kg)的地塞米松治疗,分别于不同的时相点处死家兔,观察动物肺脏的病理改变。结果家兔脊髓损伤后均发生了不同程度的肺脏损伤,肺出血(100%)。脊髓损伤所致的肺出血,治疗组明显轻于对照组(P<0.01)。结论脊髓损伤均并发不同程度的肺损伤。肺损伤的发生机理主要是神经-体液应急反应。应用常规剂量的地塞米松即可以有效地预防和治疗脊髓损伤并发的肺损伤。