双旋转皮瓣应用于乳腺癌保留乳房治疗的临床研究

目的：研究拓宽乳腺癌保留乳房治疗的指征及改善术后美容效果的手术方法。方法：对65例临床T1-3N0-2M。乳腺癌患者行肿瘤切除＋全腋淋巴结清除术，达到切缘阴性，术中采用双旋转乳腺皮瓣进行乳腺整形，辅以放、化和（或）内分泌治疗。结果：65例清除腋窝淋巴结8～26枚／例，平均16枚／例，术后中位随访时间为68个月，均无局部复发，3、5、8年生存率分别为100％、91．67％和86．67％。保留乳房的美容效果满意率为95．38％。结论：采用双旋转乳腺皮瓣行乳腺癌保留乳房手术，可以拓宽乳腺癌保留乳房治疗的指征，提高术后美容效果的满意度，不降低肿瘤局部控制率及生存率。     

乳腺癌保留乳房手术的中期疗效评估

目的研究评估临床Ⅰ、Ⅱa期乳腺癌行保留乳房手术的中期疗效。方法1995年1月至2005年10月对96例早期乳腺癌行保留乳房根治术。手术适应证:肿瘤≤3cm,周围型,年龄31～55岁(44例),患者有保留乳房意愿,乳房大小适中。手术方式:肿瘤广泛切除加腋淋巴结清扫,术后常规行辅助放疗、化疗及内分泌等治疗。对照组:随访同期的248例改良根治术(Auchinclo术)乳腺癌,与保留乳房根治术比较疗效。结果①所有病例切缘均未见有肿瘤细胞残留。②病理:原位癌8例,浸润性导管癌76例,黏液腺癌8例,其他癌4例。③肿瘤部位以外上象限最多。④10例腋淋巴结阳性,1例伴有腋中群淋巴结阳性。中位腋淋巴结转移数3个。⑤随访:保乳组随访率100%,中位随访期78个月,5年生存率100%,复发率2.1%,转移率2.1%;对照组随访率90.3%(224例),中位随访期86个月,5年生存率95.5%,复发率1.8%,转移率4.9%。两组生存率、复发率比较,差异无显著性(P>0.05),两组转移率比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。⑥保乳组1例在37个月时再发第二源性乳腺癌,改行全乳切除术后随访至今51个月。⑦放疗后综合征以短期症状及色素沉着为主,6个月内基本消除。⑧大于12个月主观满意度99.0%,乳房美观检测数据提示,90%以上的保留乳房根治术均能获得理想的外观。结论规范的病灶广泛切除、腋淋巴结清扫加术后辅助放疗是早期乳腺癌保留乳房根治术的关键。保留乳房的乳腺癌根治术可以与改良根治术一样获得长期疗效。保留乳房的乳腺癌根治术可使患者获得良好的心理康复和满意的乳腺外观。     

乳腺癌保留乳房治疗远期疗效的研究

目的探讨临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌选择性行乳腺癌保留乳房治疗（BCT）的远期生存、同侧乳腺复发（IBR）、美容效果及其相关因素。方法对1985年10月至2000年12月收治的270例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者进行BCT远期疗效的临床研究。乳腺癌保乳手术先后采用乳腺象限／区段切除术及肿瘤扩大切除术，联合全腋窝淋巴结清扫术。术后放射治疗先后采用^60Co及加速器全乳放射治疗及瘤床缩野照射。结果在10年的中位随访时间内，270例BCT患者10年总生存率83．7％、IBR8．5％、远处转移率23．7％。患者年龄、肿瘤大小、病理组织学类型、腋窝淋巴结转移状况等临床病理因素对BCT后IBR无显著性影响（均P〉0．05），切缘阳性、术后未行全乳照射的患者IBR显著升高（均P=0．000）。在确保切缘阴性的前提下，不同切除范围的手术方式对IBR无显著性影响（P=0．799），但切除范围较大的区段／象限切除术对BCT后乳房美容效果有显著不良影响（优秀P=0．043，优秀＋良好P=0．005）。结论①临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌选择性行BCT有较高的远期疗效、较好的美容效果和较低的IBR，可以安全地替代乳房切除性手术。②确保切缘阴性及接受术后全乳放射治疗仍是现阶段乳腺癌BCT的金标准。③在确保切缘阴性的前提下，切除范围较小的肿瘤扩大切除术有较好的美容效果和相同的治疗效果。     

