Phenols and antioxidant activity of hydro-alcoholic extracts of propolis from Algarve,South of Portugal

Propolis is a natural honeybee product known to be beneficial for human health, with a complex chemical composition, highly dependent on the collection site. The objective of the present research was to evaluate phenols and antioxidant activity of propolis samples collected in three main areas of Algarve, South of Portugal. Water revealed to be less effective for extracting phenolic compounds from propolis than the methanol and water/ethanol. The last two were good extraction solvents of phenols. Nevertheless water/ethanol was the solvent chosen because it was able to extract phenols in considerable amounts being less toxic than methanol.     

Temperature-dependent studies on the total phenolics,flavonoids, antioxidant activities,and sugar content in six onion varieties

Heating effect on total phenol, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and sugar content of six onion varieties has been quantitatively investigated to explore the effect of different temperatures. The onion varieties comprised one red-skinned variety, two white-skinned varieties, and three yellow-skinned varieties. The heating temperature was scanned at 80°C, 100°C, 120°C, and 150°C for 30 minutes each, and quantitative analysis was performed relative to the powdered onion at ambient temperature. Quercetin, glucosides and sugar content were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolic and antioxidant content increased in all six varieties. The total flavonoid levels showed a considerable change. On heating the onion samples at 120°C for 30 minutes, the red-skinned variety showed the highest level of total phenolic content [13712.67 ± 1034.85 μg of gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight (μg GAE/g DW)] and total flavonoids [3456.00 ± 185.82 μg of quercetin equivalents/g dry weight (μg Q/g DW)], whereas the content of total phenolics and total flavonoids were 13611.83 ± 341.61 μg GAE/g DW and 3482.87 ± 117.17 μg Q/g DW, respectively, for the yellow-skinned (Sunpower) variety. Quercetin and its glucoside contents increased up to 120°C and then decreased at 150°C, whereas the sugar content continuously decreased with heating. All cultivars showed the same pattern in the heating effect, and the predominant flavonoids were destroyed at higher temperatures. Therefore, it is improper to expose onion powder to a temperature higher than 120°C.     

Chemical composition,antioxidant, antitumor,anticancer and cytotoxic effects of Psidium guajava leaf extracts

Context Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) leaves are used in traditional medicines for the treatment of cancer, inflammation and other ailments.

Objective The current study explores scientific validation for this traditional medication.

Materials and methods We used ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazil (DPPH) assays to estimate antioxidant activity of P. guajava leaf extracts (methanol, hexane and chloroform). Antitumour and in vivo cytotoxic activities were determined using potato disc assay (PDA) and brine shrimp lethality assay, respectively. Three human carcinoma cell lines (KBM5, SCC4 and U266) were incubated with different doses (10–100?μg/mL) of extracts and the anticancer activity was estimated by MTT assay. NF-κB suppressing activity was determined using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Chemical composition of the three extracts was identified by GC-MS. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured by colorimetric assays.

Results and discussions The order of antioxidant activity of three extracts was methanol?>?chloroform?>?hexane. The IC₅₀ values ranged from 22.73 to 51.65?μg/mL for KBM5; 22.82 to 70.25?μg/mL for SCC4 and 20.97 to 89.55?μg/mL for U266 cells. The hexane extract exhibited potent antitumour (IC_50? value?=_?65.02?μg/mL) and cytotoxic (LC_50? value?=_?32.18?μg/mL) activities. This extract also completely inhibited the TNF-α induced NF-κB activation in KBM5 cells. GC-MS results showed that pyrogallol, palmitic acid and vitamin E were the major components of methanol, chloroform and hexane extracts. We observed significant (p?<?0.05) difference in total phenolic and flavonoid contents of different solvent extracts.

Conclusion The present study demonstrates that P. guajava leaf extracts play a substantial role against cancer and down-modulate inflammatory nuclear factor kB.     

