2007-2009年漳州市麻疹风疹疑似病例血清学检测结果分析

[目的]探讨漳州市麻疹及风疹的流行特征及流行趋势,为防控提供科学依据。[方法]应用抗体捕捉酶联免疫吸附试验对2007-2009年送检的疑似麻疹、风疹的血清标本进行抗体检测。[结果]麻疹患者主要集中在0～20岁,呈散发分布,以外来务工人员及子女为主(92.8%),无麻疹接种史占85.5%;麻疹有向高年龄组后推的趋势;季节分布以第1和第2季度为高发,农村病例数多于城市。风疹2009年呈现一个发病高峰,发病人群以入托儿童及群聚性的中小学生、活动范围较大的青年人为主,以11～15岁和21岁以上青壮年为最突出。[结论]人群免疫空白及农村免疫薄弱是麻疹发病流行主要原因,今后应重点加强流动人口及较偏远农村的免疫规划管理,对易感人群建议接种"麻风腮联合疫苗"。     

日照市2009年麻疹疑似病例血清学分析

目的:了解日照市2009年麻疹、风疹病例的发病情况和流行病学特点,为该病的预防和临床诊断提供可靠依据。方法:对日照市2009年麻疹疑似病例采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)捕获法同时检测麻疹、风疹IgM抗体,并根据检测结果,结合流行病学资料予以分析。结果:2009年共检测麻疹疑似病例210例,其中麻疹IgM抗体阳性率为30.0%风疹IgM抗体阳性率为34.3%。麻疹确诊病例主要集中在21岁～40岁(42.4%)和7岁～10岁(23.8%);风疹确证病例集中在7岁～30岁之间,有免疫史的仅占24.3%。结论:加强麻疹预防知识的健康教育,有针对性的开展麻疹强化免疫和应急接种。     

秦皇岛市2010年麻疹和风疹疑似病例血清学检测结果

目的对2010年秦皇岛市麻疹疑似病例进行lgM抗体检测,分析麻疹流行病学特征,为麻疹计划免疫提供科学依据。方法采用酶联免疫捕获试验（Capture—ELISA）方法,检测麻疹疑似病例急性期血清麻疹IgM抗体、风疹IgM抗体。结果2010年该市共检测麻疹疑似病例210例,其中麻疹IgM抗体阳性135例,风疹IgM抗体阳性30例。麻疹、风疹发病主要集中在5、6月份,麻疹共发病89例,占65．93％。风疹共发病25例,占83．33％。麻疹病例以1岁及以下组最多（69例,51．11％）。结论4岁以下儿童为麻疹的高发人群,其中1岁及以下婴儿患病率最高,提示母体抗体的保护作用不足。疑似麻疹的病例中有一部分是风疹病例,因此进行IgM抗体检测可以为科学鉴别麻疹与风疹,及时有效控制麻疹疫情提供依据。     

2009-2020年鹤壁市麻疹和风疹疑似病例血清学检测

目的 了解鹤壁市疑似麻疹、风疹患者血清IgM抗体水平,为防制麻疹、风疹提供科学依据.方法 采用酶联免疫(ELISA)方法对鹤壁市疑似病例血清麻疹、风疹IgM抗体进行检测.结果 2009-2020年鹤壁市共检测270份疑似病例血清样本,麻疹、风疹IgM抗体阳性44份,总阳性率为16.30％,其中麻疹IgM抗体阳性为30份...     

2010-2015年广州市花都区麻疹、风疹疑似病例血清学检测结果分析

目的 分析广州市花都区麻疹和风疹疑似病例的血清学检测情况,分析麻疹、风疹流行病学特征,为防治麻疹、风疹提供科学依据.方法 采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)对2010-2015年期间广州市花都区684名麻疹、风疹疑似病例血清标本进行IgM抗体检测,比较不同人口学资料(性别、年龄)和时间(月份、年度)阳性麻疹和风疹抗体检出率的差异.结果 麻疹抗体阳性281人(阳性率41.1％),风疹抗体阳性40人(阳性率5.84％).血清检测麻疹阳性检出率均与年龄(x2=23.82,P=0.00),年度发病月份(x2=40.40,P=0.00)和2010-2015发病率(x2=87.91,P=0.00)差异有统计学差异.风疹检测麻疹阳性检出率显示出年龄(x2=20.07,P=0.01)的差异.结论 麻疹和风疹的发病均存在年龄差异,麻疹主要集中于0～2岁的婴儿或幼儿,风疹主要集中于7～20岁的学龄儿童或青年.麻疹的发病呈现出明显的时间特征,2014年麻疹和风疹抗体阳性率明显回升应引起重视.     

