Phytochemical and biological activities of some Iranian medicinal plants

ContextDue to adverse effects of synthetic compounds, there is a growing interest in utilization of plant-derived natural products in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Iranian endemic medicinal plants widely used in traditional practice have attracted much attention as antibacterial and antioxidant agents.ObjectiveThis review attempts to compile the accessible scientific research pertained to phytochemical compounds, antibacterial and antioxidant effects of essential oils obtained from some of the most widely used and distributed medicinal plants in Iran.MethodsThis review has been compiled using references via reliable databases (Google Scholar, SID and Science Direct) from 2010 to 2020. This literature review was limited to references published in English and Persian languages.ResultsBased on studies heretofore carried out, essential oils isolated from mentioned medicinal plants exhibited strong antioxidant activity which is attributed to their main phytochemical compounds; thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene. In addition, the antibacterial activities of essential oils of most plant species from Apiaceae and Asteraceae families were more susceptible against Gram-positive bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus than Gram-negative bacteria; however, essential oils of other studied plant species manifested similar behaviours against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria.ConclusionsAs there is rich ethnobotanical knowledge behind Iranian endemic medicinal plants, further scientific research is required to prove their safety and efficacy. This review revealed that there are numerous valuable medicinal plants adoptable in food and pharmaceutical industries in the near future.     

Review on essential oil extraction from aromatic and medicinal plants: Techniques,performance and economic analysis

Essential oils extracted from herbal plants have many foods, cosmetic and medical industries applications. Present study discussed various conventional extraction techniques (steam distillation, hydro-distillation, hydro diffusion and solvent extraction) and advanced (non-conventional) extraction techniques (solvent free microwave extraction, subcritical extraction liquid and supercritical fluid extraction). Economic analysis, kinetics modelling, and GC-MS analysis of essential oil produced by various extraction techniques have also been presented. India is the biggest producer of Indian basil oil and Japanese peppermint oil, and USA is the major importer and exporter of EOs with 14% (US$390.9 m) of world imports and 17% (US$351.7 m) of world exports. Production cost for Steam distillation, Water distillation, solvent extraction and Supercritical fluid extraction varies from 15.85 - 76.50US$/kg, 7.05-86.4US$/kg, 8.35-8.53US$/kg and 6.71-42.69US$/kg, respectively. Second order model are consistent with experimental data as determination coefficient (R²) is higher than first order model. Non-conventional extraction methods are superior to conventional extraction methods in terms of low cost, time and energy saving, less solvent requirements, shorter extraction time, etc. From the techno-economic and environmental perspective, water distillation with full energy integration is the best method for rosemary oil. In contrast, supercritical fluid extraction is the best method for oregano oil.     

中药中重金属新型检测技术的研究进展

近年来,中药中存在的重金属问题已引起国内外各检测机构的高度重视,重金属超标已成为影响中药出口,阻碍我国中医药走向世界的瓶颈,因此准确检测和限定重金属的含量已是当务之急。该文对国内外中药中重金属的行业标准进行了介绍,并对重金属新型的检测技术进行了总结和评述,同时还对该领域未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

Insulin sensitizing effect of 3 Indian medicinal plants: An in vitro study

Objective:Measurement of glucose uptake into peripheral tissue is an important mechanism to assess Insulin sensitivity. The present in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the Insulin sensitizing activity of Phyllanthus emblica (Pe), Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) and Curcuma longa (Cl) by assessing glucose uptake activity in a 3T3L1 adipocyte model.Results:Pe and Tc per se significantly stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose dependent manner with maximal effect at higher concentrations (200μg/ml). The effect of both Pe and Tc at 200μg/ml was comparable to insulin and greater than pioglitazone. Cl per se stimulated glucose uptake with maximal effect at 50μg/ml. However, this effect was lesser as compared to insulin with higher concentrations inhibiting glucose uptake. When combined with insulin, an antagonist effect was observed between Pe, Tc and insulin indicating a possible plant-drug interaction while Cl in combination with insulin showed an increase in the glucose uptake as compared to Cl alone.Conclusion:The results suggest that one of the mechanisms for the anti-diabetic effect of Pe, Cl and Tc may be through an insulin sensitizing effect (stimulation of glucose uptake into adipocytes). Further studies using other target sites viz. skeletal muscle and hepatocytes models and in an insulin resistant state would help substantiate this conclusion.KEY WORDS: Glucose uptake, 3T3 L1 adipocytes, Phyllanthus emblica, Curcuma longa, Tinospora cordifolia     

我国抗肿瘤药物超说明书用药价值评价模型的探索性实证研究

目的:评价我国抗肿瘤药物超说明书用药价值评价模型(以下简称"中国模型")的科学性、实用性和可行性.方法:以卵巢癌为例,涵盖目前我院备案使用的5个药物,10个超说明书用药治疗方案.每位小组成员使用中国模型、美国临床肿瘤学会价值框架(American Society of Clinical Oncology Value F...     