Extracts of Agrimonia eupatoria L. as sources of biologically active compounds and evaluation of their antioxidant,antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activities

In this study, we determined the concentration of total phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and proanthocyanidins in the water, diethyl ether, acetone, and ethanol extracts of Agrimonia eupatoria L. We also investigated the antioxidant activity of these extracts using two methods [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing power] and their in vitro antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) activity on some selected species of bacteria and fungi. In addition, the effects of the acetone and water extracts on the inhibition of biofilm formation of Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated using the crystal violet method. The concentration of total phenols was measured according to the Folin–Ciocalteu method and the values obtained ranged from 19.61 mgGA/g to 220.31 mgGA/g. The concentration of flavonoids was examined by the aluminum chloride method and the values obtained ranged from 20.58 mgRU/g to 97.06 mgRU/g. The total tannins concentration was measured by the polyvinylpolypyrrolidone method and the values obtained ranged from 3.06 mgGA/g to 207.27 mgGA/g. The concentration of proanthocyanidins was determined by the butanol–HCl method and the values obtained ranged from 4.15 CChE/g to 103.72 CChE/g. Among the various extracts studied, the acetone extract exhibited good antioxidant activity (97.13%, as determined by the DPPH method). The acetone extract was active in the absorbance value range from 2.2665 to 0.2495 (as determined by the reducing power method). The strongest antimicrobial activity was detected on G⁺ bacteria, especially on probiotic species, and the acetone extract demonstrated the highest activity. Biofilm inhibitory concentration required to reduce biofilm coverage by 50% values for acetone extract was 4315 μg/mL for P. mirabilis and 4469.5 μg/mL for P. aeruginosa. The results provide a basis for further research of this plant species.     

Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content,total flavonoid content,and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica

Limnophila aromatica is commonly used as a spice and a medicinal herb in Southeast Asia. In this study, water and various concentrations (50%, 75%, and 100%) of methanol, ethanol, and acetone in water were used as solvent in the extraction of L. aromatica. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content of the freeze-dried L. aromatica extracts were investigated using various in vitro assays. The extract obtained by 100% ethanol showed the highest total antioxidant activity, reducing power and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity. The same extract also exhibited the highest phenolic content (40.5 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of defatted L. aromatica) and the highest flavonoid content (31.11 mg quercetin equivalent/g of defatted L. aromatica). The highest extraction yield was obtained by using 50% aqueous acetone. These results indicate that L. aromatica can be used in dietary applications with a potential to reduce oxidative stress.     

高效液相色谱法对中药复方四君子汤中异甘草素、甘草素、异甘草苷和甘草苷的含量测定

目的为中药复方四君子汤建立简便的液相分析方法。对复方提取物中异甘草素、甘草素、异甘草苷和甘草苷进行定量分析。方法色谱条件为(A)0.04%甲酸溶液(pH3)和(B)乙腈;0-5min10%B,45min达到90%B;在室温下C18反相柱,流速为0.2mL·min-1实现分离和含量测定;检测波长为280nm和368nm。结果四君子汤提取物中(25mg·mL-1)含有1.47μg·mL-1甘草素,16.40μg·mL-1甘草苷,0.66μg·mL-1异甘草素,2.12μg·mL-1异甘草苷;回收率分别为102.2%,97.7%,100.3%,和99.9%。结论本文首次报道复方四君子汤中多个黄酮类成分的含量测定。     

Honeybee-collected pollen from five Portuguese Natural Parks: Palynological origin, phenolic content, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity

The aim of this study was to determine the palynological origin, phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of pollen from five Portuguese Natural-Parks [Parque Nacional Peneda Gerês (PNPG); Parque Natural do Montesinho (PNM); Parque Natural do Alvão (PNA); Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela (PNSE) and Parque Natural do Douro Internacional (PNDI)]. Eight families were found in the mixture of bee pollen: Rosaceae, Cistaceae, Boraginaceae, Asteraceae, Fagaceae, Ericaeae, Myrtaceae and Fabaceae. The phenolic compounds content, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, varied between 10.5 and 16.8 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g of extract (mg GAE/g) found in bee pollen from PNM and PNDI, respectively. The free radical scavenging measured showed the highest effective extract - PNM with EC₅₀ 2.16, followed by PND with 2.24 mg/mL. In the β-carotene bleaching assay the same behaviour as in the DPPH method was verified. We also verified that the presence of pollen differentially affected the growth of bacteria Gram-positive, Gram-negative and yeasts under study, depending this on the microorganism and the pollen used. This is an important study since, as far we know, it is the first time that Portuguese bee pollen from Natural Parks was studied, and their characterization can increase their economic value.     

