A combined flap reconstruction for full-thickness defects of the medial canthal region.

The medial canthus is an aesthetically and functionally important area. Adequate consideration of the local anatomy is essential when reconstructing this area. We developed a combined flap technique with a simple combination of standard flaps for the treatment of extensive defects of the nose and upper and lower eyelids, including full-thickness medial canthus defect. In our technique, a median forehead island flap is used for the nasal region, the anterior surface of the eyelid is reconstructed along aesthetic unit, and the posterior surface is reconstructed with a palatal mucoperiosteal graft. A cheek flap is then used for the reconstruction of the lower eyelid. When reconstructing a small defect of the upper eyelid, the upper eyelid is advanced, while a V-Y advancement flap within the upper eyelid is used for a large defect. To reconstruct the acute angle of the medial canthus, a 0.3 mm titanium wire was passed through the tip of the tarsal plate of the upper and lower eyelids to be reconstructed and was fixed in the perforated nasal bone on the affected side. Using this technique, the acute angle of the medial canthus is well preserved after surgery, and is located symmetrically with its counterpart on the intact side. Our technique provides good reconstructive results and should serve as a valid alternative for the reconstruction of this area.     

Island orbicularis oculis myocutaneous flap from the upper eyelid for lower eyelid reconstruction

An island myocutaneous flap of orbicularis oculis for reconstruction of central lower eyelid defects is presented. This flap is able to cover anterior lamellar defects extending up to 2/3 of the lower eyelid. It is also suitable for full thickness defects when the posterior lamellar involvement is less than 1/3 and can be closed primarily. In our hands this flap proved to be a good alternative to the classic reconstructive methods for the lower eyelid, since in one operation it offers the same skin quality, exactly fitting the defect, with a low complication rate. This reconstructive method for lower eyelid defects is safe, relatively simple and provides good functional and aesthetic results. Received: 21 August 1996 / Accepted: 15 June 1997     

眼睑局部皮瓣在修复睑缘色素痣切除后创面中的应用

目的：介绍睑缘色素痣手术切除后创面修复的方法。方法：根据睑缘色素痣切除后眼睑缺损创面的层次、大小及形状,选用适当的眼睑局部皮瓣修复睑缘缺损,如：＂A-T＂皮瓣、＂风筝＂皮瓣、＂H＂形推进皮瓣。共施行手术38例,其中缺损创面位于上睑缘者23例,下睑缘者15例;睑缘全层缺损9例,睑缘前层皮肤缺损29例;睑缘缺损面积最小者约为0.5cm×0.6cm,最大者约为1.6cm×0.8cm。共利用＂A-T＂皮瓣16例、＂风筝＂皮瓣13例、＂H＂形推进皮瓣9例。结果：本组患者术后皮瓣全部成活,切口均Ⅰ期愈合,其中33例术后获得随访1周～16周,眼睑外观形态良好,眼睑切口无明显瘢痕,睑缘弧线正常自然,双眼睑形态对称,眼睑闭合功能正常。结论：睑缘色素痣因其位置的特殊性,灵活选用眼睑局部皮瓣修复睑缘缺损,能获得满意的眼睑功能和美容性重建效果。     

"风筝"皮瓣在眼睑前层缺损修复中的应用

目的探讨“风筝”皮瓣(亦称皮下蒂推进皮瓣)在修复眼睑前层(包括皮肤和眼轮匝肌)缺损的应用。方法于缺损邻接部位沿皮纹方向设计“风筝”皮瓣，按设计线切开皮肤，在眼轮匝肌下剥离形成以眼轮匝肌为皮下蒂的“风筝”皮瓣，推进转移修复皮肤缺损，用70无损伤缝线缝合。自1994年以来已用于14例，年龄15～64岁，缺损最大直径为上睑长度的1／3。结果皮瓣全部成活，切口Ⅰ期愈合，随访时间3个月至1年，眼睑形态满意，切口瘢痕不明显。结论对于眼睑前层范围较大不宜直接缝合，但尚有条件用局部皮瓣修复的中等大的缺损，用“风筝”皮瓣进行修复简单易行，效果可靠。其优点是，皮瓣通过推进转移的方式覆盖创面，没有旋转和变形，转移后局部平整，无“猫耳”等畸形产生，皮瓣蒂部宽广，血运良好，愈合后肤色与四周一致。     