Antibacterial activity in spices and local medicinal plants against clinical isolates of Karachi,Pakistan

Context: Development of resistance in human pathogens against conventional antibiotic necessitates searching indigenous medicinal plants having antibacterial property. Twenty-seven medicinal plants used actively in folklore, ayurvedic and traditional system of medicine were selected for the evaluation of their antimicrobial activity for this study. Eleven plants chosen from these 27 are used as spices in local cuisine.

Objective: Evaluation of the effectiveness of some medicinal plant extracts against clinical isolates.

Material and methods: Nonedible plant parts were extracted with methanol and evaporated in vacuo to obtain residue. Powdered edible parts were boiled three times and cooled in sterile distilled water for 2?min each and filtrate collected. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of plant extracts and filtrates/antibiotics was evaluated against clinical isolates by microbroth dilution method.

Results: Water extract of Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae) buds, methanol extracts of Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) and Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae) leaves and Peganum harmala L. (Nitrariaceae) seeds had MIC ranges of 31.25–250 µg/ml. S. aromaticum inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. F. carica and O. europaea inhibited growth of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. pyogenes whereas P. harmala was effective against S. aureus, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Candida albicans. Ampicillin, velosef, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefepime, which are used as control, had MIC ≥50 and 1.5 µg/ml, respectively, for organisms sensitive to extracts.

Discussion and conclusion: Mono/multiextract from identified plants will provide an array of safe antimicrobial agents to control infections by drug-resistant bacteria.     

The application of 1,8-cineole,a terpenoid oxide present in medicinal plants,inhibits castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats

Abstract

Context: 1,8-Cineole, a terpene, characterized as a major constituent occurring in the essential oils of several aromatic plants. It is widely used in pharmaceutical industry, as a food additive and for culinary purposes.

Objective: This study investigates the inhibitory effect of 1,8-cineole on transit time and diarrhea in animal models.

Materials and methods: Acute toxicity and lethality of 1-8-cineole was determined by Lork’s guidelines. The antidiarrheal effect of 1,8-cineole was investigated by determining the intestinal transit and enterpooling in rats. In all experiments, different doses of 1,8-cineole (20–120?mg/kg), atropine, and loperamide were administered orally.

Results: The LD₅₀ of 1,8-cineole for oral administration was estimated to be 1280?mg/kg. 1,8-Cineole (20–120?mg/kg) did not show a significant decrease in small intestine transit (p?>?0.05); however, the highest dose displayed a significant decrease in comparison with atropine (p?<?0.05). This substance decreased the peristaltic index value to 68?±?0.36% at a dose of 120?mg/kg compared with the control group (85.22?±?4.31%) in the castor oil transit test. 1,8-Cineole significantly delayed the onset of diarrhea to ?142.33?±?6.08?min at 120?mg/kg, while the time was 103.66?±?20.73?min for the control and >240?min for the loperamide. Moreover, 1,8-cineole significantly decreased intestinal fluid accumulation (p?<?0.05).

Conclusions: This study demonstrated antispasmodic and antisecretory activities of 1,8-cineole and rationalized the traditional use of the plant containing various levels of this terpene in the treatment of gastrointestinal complains such as diarrhea.     

芳香开窍中成药在心血管系统的临床应用进展

通过中成药药效将具有芳香开窍中成药分类,阐述各类中成药在心血管系统领域的应用进展,为临床应用提供参考。     

满山红挥发油超临界CO2萃取条件的实验研究

目的:确定满山红挥发油超临界CO2萃取的最佳实验条件.方法:采用单因素实验法确定萃取满山红中挥发油的最佳条件.结果:超临界CO2萃取满山红挥发油的最佳实验条件为:萃取压力22MPa,萃取温度40℃,分离器Ⅰ压力 7MPa ,分离器Ⅰ温度60℃.结论:超临界CO2萃取法可以替代传统的水蒸气蒸馏法用于挥发油的提取.     