Systematic evaluation of the antioxidant potential of different parts of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. from Portugal

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is a widespread perennial umbeliferous (Apiaceae) herb, traditionally used for medicinal purposes and human consumption. It is highly recommended for diabetes, bronchitis and chronic coughs, and for the treatment of kidney stones; some of those chronic diseases are related to the production of radical species involved in the oxidative stress. Therefore, the antioxidant potential of this herb might explain some of their empirical uses in folk medicine. This is the first time that a systematic study on different parts of fennel is performed, in order to understand differences in the antioxidant potential of shoots, leaves, steams, and inflorescences, particularly related to their composition in antioxidant compounds such as vitamins (ascorbic acid and tocopherols) and phenolics. The shoots seems to have the highest radical-scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity (EC₅₀ values < 1.4 mg/ml), which is in agreement with the highest content in phenolics (65.85 ± 0.74 mg/g) and ascorbic acid (570.89 ± 0.01 μg/g) found in this part. The shoots also revealed high concentration of tocopherols (34.54 ± 1.28 μg/g) and were the only part with flavonoids.     

中药总黄酮抗肿瘤活性及机制的研究现状

中药有效部位总黄酮是一大类天然产物,具有多种生物活性.研究表明,总黄酮对肝癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、白血病等多种癌症均有一定的防治作用,但其机制研究仍不够全面与深入.本文旨在归纳近年来中药总黄酮防治肿瘤的实验研究,从抑制肿瘤细胞生长、增殖及侵袭转移、诱导细胞凋亡、改善免疫功能、抑制相关酶的表达、调节氨基酸等代谢途径、逆转...     

In vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Methanol Extract of Kyllinga nemoralis

The present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of methanol extract of Kyllinga nemoralis. Six different in vitro antioxidant assays including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide radical, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay and reducing power were carried out to ensure the scavenging effect of the plant on free radicals. In addition, total antioxidant capacity assay, total phenolic contents, tannins, flavonoids and flavonol contents of the plant were also analysed by the standard protocols. Kyllinga nemoralis exhibited high antioxidant activity on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (IC₅₀= 90 μg/ml), superoxide radical scavenging assay (IC₅₀= 180 μg/ml) and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay (IC₅₀= 200 μg/ml), compared with standards. These observations provide comprehensible supporting evidence for the antioxidant potential of the plant extract. Reducing power (IC₅₀= 213.16 μg/ml) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀= 223 μg/ml) of the plant extract was remarkable. The methanol extract of K. nemoralis exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive human pathogenic bacteria. Standard in vitro antioxidant assays assessed the electron donating ability of the plant extract in scavenging free radicals. The inhibitory effect of the plant extract against bacterial pathogens may be due to the presence of phytochemicals. Thus, the results suggest that Kyllinga nemoralis is a potential source of antioxidants and could serve as the base for drug development.     

UPLC快速测定石崖茶中5个黄酮类化合物含量及其体外抗氧化活性评价

目的:建立石崖茶中山茶苷A、山茶苷B、表儿茶素、槲皮苷和芹菜素5个黄酮类成分超高效液相色谱(UPLC)测定方法,初步评价石崖茶的体外抗氧化活性。方法:采用Waters Acquity BEH(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱,水-乙腈作流动相,梯度洗脱,流速0.35 mL.min-1,检测波长280 nm(0～1.5 min)用于检测表儿茶素,330 nm(1.5～2.5 min和3.0～7.0min)检测山茶苷A、山茶苷B和芹菜素,254 nm(2.5～3.0 min)检测槲皮苷,柱温40℃,分析时间7 min。采用1,1-二苯基-2-苦基苯肼(DPPH)和2,2-联氮基-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二氨盐(ABTS)法测定石崖茶63%乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性。结果:山茶苷A、山茶苷B、表儿茶素、槲皮苷和芹菜素的线性范围分别为120.0～600.0,2.5～18.0,50.0～480.0,1.0～3.5,1.5～7.5 ng(r≥0.9996);平均加样回收率分别为98.03%,98.26%,100.8%,98.48%,100.2%;精密度、重复性和稳定性良好,RSD均小于2%。石崖茶抗氧化活性较维生素C弱,抗氧化活性与含测指标成分不呈相关性。结论:石崖茶具有一定抗氧化活性。该UPLC方法操作简便,检测结果准确,可为石崖茶的质量标准研究提供依据。     