眶上动脉跨区供血的反流轴型耳前岛状皮瓣修复眼睑皮肤组织缺损

目的探讨眶上动脉跨区供血的耳前岛状皮瓣修复眼睑皮肤缺损,并验证其是否为最佳的皮瓣供区.方法根据陈宗基关于动脉经吻合支跨区反流灌注供血的反流轴型皮瓣的理论与实践,设计以眶上动脉为蒂,经眶上动脉与颞浅动脉额支的吻合支跨区反流供血的耳前岛状皮瓣,经皮下隧道移转修复眼睑皮肤组织的缺损,1997～1999年共治疗7例,面积最大4.0cm×2.4cm,最小2.0cm×1.8cm.结果7例均全部成活,随访l～2年,效果良好.结论眶上动脉跨区供血的反流轴型耳前岛状皮瓣具有稳定、可靠的血供保障,耳前皮肤组织的质地、色泽都与眼睑极为相似,是修复眼睑组织缺损的理想皮瓣供区.     

以睑缘动脉弓为蒂的眼睑推进瓣的临床应用

目的探讨眼睑瓣在修复眼睑全层缺损中的应用。方法以睑缘动脉弓为营养血管蒂，在眼睑全层缺损的两侧与缺损底部等高，水平向两侧设计眼睑矩形瓣；若缺损较大，外侧眼睑瓣设计线可绕过眼外眦角（距外眦角0．5cm）延伸到对侧眼睑（上或下眼睑，根据缺损是在下或上眼睑），全层切开后水平向中央缺损区推进，分层缝合修复缺损。结果20例患者应用本法修复，其中眼睑基底细胞癌4例，鳞癌2例，海绵状血管瘤3例，色素痣6例，外伤性缺损3例，先天性眼睑缺损2例。缺损最大水平宽度1．7cm，最小0．7cm。缺损位于上睑6例，下睑14例。所有眼睑瓣均全部成活，修复后的眼睑外形佳，睑缘平滑，睫毛生长正常。结论以睑缘动脉弓为营养血管的眼睑瓣修复眼睑全层缺损是用同类组织修复，手术一次完成，效果良好，且睑缘动脉弓恒定，眼睑瓣血供丰富，是眼睑全层缺损较理想的修复方法。     

应用扩张预制黏膜衬里皮瓣修复眼睑缺损

目的 探讨眼睑全层缺损修复的新方法。方法 在额部扩张皮瓣的内面移植口腔黏膜，待黏膜成活后与皮瓣一起转移至眼睑部，分层缝合。4个月后行上、下睑裂分开，安装义眼。结果 修复后的外形较好，恢复了部分功能。结论 在扩张后的皮瓣内预制黏膜衬里皮瓣是修复眼睑全层缺损的一种较好的可行方法。     

岛状鼻中隔软骨粘膜瓣修复眼睑结膜和睑板缺损

目的 介绍岛状鼻中隔软骨粘膜瓣修复眼睑结膜和睑板缺损的解剖学基础和3例临床实践。方法 根据解剖研究结果,设计以鼻懵基底动脉和神经为蒂的岛状鼻中隔软骨粘膜瓣,通过眶下区皮下隧道移转到眶区,修复缺损眼睑的结膜和睑板,结果 1998年至今共治疗3例,术后软骨粘膜瓣完全成活,无并发症发生。结论 岛状鼻中隔软骨粘膜瓣血运丰富,易成活,可提供足量的组织用以修复上、下睑或上和下眼睑结膜睑板的缺损,血管神经蒂长,移转灵活,使通过常规方法不能或难以修复的眼睑缺损得以修复,供区隐蔽,无明显继发畸形。     

Local Hatchet Flap for Facial Skin Defects Reconstruction in Special Areas

BACKGROUND: The local hatchet flap has been used to reconstruct skin defects of the face with satisfactory results. Cosmetically, it has advantages over other local flaps when skin defects are located in special areas such as the eyelid. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the application of local hatchet flaps for facial defect reconstruction, especially in cases where reconstruction is classically difficult for cosmetic and functional rehabilitation. METHODS: We report an illustrated case series. Results. In this study, all four cases achieved satisfactory functional and cosmetic results using the local hatchet flap. CONCLUSIONS: The local hatchet flap is an effective and simple alternative for reconstructing facial defects in special areas of the face, offering good cosmetic results and satisfactory function.     