新疆乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群首次吸毒的影响因素分析

目的:了解乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群首次吸毒的发生情况。方法:于2004年9―10月,应用结构式问卷调查乌鲁木齐市吸毒者性别、年龄、民族、文化程度,首次吸毒时间、方式及种类,首次吸毒前调查对象的吸烟、饮酒,家庭成员、朋友和亲戚吸毒情况。结果:提供知情同意书的509名吸毒者中,研究对象从出生到首次吸毒的发生率为4.90/100人年(95%CI为4.48-5.33),发生首次吸毒的中位时间为19.7(95%CI为19.1-20.4)岁。在多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析中,维族(HR值为1.50;95%CI为1.25-1.80)、15岁以前开始吸烟(HR值为2.12,95%CI为1.77-2.55)及亲戚吸毒(HR值为1.36;95%CI为1.05-1.75)与发生首次吸毒的关系有统计学意义。结论:本调查提示青少年早期吸烟干预的健康教育对预防毒品滥用有必要,维族应该是当地干预的重点对象。     

加工技术对中药挥发油成分差异性分析

中药挥发油发挥临床疗效和确保安全性的前提之一是要保证挥发油质量稳定均一.一方面,药用植物入药部位、产地、采收期等药材自身品质会造成中药挥发油的质量差异;另一方面,加工技术如提取工艺、炮制方法等也可能影响中药挥发油的质量,容易造成挥发油出油率、所含化学成分等方面的差异,进而影响挥发油的疗效.因此,控制挥发油质量稳定均一是...     

An integrated metabonomic and proteomic study on Kidney-Yin Deficiency Syndrome patients with diabetes mellitus in China

Aim:

To investigate specific changes in metabolites and proteins of Kidney-Yin Deficiency Syndrome (KYDS) patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in China.

Methods:

KYDS (n=29) and non-KYDS (n=23) patients with DM were recruited for this study. The KYDS was diagnosed by two senior TCM clinicians separately. The metabonomic and proteomic profiles of the patients were assessed using a metabonomic strategy based on NMR with multivariate analysis and a proteomic strategy based on MALDI-TOF-MS, respectively.

Results:

Eighteen upregulated peptides and thirty downregulated peptides were observed in the plasma of the KYDS patients. Comparing the proteomic profiles of the KYDS and non-KYDS groups, however, no significantly differentially expressed peptides were found. At the same time, major metabolic alterations were found to distinguish the two groups, including eight significantly changed metabolites (creatinine, citrate, TMAO, phenylalanine, tyrosine, alanine, glycine and taurine). The levels of creatinine, citrate, TMAO, phenylalanine and tyrosine were decreased, whereas the levels of alanine, glycine and taurine were increased in the KYDS patients. These biochemical changes were found to be associated with alterations in amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism and gut microflora.

Conclusion:

The identification of distinct expression profiles of metabolites and signaling pathways in KYDS patients with DM suggests that there are indeed molecular signatures underlying the principles of ''Syndrome Differentiation'' in traditional Chinese medicine.     

HPLC测定11种中药挥发油中桉油精的含量

目的:建立中药挥发油中桉油精含量的HPLC检测方法。方法:采用Dikma Kromasil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-水(64∶36),流速1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长203 nm,柱温30℃。结果:桉油精进样量在4.72～47.2μg范围内具有良好的线性关系(r=0.9996);平均回收率为99.3%,RSD为0.86%。结论:该方法简便快速、准确,具有良好的重复性和回收率,可作为中药挥发油中桉油精的定量分析方法。     

中国薯蓣属根状茎组的分布、分类与药用资源分析

目的研究中国薯蓣属根状茎组植物的分类、地理分布与资源利用之间的关系,为资源合理开发提供依据。方法野外调查、标本采集与鉴定及结合现有文献资料。结果根状茎组有17种、1亚种、2变种,其分布、分类与有效成分的含量存在着一定的规律。全含薯蓣皂苷元．其中可供工业生产利用的近10种。结论中国薯蓣属根状茎组植物资源丰富,可进行合理开发。     

Assessment of selected Yemeni medicinal plants for their in vitro antimicrobial,anticancer, and antioxidant activities

Context: The role of natural products as a source for remedies has been recognized since the beginning of mankind. Nevertheless, a minority of folkloricly used medicinal plants have been evaluated for their pharmacological activities.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate 33 selected Yemeni plants for their in vitro anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities.

Materials and methods: The plants were extracted with methanol and hot water. The obtained 66 extracts were tested for their in vitro cytotoxic activity using the neutral red uptake assay against two cancer cell lines (5637 and MCF-7). The antimicrobial activity was determined using the agar diffusion method and MIC-determination. The DPPH radical method was used for the determination of antioxidant activity.