Phytochemical screening and evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the indigenous medicinal plant Albizia odoratissima

Context: Albizia odoratissima (L. f.) Benth has been used in Indian folk medicine to treat numerous inflammatory pathologies, such as leprosy, ulcers, burns and asthma.

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of A. odoratissima.

Materials and methods: Dried leaves of A. odoratissima were extracted in organic solvents (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol). The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity was examined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The antibacterial activity was examined using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bacterial concentration (MBC), determined by broth microdilution method against Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris) and Gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus).

Results: The TPC ranged from 4.40?±?1.06 to 1166.66?±?31.85?mg GAE/g of dry weight (DW), and the TFC ranged from 48.35?±?3.62 to 109.74?±?1.84?mg QE/g of DW. The IC₅₀ values of the ethyl acetate extract for DPPH, ABTS, and H₂O₂ were 10.96?±?0.40, 4.35?±?0.07, and 163.82?±?1.52?μg/mL, respectively. Both methanol and ethyl acetate extracts demonstrated effective antibacterial activity with MICs and MBCs values ranging 136–546?μg/mL and 273–1093?μg/mL, respectively, against the tested pathogenic species.

Conclusions: The leaves of A. odoratissima showed potent free radical scavenging property and antimicrobial activity.     

补肾阳与补肾阴中药抗骨质疏松作用的研究进展

骨质疏松症是一种由多因素引起的骨密度和骨质量降低的全身性骨病，其破坏性之大、受众面之广已严重危害人类身心健康。目前，临床上治疗骨质疏松的药物，如双磷酸盐类、雌激素类等多具有潜在的副作用，而传统中药因其安全、有效且副作用小的特点已逐渐成为治疗骨质疏松症的补充和替代药物。中医认为"肾主骨"，肾虚则骨萎，因此采用补肾中药治疗骨质疏松症更是获得越来越多国内外学者的认可。补肾中药依据其作用效果的不同又分为补肾阳中药和补肾阴中药。对近年来补肾阳和补肾阴中药治疗骨质疏松症的作用及机制进行综述，旨在探索二者在治疗特点上的异同，为补肾中药抗骨质疏松的发展提供借鉴。     

Chemical characterization,antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties of bee venom collected in Northeast Portugal

Bee venom (BV) or apitoxin is a complex mixture of substances with reported biological activity. In the present work, five bee venom samples obtained from Apis mellifera iberiensis from the Northeast Portugal (two different apiaries) were chemically characterized and evaluated for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties. The LC/DAD/ESI-MSⁿ analysis of the samples showed that melittin was the most abundant compound, followed by phospholipase A2 and apamin. All the samples revealed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity but without a direct relation with any of the individual chemical components identified. The results highlight that there are specific concentrations (present in BV5) in which these compounds are more active. The BV samples showed similar cytotoxicity for all the tested tumour cell lines (MCF-7, NCI-H460, HeLa and HepG2), being MCF-7 and HeLa the most susceptible ones. Nevertheless, the studied samples seem to be suitable to treat breast, hepatocellular and cervical carcinoma because at the active concentrations, the samples were not toxic for non-tumour cells (PLP2). Regarding the non-small cell lung carcinoma, BV should be used under the toxic concentration for non-tumour cells. Overall, the present study corroborates the enormous bioactive potential of BV being the first report on samples from Portugal.     

Phenolic content and anti-hyperglycemic activity of pecan cultivars from Egypt

Context: Pecans are commonly used nuts with important health benefits such as anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects.

