Resin bond strength to densely sintered alumina ceramic

PURPOSE: The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the resin bond strength and durability of adhesive bonding systems to densely sintered, pure aluminum oxide ceramic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Acrylic glass tubes filled with composite resin were bonded to industrially manufactured alumina ceramic disks with an ultrasonically machined surface. Groups of 20 samples were bonded in an alignment apparatus using five different bonding methods. Subgroups of 10 bonded samples were tested for tensile strength following storage in distilled water at 37 degrees C for either 3 or 150 days. In addition, the 150-day samples were thermocycled 37,500 times. The statistical analyses were made by the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by multiple pairwise comparison of the groups using the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: The mean bond strength of a bis-GMA composite resin to sandblasted alumina ceramic was relatively high after 3 days, at 20 MPa. Additional silanization or tribochemical silica coating and silanization did not enhance the bond strength (18 to 20 MPa) and failed spontaneously over long-term storage. However, using a composite resin containing a special adhesive phosphate monomer, a statistically significantly higher and durable bond strength to the sandblasted alumina ceramic surface was achieved after 3 days (50 MPa) and after 150 days of storage (46 MPa). CONCLUSION: A durable bond strength to pure alumina ceramic was achieved only by using a composite resin containing an adhesive phosphate monomer after sandblasting the ceramic surface.     

The effect of ceramic surface treatment on bonding to densely sintered alumina ceramic

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Ceramic surface treatment is crucial for bonding to resin. High crystalline ceramics are poorly conditioned using traditional procedures. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of silica coating on a densely sintered alumina ceramic relative to its bond strength to composite, using a resin luting agent. Material and methods Blocks (6 x 6 x 5 mm) of ceramic and composite were made. The ceramic (Procera AllCeram) surfaces were polished, and the blocks were divided into 3 groups (n = 5): SB, airborne-particle abrasion with 110-microm Al 2 O 3 ; RS, silica coating using Rocatec System; and CS, silica coating using CoJet System. The treated ceramic blocks were luted to the composite (W3D Master) blocks using a resin luting agent (Panavia F). Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 7 days and then cut in 2 axes, x and y, to obtain specimens with a bonding area of approximately 0.6 mm 2 (n = 30). The specimens were loaded to failure in tension in a universal testing machine, and data were statistically analyzed using a randomized complete block design analysis of variance and Tukey's test (alpha=.05). Fractured surfaces were examined using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to determine the type of failure. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy was used for surface compositional analysis. RESULTS: Mean bond strength values (MPa) of Groups RS (17.1 +/- 3.9) ( P =.00015) and CS (18.5 +/- 4.7) ( P =.00012) were significantly higher than the values of Group SB (12.7 +/- 2.6). There was no statistical difference between Groups RS and CS. All failures occurred at the adhesive zone. CONCLUSION: Tribochemical silica coating systems increased the tensile bond strength values between Panavia F and Procera AllCeram ceramic.     

Bonding to densely sintered alumina- and glass infiltrated aluminum / zirconium-based ceramics

The objective of this study was to test two hypotheses: (1) silica coating affects the bond strength between ceramics and a resin cement; (2) bond strength is affected by the type of ceramic. Twelve blocks 5 x 6 x 8 mm of In-Ceram Zirconia (ZR) and twelve Procera AllCeram (PR) ceramics were made and duplicated in composite. Five blocks of each ceramic were treated as follows: (1) ZR + GB (laboratorial airborne particles abrasion with Al2O3 particles) + silane; (2) ZR + SC (chairside tribochemical silica coating system, Cojet); (3) PR + GB; (4) PR + SC. Two treated samples of ceramic were analyzed under SEM. The ceramic-composite blocks were cemented with Panavia F and stored in 37oC distilled water for 7 days. They were then cut to produce bar specimens (n=30) with a bonding area of 0.6±0.1mm2. Specimens were loaded to failure under tension in a universal testing machine (1 mm/min). Bond strength (sigma) values were statistically analyzed using ANOVA (Two-way) and Tukey (alpha = 0.05). Mean sigma (MPa) and standard deviation were as follows: 1) 15.1 ± 5.3; 2) 26.8 ± 7.4; 3) 12.7 ± 2.6; 4) 18.5 ± 4.7. Silica coated surfaces showed statistically higher sigma than the same substrate treated with GB only. In addition, ZR (with vitreous phase) showed higher ó than PR (without vitreous phase).     