Results: Interesting cytotoxic activity was observed for Hypoestes forskalei (Vahl) R. Br. (Acanthaceae), Lycium shawii Roem. & Schult. (Solanaceae), Pergularia tomentosa L. (Asclepiadaceae), Psiadia punctulata (DC.) Vatke (Compositae), Pulicaria petiolaris Jaub. & Spach (Compositae) and Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Labiatae) (IC₅₀ values < 50 μg/mL). Antimicrobial activity with MIC values ≤ 125 μg/mL was exhibited against Gram-positive bacteria by Chrozophora oblongifolia (Del.) A.Juss. ex Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae), Myrtus communis L. (Myrtaceae), Phragmanthera regularis (Steud. ex Sprague) M.G. Gilbert (Loranthaceae) and R. officinalis. Antioxidant activity was observed for C. oblongifolia, M. communis, and P. regularis.

Conclusion: The results justified the use of some investigated plants in the Yemeni ethnomedicine. These findings demonstrated that some of the investigated plants could be a source of new cytotoxic and antibiotic compounds; however, further work is needed.     

川西高原产13种红景天属药用植物中多糖含量的测定与比较

目的 测定和比较分析川西高原产13种红景天属药用植物中多糖的含量.方法 取川西高原产13种红景天属药用植物,经脱脂、除杂、水提,得到红景天属中不同种类植物的红景天多糖,并采用蒽酮硫酸法,以葡萄糖为对照品,在627 nm处测定多糖的含量.结果 川西高原产13种红景天属药用植物中多糖的含量为2.74～10.27 mg·g-1,差异较大,卧龙红景天和长鞭红景天中多糖的含量最高,大花红景天的多糖含量最少.结论 所用红景天多糖含量的测定方法操作简便、稳定性和重复性好,为筛选红景天品种和合理评价红景天的品质与药效奠定了基础.     

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the Central Region of Togo

Context: The Tem tribe in the Central Region of Togo is a population with an extensive knowledge of medicinal plants. However, little is known about their medical practices, principally the use of plants in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN).

Objective: The present study documented the indigenous medicinal plant utilization for the management of DM and HTN in the Togo Central Region.

Methodology: From March to October 2010, 55 traditional healers were interviewed about their knowledge on the use of plants for DM and HTN treatment.

Results: The results revealed that 35/55 (63.64%) healers had treated at least one case of DM and/or HTN. They highlighted the use of 64 species belonging to 31 families in the treatment of DM and/or HTN. The most used plants against diabetes were Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), Khaya senegalensis A. Juss. (Meliaceae), Sarcocephalus latifolius (Sm.) E.A. Bruce (Rubiaceae), Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae), Bridelia ferruginea Benth. (Phyllanthaceae), and Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen. (Polygalacae), while Allium sativum L. (Liliaceae) and Parkia biglobosa Benth. (Fabaceae), followed by Khaya senegalensis A. Juss. (Meliaceae), Gardenia ternifolia Schumach. (Rubiaceae), and Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) were the most commonly cited as antihypertensive.

Conclusion: The issue revealed that traditional healers of the above mentioned region have basic knowledge regarding herbal medicine for DM and HTN in comparison with previous published reports. Further pharmacological screening of the identified plants should be conducted to ascertain the effectiveness of these plants.     

基于CiteSpace知识图谱探析我国药品价值评估研究方向与策略建议

目的 基于国内外药品价值评估的研究现状、热点及发展趋势分析,提出我国药品价值评估研究的攻关方向与策略建议。方法 检索中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）自建库至2021年9月和WebofScience核心数据库1993年至2021年10月发表的与药品价值评估相关文献,采用CiteSpace可视化软件从作者及机构、关键词及文献共被引等方面进行分析,构建药品价值评估知识图谱。结果 英文发文量2004年后猛增,发文量最高的作者为Yot Teerawattananon,而中文发文量在2015年后激增,发文量最高的作者为翟所迪;在作者与机构合作方面,国内各机构团队之间合作较紧密,国外主要集中于机构团队内部;在研究热点上,国内研究集中在中成药注射液、化疗药、单抗药等药品的有效性、安全性和经济性评价,而国外机构更加关注价值评估方法学的研究与评估变量的选择。结论 国内药品价值评估研究基本上处于跟随式研究,评估的规范性、透明性均需加强。未来应从药品价值评估工作规范性的加强,评估方法体系以及中成药特有的价值评估框架的构建等方面着力推进我国药品价值评估工作。     

细辛挥发油的化学成分及其药理和毒理现代研究进展

中药细辛的临床应用十分广泛,挥发油类物质作为其主要有效成分,具有麻醉、解热、镇痛、抗炎等药理作用,但是细辛挥发油也普遍被认为是其毒副作用的物质基础,使用不当可能会导致严重的毒性反应.通过查阅近10年文献,就细辛挥发油中主要成分及其药理和毒理作用的现代研究进行整理、分析和归纳,认为有必要对细辛挥发油中主要成分进行针对性的...