Objective: A comparative investigation of the antihyperglycemic and total phenolic content of the leaves and shells of four pecan cultivars growing in Egypt was carried out. The selected cultivars (cv.) were Carya illinoinensis Wangneh. K. Koch. cv. Wichita, cv. WesternSchely, cv. Cherokee, and cv. Sioux family Juglandaceae.

Materials and methods: Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the leaves and shells of pecan cultivars were carried out using Folin–Ciocalteu’s and aluminum chloride assays, respectively. Moreover, HPLC profiling of phenolic and flavonoid contents was carried out using RP-HPLC-UV. In addition, in vivo anti-hyperglycemic activity of the ethanolic extracts (125?mg/kg bw, p.o.) of C. illinoinensis cultivars was carried out using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in Sprague–Dawley rats for 4 weeks.

Results and discussion: Phenolic contents were higher in shells than leaves in all studied cultivars, while flavonoids were higher in leaves. Leaves and shells of cv. Sioux showed the highest phenolics (251.7?µg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g), and flavonoid contents (103.27?µg rutin equivalent (RE)/g and 210.67?µg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g), respectively. The HPLC profiling of C. illinoinensis cultivars resulted in the identification of eight flavonoids (five of these compounds are identified for the first time from pecan), and 15 phenolic acids (six are identified for the first time from pecan). Leaves of cv. Sioux revealed the most potent decrease in blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA_1c%) (194.9?mg/dl and 6.52%, respectively), among other tested cultivars. Moreover, leaves of cv. Sioux significantly elevated serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and reduced glutathione (GSH) (0.33?mMol/l and 30.68?mg/dl, respectively), and significantly suppressed the markers of both lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) and protein oxidation (protein carbonyl, PC) (14.25?µmol/ml and 3.18?nmol/mg protein, respectively).

Conclusion: Different pecan cultivars showed significant variation in its phenolic and flavonoid contents and consequently their antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic effects.     

Retrospect and prospect of active principles from Chinese herbs in the treatment of dementia

With an ageing population, dementia has become one of the world''s primary health challenges. However, existing remedies offer limited benefits with certain side effects, which has prompted researchers to seek complementary and alternative therapies. China has long been known for abundant usage of various herbs. Some of these herbal decoctions are effective in stimulating blood circulation, supplementing vital energy and resisting aging, the lack of which are believed to underlie dementia. These herbs are regarded as new and promising sources of potential anti-dementia drugs. With the rapid evolution of life science and technology, numerous active components have been identified that are highly potent and multi-targeted with low toxicity, and therefore meet the requirements for dementia therapy. This review updates the research progress of Chinese herbs in the treatment of dementia, focusing on their effective principles.     

Cytotoxic,antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of nine species of woundwort (Stachys) plants

Context: Woundwort (Stachys) plants from the Lamiaceae family have been used in folk medicine for various purposes.

Objective: This study was designed to analyze cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Stachys plants, because these fields have extensively benefited of drug discovery from natural sources.

Materials and methods: Nine Stachys plants were collected from different regions of Iran. Cytotoxic activities of methanol, 80% methanol and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of these plants were assessed on three human cancer cell lines (HL-60, K562 and MCF-7 cells) with the MTT assay, while antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were determined on methanol extracts by DPPH and nutrient broth micro-dilution assays, respectively.

Results: DCM extract of St. pilifera Benth. had the lowest IC₅₀ in three cancer cell lines ranging from 33.1 to 48.2?µg/ml, followed by the 80% methanol extract of St. persica S.G.Gmel. ex C.A.Mey. (IC₅₀ range: 62.1–104.1?µg/ml) and DCM extract of St. byzantina C. Koch (IC₅₀ range: 62.7–131.0?µg/ml). St. byzantina. St. lavandulifolia Vahl., St. acerosa Boiss., St. obtusicrena Boiss. and St. persica showed lowest IC₅₀ values in the DPPH scavenging assay (135.1, 162.6, 164.7, 169.4 and 172.4?µg/ml, respectively), while their total phenolic contents were 23.9, 18.2, 18.6, 20.4, 27.8?mg equivalent of gallic acid in 1?g dry plant, respectively. The methanol extracts of St. byzantina and St. persica inhibited all six tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains.