眼睑复合组织瓣修复眼睑全层缺损

目的 探讨中、重度眼睑全层缺损的修复方法。方法 根据眼睑的解剖结构设计眼睑缺损两侧以睑缘动脉弓为血供的带蒂眼睑复合组织瓣，切开游离后，向缺损区水平推进I期修复眼睑包括睑缘睫毛在内的全层组织缺损。结果 1998年以来临床治疗11例，眼睑缺损最大长度1．7cm，最小0．8cm，缺损长度均超过全睑长度的1／3，眼睑瓣全部成活，无并发症，修复后眼睑外形满意。结论 应用带蒂眼睑复合组织瓣推进I期修复眼睑全层缺损，手术操作简便，就地取材，血供可靠，能以正常的眼睑的解剖结构最大限度地恢复眼睑功能及外形，术后无明显继发畸形，是一种较理想的修复眼睑全层缺损的术式。     

应用SMAS蒂岛状皮瓣修复面部皮肤缺损

目的探讨以SMAS为蒂的岛状皮瓣修复眼睑及口周皮肤缺损的方法。方法根据皮肤缺损的部位,设计以SMAS为蒂的远位岛状皮瓣修复眼睑及口周皮肤软组织缺损。结果自1998年8月起,临床应用已14例,最大皮瓣面积为5cm×3cm,术后皮瓣全部成活,效果满意。结论应用设计供区部位较隐蔽的以SMAS为蒂的岛状皮瓣,远位转移修复眼睑及口周皮肤及软组织缺损,血供良好,皮瓣颜色质地与受损区域皮肤协调,效果满意。     

The sanctity of the upper lid in lower eyelid reconstruction questioned. A modification of a lid sharing procedure with a long-term follow-up

Sharing techniques using the upper eyelid to reconstruct the lower one have been criticised for causing distortion of the normal upper lid leading to corneal exposure and possible visual disturbance, and for creating second-rate lids. A modification of previously described tarsoconjunctival flap techniques is described which minimises the known complications of earlier methods. A flap of conjunctiva alone is mobilised from the upper eyelid and covered with a full thickness skin graft. A second minor procedure to divide the flap from its donor site is necessary 2 weeks later. Forty-three patients over a 25-year period have undergone total lower eyelid reconstruction with this modified technique and are reviewed with some illustrative cases. Total or subtotal lower eyelid reconstruction is most commonly performed following tumour resection and only occasionally to correct congenital or traumatic defects. The surgical techniques available still cause controversy (Byrd, 1983). An upper lid sharing technique has been criticised for possibly causing a shortened or distorted normal lid (Mustardé, 1981). A modification of this method is described which has been used for over 25 years and has reduced the morbidity of the procedure, leading to acceptable cosmetic and functional long-term results.     

Upper eyelid reconstruction: a short report of an eyelid defect following a thermal burn

While the principles of eyelid reconstruction are well-established, achieving good functional and aesthetic reconstruction remains challenging. This communication presents a technique that we used on a young patient with an eyelid defect following a thermal burn. The patient was operated on to reconstruct the entire upper eyelid using, as a posterior lamella, a mucochondrial autologous graft taken from the ala of the nose as a tarsus and conjunctiva substitutes that were sutured to the Elevator palpebrae superioris aponeurosis and muscle. On the other hand, to reconstruct the anterior lamella, which consists of skin and muscle, the surgeons used a myocutaneous temporal flap taken from the region immediately lateral to the external canthus of the palpebral region, and which, after being isolated following a drawing of the upper eyelid to be reconstructed, was rotated and then sutured to the posterior lamella using the orbicularis oculi muscle as a pedicle.     

Upper eyelid defect by dog bite reconstructed by an ipsilateral advanced tarsoconjunctival flap with skin graft

A technique for reconstruction of a traumatic upper-eyelid marginal defect utilizing a local tarsoconjunctival advancement flap with a skin graft is presented. A 22-year-old woman was bitten by a dog, resulting in a full-thickness loss of approximately the central half of her left upper eyelid. Debridement was performed under topical anaesthesia followed by one-stage upper eyelid reconstruction. The residual tarsal plate was used as a tarsoconjunctival advancement flap to reconstruct the posterior lamella of the defect. Skin from the posterior aspect of the left ear was grafted onto the reconstructed posterior lamella with two setting tarsorrhaphy sutures. One month postoperatively, the patient had an excellent cosmetic result with appropriate upper eyelid height and curvature, although cilia were not transplanted. The technique described offers a one-stage procedure with a simple surgical method providing on appropriate cosmetic and functional result.     