嘉定区223例麻疹疑似病例血清学检测结果分析

[目的] 分析嘉定区的麻疹发病情况,为该病的预防和临床诊断提供依据. [方法] 应用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清标本中麻疹IgM抗体,并对血清学检测结果进行分折. [结果] 共检测麻疹疑似病例223例,检出麻疹IgM抗体阳性168例,阳性率为75.34%.麻疹疑似病例与实验室诊断病例的发病时间均集中在4～6月份,年龄以15～35岁年龄段最多. [结论] 加强宣传教育,提高非本市户籍、无疫苗接种史和接种史不祥人员的计划免疫工作覆盖率.     

720例麻疹疑似病例血清学检测结果分析

目的:分析太原市720例麻疹疑似病例的实验室检测结果,为更好的开展麻疹监测工作和控制麻疹提供依据。方法:应用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清标本中麻疹和风疹IgM抗体。结果:太原市2000~2006年共检测麻疹疑似病例血清720例,检出麻疹IgM抗体阳性399例,实验室诊断符合率为55.42%。麻疹IgM抗体阳性者中,>18岁年龄组人数最多。在太原市3~5月份是麻疹发病高峰,小店区发病人数最多。2004~2006年从256例血清中检测出风疹IgM抗体阳性113例,阳性率为44.14%。结论:2000~2006年太原市大年龄组麻疹发病人数最多。风疹是干扰麻疹诊断的一个重要因素。为控制和消除麻疹,应提高麻疹的免疫接种率和接种质量,提高人群的免疫覆盖率。     

鞍山市2005-2007年麻疹疑似病例血清学检测结果

目的对鞍山市2005-2007年麻疹疑似病例的血清学检测和流行病学特征进行分析，为麻疹的预防控制工作提供科学依据。方法应用酶联免疫吸附试验同时检测临床疑似麻疹或风疹病例血清标本中麻疹或风疹IgM抗体。结果该市3a共检测麻疹或风疹疑似病例血清1337例，检出麻疹IgM抗体阳性744例，阳性率为55．6％；风疹IgM抗体阳性39例；阳性率为2．9％。结论继续做好麻疹疫苗的常规免疫和强化免疫工作，提高实验室检测的敏感性和准确性，以达到控制麻疹暴发流行的目的。     

大连市2010-2013年麻疹风疹疑似病例检测结果分析

目的了解大连市2010-2013年麻疹、风疹的流行特征,为促进免疫规划工作提供科学依据。方法采用ELISA对2010-2013年麻疹、风疹疑似病例血清标本进行IgM抗体检测。结果4年共检测麻疹、风疹IgM抗体624份,麻疹IgM抗体阳性率为4.81%;风疹IgM抗体阳性率为12.34%;2010-2013年大连市麻疹、风疹的发病率呈逐年下降的趋势;发病地区主要集中在流动人口频繁的城乡结合部,麻疹发病以5岁以内儿童为主,风疹以青少年居多;流行季节均主要为春季。结论加强流动人口管理仍是今后防控的重点,同时继续加强计划免疫管理,开展查漏补种,做好疫情监测,预防暴发。     

潍坊市2013年麻疹疑似病例血清学检测分析

目的通过实验室检查数据分析,了解具体因素对麻疹抗体阳性率的影响,评价麻疹的检测结果。方法 2013年全市各区县送检疑似麻疹患者的血清131份,采用酶联免疫吸附法对送检疑似患者血清进行麻疹IgM抗体检测。结果1 3 1个样本中检出麻疹I g M阳性样本有4 6例,阳性率为3 5.1 1%。〉2 0岁年龄组的麻疹诊出率最高,性别差异对检测结果的影响无显著性差异,城乡对检测结果的影响有显著性差异,3 d内送检阳性检出率高。结论加强检测,做好疫苗免疫工作,提高疫苗覆盖率。     