Shear bond strength of resin luting cement to glass-infiltrated porous aluminum oxide cores

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM. Resin bonding surface treatment methods for conventional silica-based dental ceramics are not reliable for glass infiltrated high alumina content In-Ceram ceramics. PURPOSE. This study developed an alternative surface treatment to improve resin bonding of glass-infiltrated aluminum oxide ceramic blasting with diamond particles and then observed the efficiency of this treatment. Material and methods. In-Ceram test specimens were prepared and divided into 2 groups. All specimens were sandblasted with Al(2)O(3), and blasted with diamond particles and 2 adhesive resins were applied. After bonding and storage in humid conditions, shear bond strength values were measured with a universal testing machine. Surface roughness and fracture interfaces were determined with a perthometer and a SEM. RESULTS. The highest bond strength was obtained on the samples blasted with diamond particles (group II). The differences between the 2 groups and the 2 adhesive resin cements were both statistically significant. CONCLUSION. Panavia-Ex cement exhibited higher bond strength than Super-Bond cement. This higher bond strength was attributed to ceramic oxide and ester bond and the mechanical properties of Panavia-Ex cement.     

Influence of silanization on early bond strength to sandblasted densely sintered alumina.

OBJECTIVE: The increased popularity of alumina-based restorations has resulted in an interest in proper adhesive techniques to assure a strong and predictable bond to these restorations. This study investigated the early bond strength of three different resin-cement systems to densely sintered alumina (aluminum-oxide ceramic) with and without the use of their corresponding silane coupling agent (silanization). METHOD AND MATERIALS: Ninety samples of densely sintered high-purity aluminum-oxide ceramic were randomly divided into three groups. Composite cylinders were bonded to the ceramic samples with three resin-cement/bonding-agent systems: Noribond DC (NOR), Panavia 21 EX (PAN), and Variolink II (VAR). Each resin-cement/bonding-agent system was used with and without their corresponding silane (SIL) coupling agent (n = 15). After fabrication, the specimens were stored in distilled water for 3 days at room temperature, and shear bond strength was tested. RESULTS: Application of the silane-coupling agent on sandblasted densely sintered alumina did not significantly influence bond strengths with PAN. Silanization significantly improved shear bond strengths with NOR and VAR. NOR-SIL and VAR-SIL revealed the statistically highest values, with NOR-SIL showing the highest mean bond strength of all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Silanization of sandblasted densely sintered alumina had mixed effects on the applied resin cements: It had no effect on the performance of the phosphate-modified resin cement PAN, but significantly improved shear bond strength of the Bis-GMA composite resin cements VAR and NOR. NOR-SIL revealed the highest overall mean bond strength.     

不同树脂粘接剂对渗透陶瓷粘接强度的影响

目的观察比较不同树脂粘接剂对氧化铝渗透陶瓷粘接剪切强度的效果。方法选择无龋坏的人离体磨牙40颗,处理后随机分为4组,每组10件。A组用Solobond Plus粘接剂+Bifix QM粘接剂,B组用Fu-turabond DC粘接剂+Bifix QM粘接剂,C组用Bifix SE自酸蚀树脂粘接剂,D组用Panavia F双重聚合型粘接材料。所有样本在37℃蒸馏水中储存24 h后进行测试,记录剪切强度值,用SAS 6.12统计软件对结果进行单因素方差分析。结果 Panavia F双重聚合型粘接材料组的剪切强度显著高于其他3组(P<0.01),Bifix SE自酸蚀树脂粘接剂组的剪切强度最小。结论 Panavia F双重聚合型粘接材料用于氧化铝渗透陶瓷可获得较好的粘接效果,值得在临床上推广。     

Shear bond strengths of indirect resin composites to hybrid ceramic

A hybrid ceramic, Estenia, is a highly-filled composite for indrect use. The purpose of this study was to measure the shear bond strength between Estenia and six incremental materials: Estenia, Cesead II, Epricord, Gradia, Prossimo, and Solidex. Five specimens were prepared for each group, and all specimens were subjected to shear bond strength testing at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Dunnett's T3 test at 95% confidence level. The results indicated that the shear bond strength of Estenia to Estenia was significantly lower than that of any other combinations. Apart from storage condition that was found to influence shear bond strength statistically, thermal cycling of the specimens also tended to decrease the bond strength between Estenia and the incremental materials. It was concluded that regularly-filled composites are suitable to be used as an incremental material facing Estenia in combination technique.     