背阔肌脂肪瓣一期乳房再造术的临床研究

目的：研究一种既达到肿瘤根治性切除目的,又保留乳房美观外形的简便省时、完全可靠的手术方法。方法：选临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ％期乳腺癌患者,经腋后线切口行肿瘤根治切除术,切除肿瘤表面皮肤,保留乳头乳晕,以部分背阔肌脂肪瓣行Ⅰ期乳房再造。结果：４６例接受乳房再造患者成功４５例,再造乳房美观效果为优者３４例（７５.6%),良７例（１５.5%),差４例（８.9%);随访满１,２,３年者分别为９,１１和１６例,除１例腋淋巴结转移１７枚患者术后３８个月出现骨转移及锁骨下复发外,其余均无瘤生存．结论：使用背阔肌瓣重建乳房,组织量适中,组织量适中,损伤小,外形美观,适合应用于中国女性．     

早期乳腺癌保留乳房手术加放疗63例疗效观察

目的：观察早期乳腺癌保留乳房手术配合术后放疗的远期生存和美容效果。资料与方法：1989年1月至1994年3月共收治早期乳腺癌63例,其中Ⅰ期22例,Ⅱ期41例。行单纯肿瘤切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫,术后配合放疗。全乳腺切线照射45－50Gy,瘤床加用电子线照射15－20Gy。腋窝淋巴结阳性者同时照射相应的淋巴引流区45－50Gy。结果：5年、10年生存率分别为92．1％和87．3％。仅1例发生放射性肺炎症状,美容效果满意。结论：保留乳房手术,术后配合放射治疗早期乳腺癌的效果与根治手术大致相似。对符合条件的Ⅰ、Ⅱ期病例,此种方法可以作为首选治疗手段。     

早期乳腺癌的保留乳房治疗

我院自1994年12月至1997年12月共进行乳腺癌手术150例,其中8例乳腺癌作了保留乳房手术,术后加外照射放疗。资料和方法病例选择：根据国际抗癌联盟（UICC）制定的TNM分期标准选择;临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期女性乳腺癌作为治疗对象,原发肿瘤的最大径＜3cm,如乳房体积大,适当放宽,腋淋巴结无肿大或仅有孤立、直径＜1.0cm的肿大淋巴结,肿瘤位于乳房外上象限为佳。均为自愿选择“保乳”手术。本组中年龄40岁-75岁,平均年龄52.5岁。病变位于左、右各四例,肿瘤部位均位于乳房外上象限。Ⅰ期5例,Ⅱ期3例。单纯癌5例,浸润性导管癌2例及粘液癌1例。腋淋巴结有转…     

背阔肌脂肪瓣一期乳房再造术的临床研究

目的 :研究一种既达到肿瘤根治性切除目的 ,又保留乳房美观外形的简便省时、完全可靠的手术方法。方法 :选临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者 ,经腋后线切口行肿瘤根治切除术 ,切除肿瘤表面皮肤 ,保留乳头乳晕 ,取部分背阔肌脂肪瓣行Ⅰ期乳房再造。结果 :4 6例接受乳房再造患者成功 4 5例 ,再造乳房美观效果为优者 34例 (75.6 % ) ,良 7例 (15.5% ) ,差 4例 (8.9% ) ;随访满 1,2 ,3年者分别为 9,11和 16例。除 1例腋淋巴结转移 17枚患者术后 38个月出现骨转移及锁骨下复发外 ,其余均无瘤生存。结论 :使用背阔肌瓣重建乳房 ,组织量适中 ,损伤小 ,外形美观 ,适合应用于中国女性。     

乳腺癌保留乳房术后放射治疗并发症与美容效果

目的 介绍乳腺癌保留乳房治疗的手术模式、放射治疗技术、放疗并发症及美容效果。方法 １９８５年９月至１９９６年６月共６５例女性乳腺癌病人接受了保留乳房术后根治性放疗，其中，Ⅰ期２９例，Ⅱ期３４例，Ⅲ期２便，肿瘤位于外上象限者５２例，其他２象限者１３例。手术模式为乳房肿瘤扩大切除术加腋淋巴结清扫术。全部病人均于术后２个月内接受根治性放疗，各野的中位剂量为内乳ＤＴ５３．２Ｇｙ，锁上ＤＴ５５．４Ｇｙ、全乳     