湛江市2006-2007年麻疹与风疹监测结果分析

目的 分析湛江市麻疹疑似病例的血清学实验室诊断符合率和风疹检测结果,完善麻疹监测网络实验室检测工作,为进一步提高麻疹、风疹的病例诊断提供依据.方法 应用ELISA法检测全市送检的血清样本中麻疹和风疹IgM抗体,对检测结果和病例资料进行分析.结果 实验室检测麻疹疑似病例血清样本747份,检出麻疹IgM抗体阳性502例,实验室诊断符合率为67.20%;在麻疹IgM抗体阴性血清样本中榆测风疹IgM抗体245份,阳性48例,阳性检出率为19.59%.麻疹发病高峰时间主要集中在3-7月,占病例总数的78.29%,风疹发病时间主要在4月和12月;麻疹发病年龄以0～9岁居多,占病例总数的73.31%,风疹发病年龄集中在15～24岁;麻疹、风疹病例的户籍分布均以本市户口为主,占病例总数的99%以上;麻疹男女比例为1.55:1,风疹男女比例为1.09:1;无免疫接种史或接种史不详的麻疹病例占95.02%,风疹病例占97.92%.结论 近两年,我市麻疹疫情上升较快,说明我市目前还没有形成足够保护易感人群的免疫屏障,全市计划免疫工作有待进一步加强;同时也应加强对风疹的控制.     

A review of testing used in seroprevalence studies on measles and rubella

Seroprevalence studies are an essential tool to monitor the efficacy of vaccination programmes, to understand population immunity and to identify populations at higher risk of infection. An overarching review of all aspects of seroprevalence studies for measles and rubella published between 1998 and June 2014 was undertaken and the findings reported elsewhere. This paper details the considerable variation in the testing formats identified in the review. Apart from serum/plasma samples, testing of oral fluid, breast milk, dry blood spots and capillary whole blood were reported. Numerous different commercial assays were employed, including microtitre plate assays, automated immunoassays and classical haemagglutination inhibition and neutralisation assays. A total of 29 of the 68 (43%) measles and 14 of the 58 (24%) rubella studies reported qualitative test results. Very little information on the testing environment, including quality assurance mechanisms used, was provided. Due to the large numbers of testing systems, the diversity of sample types used and the difficulties in accurate quantification of antibody levels, the results reported in individual studies were not necessarily comparable. Further efforts to standardise seroprevalence studies may overcome this deficiency.     

大连市2010年麻疹风疹疑似病例IgM抗体检测结果分析

目的:通过实验室麻疹、风疹IgM抗体检测结果,了解大连市2010年麻疹、风疹的流行特征,为促进免疫规划工作提供科学依据。方法:采用ELISA对2010年麻疹、风疹疑似病例血清标本进行IgM抗体检测;结果:全年共检测麻疹、风疹IgM抗体69份,麻疹IgM抗体阳性率为28.99%;风疹IgM抗体阳性率为43.48%;发病地区主要集中在流动人口频繁的城乡结合部,麻疹发病以5岁以内儿童为主,风疹以青少年居多;流行季节均主要为春季。结论:加强流动人口管理仍是今后防控的重点,同时继续加强计划免疫管理,开展查漏补种,做好疫情监测,预防暴发。     

2014-2018年天津市南开区疑似麻疹病例血清学和病毒核酸检测结果分析

目的 对2014-2018年天津市南开区疑似麻疹病例的实验室检测结果进行分析,为麻疹的预防控制和早期诊断提供科学依据。方法 采集疑似麻疹病例血清和咽拭子样本,分别采用ELISA法和Real-time RT-PCR法进行检测。结果 共检测776例疑似麻疹病例,检出麻疹阳性428例,阳性率55.15%。2016年麻疹阳性率最高,为72.87%,高于其他年份(P＜0.05)。麻疹的性别分布无差异;麻疹阳性率以＜8月龄组最高,为78.57%,不同年龄组麻疹阳性率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001);麻疹多集中在1~5月份。出疹后0~3天采集的咽拭子核酸阳性率最高,为54.93%,高于其他组(P＜0.05)。有明确麻疹免疫史的疑似麻疹病例麻疹阳性率低于无麻疹免疫史和免疫史不详的病例。ELISA法和Real-time RT-PCR法检测麻疹结果的差异无统计学意义(P=0.422)。结论 继续做好麻疹常规免疫,开展重点人群的补充免疫工作;控制医院内感染,防止就医感染麻疹;保证样本质量,提高实验室确诊率。     