树脂粘结剂与瓷表面处理对全瓷粘结微拉伸强度的影响

目的 研究3种树脂粘结剂配合2种瓷表面处理方法对全瓷粘结微拉伸强度的影响.方法 制作60个体积为5mm×6mm×8mm瓷试件(Empress Ⅱ),抛光后分成两组:对照组和HF SIL组(5%氢氟酸酸蚀20秒,硅烷处理1分钟).分别采用3种树脂粘结剂(RelyX Unicem, Variolink或Panavia F)与复合树脂粘结,37℃保存7天,切割成接触面积为1.0mm2的75个柱形体.试件经热循环(5℃～55℃循环3000次)后,测量粘结微拉伸强度(uTBS).结果 表面处理因素有重要意义(HF SIL组>对照组).对照组中Rely X Unicem的uTBS明显高于Variolink和Panavia F.HF SIL组中经RelyX Unicem和Variolink的uTBS明显高于Panavia F.结论 无论使用何种树脂粘结剂,在粘结前进行酸蚀和硅烷处理都是必要的.     

Silane reactivity and resin bond strength to lithium disilicate ceramic surfaces

ObjectiveTo evaluate the silane status in commercially available products and their bonding capacity with polished glass-ceramic surfaces before and after hydrofluoric (HF) acid-etching.MethodsThe products tested were Calibra Silane Coupling Agent/CS, G-Multi Primer/GM, Kerr Silane Primer/KS, Monobond Plus/MB and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive/SB. The silane status was studied by ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹³C-NMR). The roughness parameters of polished (group A) and HF acid-etched (group B) lithium disilicate glass-ceramic surfaces were measured by optical profilometry (n = 5/group). The interaction of the products with group A and B ceramic surfaces was examined by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The shear strength (SBS) of a flowable composite bonded to the ceramic surfaces (groups A, B) was assessed before (NS) and after silane treatment (n = 20/group, product).ResultsThe NMR analysis showed the presence of silanol monomers only in CS. Methoxylated-siloxane adducts were found in GM, silanol–siloxane adducts in MB, SB, and siloxane polymers in KS. Acid-etching greatly increased Sa, Sz, Sdr, Sc and Sv parameters (p < 0.001) and ATR-FTIR analysis demonstrated evidence of bonding with the substrate in CS. Weibull analysis of SBS revealed the following rankings in characteristic life (p < 0.05): CS > SB,KS,MB > GM > NS (group A) and CS > GM > SB,KS,MB,NS (group B). The most reliable treatment in both groups was CS. For the same silane treatment, the SBS of group B were significantly higher from group A. Failures were mainly of adhesive type, except of several partial resin cohesive failures found in group B.SignificanceThe chemical bonding capacity of the silanes was highest in products with silanol monomers. Acid-etching increased bond strength to a level that neutralized the silane contribution in products with silanol–siloxane adducts and siloxane polymers, providing thus bond strength values similar to silane-free treatments.     

Effect of surface treatments on the resin bond to zirconium-based ceramic

PURPOSE: This study tested the hypothesis that the tribochemical silica coating on ceramic surfaces increases the bond strength of resin cement to a glass-infiltrated zirconium-based ceramic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen blocks of In-Ceram Zirconia from CEREC InLab (5 per group) and 15 composite blocks (Z-250) 5 mm x 5 mm x 4 mm were made. The ceramic surfaces were polished, and the blocks were divided into three groups: (1) airborne abrasion with 110-microm aluminum oxide particles; (2) Rocatec system, tribochemical silica coating; and (3) CoJet system, tribochemical silica coating. The ceramic blocks were cemented to the composite blocks using Panavia F according to the manufacturer's specifications. All samples were stored in 37 degrees C distilled water for 7 days and later sectioned in two axes using a diamond disk under cooling to obtain specimens with a cross-sectional area of approximately 1 mm2 (n = 45). Each specimen was then attached with cyanoacrylate glue to an adapted device for the microtensile test, which was carried out on a universal testing machine. RESULTS: The results were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey's test. Group 2 (23.0+/-6.7 MPa) and group 3 (26.8+/-7.4 MPa) showed greater bond strength than group 1 (15.1+/-5.3 MPa). There was no significant difference between groups 2 and 3. All failures were in the adhesive zone. CONCLUSION: The hypothesis was confirmed--the tribochemical systems increased the bond strength between Panavia F and In-Ceram Zirconia.     