Conclusion: Various Stachys species (especially St. byzantina and St. persica) are valuable sources of natural compounds with important biological properties.     

Evaluation of gastroprotective activity and acute toxicity of Solidago chilensis Meyen (Asteraceae)

Context: Solidago chilensis Meyen (Asteraceae) is widely used in South America in traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory and diuretic, and to treat gastrointestinal disorders. However, no scientific evidence exists in literature to corroborate the therapeutic use of the plant. Despite its traditional uses, no reports are available on the safety of this utilization or on the relationship between the pharmacological activities and its phytochemical compounds.

Objective: This study investigates for the first time the acute toxicity and the gastroprotective effect of the aqueous extract from inflorescences of S. chilensis.

Materials and methods: The gastroprotective activity was evaluated in mice subjected to ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model at 125, 250, 400, 800, 1200, and 2000?mg/kg doses. Acute toxicity study was performed at one dose of 2000?mg/kg. At the end of the exposure behavioral and functional parameters and motor activity were assessed in all animals.

Results: Results demonstrated that the extract exhibited a significant antiulcer activity when given at 125-2000?mg/kg (P?<0.05), but did not show acute toxicity in mice treated with 2000?mg/kg p.o.

Discussion and conclusion: This study demonstrated that the oral administration of S. chilensis aqueous extract prevents the formation of gastric lesions caused by an aggressive factor as ethanol but does not produce toxicity by acute exposure in mice. These promising results support a better pharmacological study of S. chilensis as a potential antiulcerogenic species for studies targeted towards the development of antiulcerogenic agents.     

Geographic origin influences the phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of wild Crataegus monogyna from Spain

Context: Crataegus monogyna Jacq L. (Lind.) (Rosaceae) is used in folk medicine as a sedative, aerial parts being rich in polyphenols with antioxidant ability.

Objectives: To study the variation in polyphenolic composition and antioxidant ability of spontaneous samples of C. monogyna in order to assess the relationship among these variables.

Materials and methods: Aerial parts of C. monogyna were collected from nine different locations in central Spain and extracted with methanol after drying. Total polyphenols were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method using gallic acid (GA) as standard. Sixteen polyphenolic compounds (11 flavonoids and 5 phenolic acids) were identified and quantified by reversed-phase HPLC in one single analysis. The antioxidant ability was evaluated by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and the free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) methods. Linear correlation analysis was used to explore the relationships between the studied variables.

Results: Total polyphenol content ranged between 117.729?±?0.011 and 204.286?±?0.015?mg GAE/g extract, depending on the geographic origin. No relationship was found between total polyphenols and antioxidant ability by the ORAC or DPPH methods. Chromatographic analysis yielded lower amounts of polyphenols (23.3–143.26?mg/kg), as only flavonoids and phenolic acids were quantified. All the samples exhibited antioxidant activity between 1.32?±?0.08 and 2.76?±?0.007?μmol Trolox equivalents/mg and IC₅₀ from 0.82?±?0.10 to 3.76?±?0.67?μg/mL.

Conclusion: A statistically significant relationship between flavonoids and phenolic acids content and the antioxidant potential obtained by the ORAC method for C. monogyna samples was proven.     

高效液相色谱法测定肺宝三效片中5种组分含量及均匀度

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定肺宝三效片中马来酸氯苯那敏、咖啡因等5种组分的含量,考察马来酸氯苯那敏、盐酸麻黄碱、咖啡因的含量均匀度。方法:采用SinochromC_(18)色谱柱,甲醇-0.05 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾-三乙胺为流动相,检测波长为215 nm,流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),柱温42℃。结果:马来酸氯苯那敏的平均回收率为101.1％,RSD为0.7％(n=9);可豆碱的平均回收率为101.3％,RSD为2.1％(n=9);茶碱的平均回收率为100.4％,RSD为3.3％;盐酸麻黄碱的平均回收率为98.7％,RSD为5.4％;咖啡因的平均回收率为101.2％,RSD为2.3％。结论:方法简便,结果准确可靠,可用于本制剂质量控制的有效方法。