1425份疑似麻疹病例血清学检测结果分析

目的 对2012 - 2016年玉林市1 425份疑似麻疹病例血清检测情况进行详细回顾性分析,了解该地区麻疹流行特点,为防治麻疹目标提供科学、准确的依据。方法 采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）对玉林市辖区2012 - 2016年报告疑似麻疹血清标本进行IgM抗体检测,对结果进行统计分析。结果 2012 - 2016年玉林市共检测疑似麻疹病例1 425例,检出麻疹IgM抗体阳性374例,阳性率26.25%（347/1 425）; 2013年、2014年麻疹IgM抗体阳性分别是29.85%、39.12%,明显高于其他年份。出诊后4～7 d的血液标本检出麻疹IgM抗体阳性率最高。麻疹主要分布在6岁以下年龄组,占总数87.70%,其中8～18月龄人群最高,占37.75%,≤8月龄其次,占35.37%,不同年龄组抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义。博白县和玉林主城区玉州区占全市麻疹病例的60.70%。男性麻疹IgM阳性率比女性高,性别分布差异有统计学意义。麻疹发病时间出现高峰4 - 6月。有明确免疫史的疑似麻疹病例IgM抗体阳性率明显低于无免疫史和免疫史不详的病例。结论 麻疹常规免疫存在漏种及母体胎传抗体滴度达不到保护水平导致2013年、2014年麻疹病例明显增多,对适龄儿童及时有效接种麻疹疫苗是消除麻疹的最主要手段;婴幼儿在麻疹流行季节尽量不去人员密集的公共场所,避免感染麻疹病毒;医疗机构应在麻疹高发期加强防控工作。     

Global landscape of measles and rubella surveillance

BackgroundAll six World Health Organization (WHO) regions have committed to eliminate measles, and three WHO regions have committed to eliminate rubella. One of the key tenets of measles and rubella elimination is to have a strong surveillance system in place. The presence of a case-based measles and rubella surveillance system that is national, population-based, provides laboratory confirmation, and directs action, is one of the requirements for elimination-standard surveillance.MethodsIn order to understand the global landscape for measles and rubella surveillance, a questionnaire was sent to all 194 WHO member states (herein referred to as countries) requesting information on how surveillance was conducted for measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome. Data were supplemented with information provided to WHO through other reporting mechanisms and by national policy documents available to the public. Frequencies and percentages were calculated.ResultsData were available to review from 164 (85%) countries, although not every country responded to every question. Case-based, population-based, national surveillance with laboratory confirmation was reported to be conducted in 136 (86%) of 158 countries for measles and 122 (77%) of 158 countries for rubella. Congenital rubella syndrome surveillance was reported to be conducted by 126 (77%) of 163 countries. Gaps were noted in the quality of measles-rubella surveillance conducted, and 26 (16%) of 158 countries reported not including all healthcare providers as mandatory reporters.ConclusionsMany countries reported having some of the essential components in place to conduct elimination-standard surveillance for measles and rubella; however, in order to achieve elimination, the quality of surveillance needs to improve to detect all cases. In those countries without these essential components of elimination-standard surveillance, the first step is to implement these components.     

Feasibility assessment of measles and rubella eradication

This report addresses the epidemiological aspects and feasibility of measles and rubella eradication and the potential resource requirements in response to the request of the Director-General at the Seventieth World Health Assembly held on May 31, 2017. A guiding principle is that the path toward measles and rubella eradication should serve to strengthen primary health care, promote universal health coverage, and be a pathfinder for new vision and strategy for immunization over the next decade as laid out in the Immunization Agenda 2030. Specifically, this report: 1) highlights the importance of measles and rubella as global health priorities; 2) reviews the current global measles and rubella situation; 3) summarizes prior assessments of the feasibility of measles and rubella eradication; 4) assesses the progress and challenges in achieving regional measles and rubella elimination; 5) assesses additional considerations for measles and rubella eradication, including the results of modelling and economic analyses; 6) assesses the implications of establishing a measles and rubella eradication goal and the process for setting an eradication target date; 7) proposes a framework for determining preconditions for setting a target date for measles and rubella eradication and how these preconditions should be understood and used; and 8) concludes with recommendations endorsed by SAGE.     

The strategy for prevention of measles and rubella prevalence with measles–rubella (MR) vaccine in Japan

To eliminate the indigenous measles and rubella virus by 2012 in Japan, the strategy for prevention of measles and rubella prevalence with measles-rubella (MR) vaccine was proposed. Since the vast majority of 1-year old infants are susceptible to measles and rubella, the first MR vaccine should be administered at 1-year old to sustain the herd immunity. Since significant elevation of measles and rubella antibody titers was estimated in a half of children after the second dose, the second dose of MR vaccine within 1 year before elementary school entry is the effective maneuver. Moreover, supplement MR vaccination to the teenage group and 20–29 years’ group might be necessary, because the mean measles antibody titers in this group were significantly lower compared with those in the older individuals’ groups.