Determining efficacy of monitoring devices on ceramic bond to resin composite

Objectives: This paper aims to assess the effectiveness of 3D nanoroughness and 2D microroughness evaluations, by their correlation with contact angle measurements and shear bond strength test, in order to evaluate the effect of two different acids conditioning on the bonding efficacy of a leucite-based glass-ceramic to a composite resin. Study Design: Ceramic (IPS Empress) blocks were treated as follows: 1) no treatment, 2) 37% phosphoric acid (H3PO4), 15 s, 3) 9% hydrofluoric acid (HF), 5 min. Micro- and nano-roughness were assessed with a profilometer and by means of an atomic force microscopy (AFM). Water contact angle (CA) measurements were determined to assess wettability of the ceramic surfaces with the asixymetric drop shape analysis contact diameter technique. Shear bond strength (SBS) was tested to a resin composite (Z100) with three different adhesive systems (Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus, Clearfil New Bond, ProBOND). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were performed. Results: nanoroughness values assesed in 50x50 μm areas showed differences between groups did not found by profilometer. HF treatment created the nano- roughest surfaces and the smallest CA (p<0.05), producing the highest SBS to the composite resin with all tested adhesive systems (p<0.05). No differences existed between the SBS produced by the adhesive systems evaluated with any of the surface treatments tested. Conclusions: Nano-roughness obtained in a 50x50 μm scan size areas was the most reliable data to evaluate the topographical changes produced by the different acid treatments on ceramic surfaces.     

Repair bond strength of a resin composite to alumina-reinforced feldspathic ceramic

This study compared the microtensile bond strength of a repair resin to an alumina-reinforced feldspathic ceramic (Vitadur-alpha, Vita) after 3 surface conditioning methods: Group 1, etching with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid for 1 minute plus rinsing and drying, followed by application of silane for 5 minutes; group 2, airborne particle abrasion with 110-mm aluminum oxide using a chairside air-abrasion device followed by silane application for 5 minutes; group 3, chairside tribochemical silica coating with 30-microm SiOx followed by silane application for 5 minutes (N = 30). Group 1 presented the highest mean bond strength (19.7 +/- 3.8 MPa), which was significantly higher than those of groups 2 (10 +/- 2.6 MPa) and 3 (10.4 +/- 4 MPa) (P < .01). Scanning electron microscope analysis of the failure modes demonstrated predominantly mixed types of failures, with adhesive and/or cohesive failures in all experimental groups.     

Shear bond strength of resin cements to both ceramic and dentin

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: All ceramic restorations benefit from resin cement bonding to the tooth. However, the literature is unclear on which cement, ceramic conditioning treatment, and dentin bonding agent produce the highest and longest-lasting bond strength. PURPOSE: This in vitro study evaluated immediate and 6-month shear bond strengths between a feldspathic ceramic and 4 different resin cements with the use of 6 different surface-conditioning treatments. Shear bond strengths between the 4 resin cements and dentin also were measured. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four hundred eighty discs (10 mm in diameter and 4 mm thick) of Ceramco II porcelain were randomly divided into 6 main groups (n = 80). The ceramic specimens received 6 different surface conditioning treatments before the application of resin cement. These surface treatments were sanding with 600-grit silicon carbide paper, microetching with aluminum oxide, sanding followed by silane application, microetching followed by silane application, hydrofluoric acid-etching, and hydrofluoric acid-etching followed by silane application. Each group then was subdivided into 4 subgroups (n = 20) for the application of 1 of 4 cements: Nexus, Panavia 21, RelyX ARC, and Calibra. All cemented specimens were tested under shear loading until fracture on a universal testing machine; the load at fracture was reported in MPa as the bond strength. Bond strengths were determined at 24 hours and after 6 months of specimen storage in a saline solution. For dentin-resin cement shear bond strength testing, dentin specimens were treated with dentin bonding agents, and a thin layer of resin cement was applied according to the manufacturer's directions. Prodigy composite was bonded to the cement. Shear bond strengths were determined as above and reported in MPa at fracture. Data were analyzed with 3-way analysis of variance (P<.01). RESULTS: Hydrofluoric acid-etching followed by silane application produced bond strengths (15.0 +/- 7.4 to 21.8 +/- 5.8 MPa) in the highest statistical group with all 4 cements at both 24 hours and 6 months (P<.01). Sanding with 600-grit silicon carbide paper and microetching with aluminum oxide produced the lowest bond strengths (0.0 to 4.0 +/- 3.5 MPa). At 24 hours and 6 months, there were no significant differences among the 4 cements when hydrofluoric acid-etching was followed by silane application. Both auto- and light-polymerized dentin bonding agents bonded better to dentin than dual-polymerized bonding agents. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, hydrofluoric acid-etching followed by silane application produced the best bonds at 24 hours and 6 months with all 4 cements. Auto- and light-polymerized adhesives were associated with higher bond strengths to dentin than dual-polymerized adhesives.