Reconstruction of two separate defects in the upper extremity using anterolateral thigh chimeric flap

We presented our experience on the use of anterolateral thigh (ALT) chimeric flap to reconstruct two separate defects in upper extremity. From December 2009 to August 2012, we used this ALT chimeric flap to reconstruct two separate defects in upper extremity on five patients (mean age: 36.6 years; range: 15～47 years). The locations of defect were palm and fingers in four patients and forearm in the other patient. The sizes of defect ranged from 4.5 × 1.5 cm to 20 × 10 cm. A minimum of two separate perforator vessels in the flap were identified. The skin paddle was then split between the two perforators to shape two separate paddles with a common vascular supply. There were no cases of flap failure or re‐exploration. Four donor sites were directly closed and one was covered by a skin graft. Donor‐site morbidity was negligible. The ALT chimeric flap provides customized cover for two separate defects in upper extremity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 33:631–637, 2013.     

岛状皮瓣一期修复眼睑分裂痣的设计与技巧

目的 探讨应用邻位及远位岛状皮瓣一期修复眼睑分裂痣的设计与技巧.方法 切除眼睑分裂痣上、下睑病变后,根据缺损的部位、形态及面积,选择应用眼轮匝肌蒂岛状皮瓣、耳后SMAS蒂岛状皮瓣或逆行颞浅动脉岛状皮瓣一期修复上、下睑皮肤缺损,供区均直接缝合.结果 2003年以来,共收治患者16例,其中应用眼轮匝肌肌皮瓣10例,耳后SMAS筋膜蒂皮瓣3例及逆行颞浅动脉岛状皮瓣3例.切除痣体的最大面积上睑为2.5 cm ×2.0 cm,下睑为4.0 cm×3.0 cm.1例耳后SMAS筋膜蒂皮瓣及1例逆行颞浅动脉岛状皮瓣术后出现皮瓣远端静脉回流障碍、部分表皮坏死,经换药后自行愈合,其余14例皮瓣全部成活良好.结论 根据病变的部位、形态和面积等选择合适的邻位或远位岛状皮瓣修复眼睑分裂痣切除术后皮肤缺损,效果满意,且供区隐蔽、无继发畸形.     

Periorbital reconstruction using variations of the upper eyelid flap.

Tissues that have characteristics identical or similar to periorbital soft tissue are preferred for reconstruction in the eye region. The upper eyelid is part of the periorbital area that provides an ideal reserve of tissue for this purpose, without producing a donor-site deformity. We used the upper eyelid flap with different pedicle designs in various parts of the periorbital region in 21 patients, and achieved favourable results. The flap was medially-based in five, superomedially-based in seven, laterally-based in eight, and superolaterally-based in one. The tissue defects were the result of the excision of tumours in 18 patients, and of injury in three. The defects were located in the upper eyelid in two, the lower eyelid in five, the medial canthus in eight, the lateral canthus in four, and in the neighbouring orbitonasal zones in two. Different sized flaps were used according to the dimensions of the defects, which ranged from about 1 to 8 cm2. The upper eyelid flap is versatile, and provides tissue of ideal colour and texture. The procedure can be done quickly in one stage with minimal morbidity.     

眶区眼轮匝肌蒂岛状皮瓣在眶周皮肤缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨应用眶区眼轮匝肌蒂岛状皮瓣修复眶周皮肤全层缺损的方法与手术技巧。方法 根据缺损的部位、形态及面积,分别应用以上、下眶区眼轮匝肌内侧为蒂的岛状皮瓣修复眶周的皮肤缺损,供区直接缝合。结果 2003年7月至2009年10月,应用上述方法共修复24例,除l例术后皮瓣远端部分坏死,经换药愈合,2例皮瓣表皮坏死未行处理,自行愈合外,其余皮瓣均成活良好。随访6 ～ 24个月,所有皮瓣色泽、质地均良好,与周围组织无明显差别,供区瘢痕不明显,外形满意。结论选择以眼轮匝肌眶部内侧为蒂的岛状皮瓣一期修复眶周皮肤缺损,血供良好,供区隐蔽,术后效果满意。     

Bilateral super thin groin island flap for penile, scrotal, and pubic reconstruction after Fournier��s gangrene

Defects in the scrotal, perianal, and penile areas are problems that are difficult to repair. Methods for reconstruction of this region are limited, and none are ideal. We decided to use bilateral super thin groin island flaps for a patient with penile, scrotal, and pubic defects. A two-stage technique for scrotal sac and penile reconstruction using tissue expansion is described. A super thin groin island flap was elevated, and bilateral tissue expanders were placed. Using this, the penile, scrotal, and pubic defects were closed without difficulty. Both the aesthetic and functional aspects should be taken into consideration when covering a defect of both the testis and the penis. It is essential to have thin and durable cover for such a reconstruction. The technique described above was used to reconstruct this defect with good functional and cosmetic outcomes.