乳腺癌保留乳房手术187例的临床回顾分析

目的:探讨乳腺癌保留乳房治疗的适应证、技术方法及其预后。方法:回顾分析接受保留乳房治疗的187例乳腺癌患者的临床病理资料。结果:0期17例,Ⅰ期42例,Ⅱ期120例,Ⅲ期8例,其中25例行新辅助化疗。肿瘤局部扩大切除并腋窝淋巴结清除术76例,象限切除并腋窝淋巴结清除术87例,单纯肿块局部扩大切除11例,象限切除或肿块局部扩大切除联合前哨淋巴结活检13例。术后常规行辅助放疗、化疗和内分泌治疗。随访3～87个月(中位时间29个月),局部复发率为3%(6/187),远处转移率为2%(4/187)。综合治疗结束后满半年行乳房外形评估,优良率为56%(105/187)。结论:对临床早期乳腺癌及部分经新辅助化疗降期后的局部进展期乳腺癌进行保留乳房综合治疗,可以取得与乳房切除相同的临床疗效。     

乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的技巧和意义

目的：探讨乳腺癌改良根治手术中腋窝淋巴结清扫时保留肋间臂神经的手术技巧及临床意义。方法：对2007年7月至2009年7月期间Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲa期48例乳腺癌患者施行乳腺癌改良根治腋淋巴结清扫术,其中完整保留肋间臂神经40例,切除肋间臂神经8例,术后对病人进行3-24个月随访观察。结果：保留肋间臂神经40例中术后患侧上臂内侧及腋部皮肤感觉正常36例（90.0%）,感觉异常4例（10.0%）,而切除肋间臂神经的8例病人中7例有感觉异常,两者之间差异显著。术后3-24个月随访未发生肿瘤局部复发。结论：Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲa期乳腺癌腋淋巴结清扫术中保留肋间臂神经可以明显减少术后患侧上肢感觉障碍及疼痛,改善生活质量。     

Oncogénétique et psycho-oncologie, une collaboration recommandée...

Résumé: La possibilité depuis 1994, de connaître la probabilité individuelle de développer certains cancers a permis de proposer de nouvelles modalités de prévention, de traitements et contribué au développement actuel de loncogénétique. Une meilleure connaissance des répercussions psychologiques tant pour les patients que pour les apparentés est désormais possible et limplication des psycho-oncologues dans ce cadre de la réalisation des tests prédictifs, recommandée. La mission de «messager» qui incombe au «cas-index» doit faire lobjet dune attention particulière. La complexité de linformation et la dimension paradoxale que peut avoir parfois la communication à propos des choix, rend difficile lévaluation de la qualité du consentement. La situation particulièrement délicate dune aide à la décision à légard de la chirurgie prophylactique, exige une collaboration étroite des généticiens et des psycho-oncologues.Les soins de support en oncologie     

The role of papillomaviruses in human cancers

This review comprehensively evaluates the influence of gene-gene, gene-environment and multiple interactions on the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods of studying these interactions and their limitations have been discussed herein. There is a need to develop biomarkers of exposure and of risk that are sensitive, specific, present in the pathway of the disease, and that have been clinically tested for routine use. The influence of inherited variation (polymorphism) in several genes has been discussed in this review; however, due to study limitations and confounders, it is difficult to conclude which ones are associated with the highest risk (either individually or in combination with environmental factors) to CRC. The majority of the sporadic cancer is believed to be due to modification of mutation risk by other genetic and/or environmental factors. Micronutrient deficiency may explain the association between low consumption of fruit/vegetables and CRC in human studies. Mitochondrial modulation by dietary factors influences the balance between cell renewal and death critical in colon mucosal homeostasis. Both genetic and epigenetic interactions are intricately dependent on each other, and collectively influence the process of colorectal tumorigenesis. The genetic and environmental interactions present a good prospect and a challenge for prevention strategies for CRC because they support the view that this highly prevalent cancer is preventable.     

Antifungal combination therapy in localized candidosis

A mouse model of localized candidosis in air-filled subcutaneous cysts imitating thrush has been developed. We have now tested various antifungal combinations in this animal model. Flucytosine (5-FC) + amphotericin B (Amph B) showed the highest efficacy, a clear additive or even synergistic effect was seen. The combination of 5-FC + imidazole or triazole derivative was less efficacious, an additive effect was rare. The combination of 5-FC + Amph B was also tested against Candida albicans strains showing various degrees of 5-FC-resistance. A significant reduction in 5-FC-resistant mutants was seen after the treatment with the combination.     

Les génériques en cancérologie: à molécule identique, médicaments identiques? Les biosimilaires, des super-génériques?

Résumé: Les biosimilaires vont bientôt voir leur apparition en Europe. Comment un laboratoire peut-il aborder le développement de son dossier dAMM? Quelles sont les bases légales et les recommandations officielles? Comment la similarité et/ou le caractère générique peuvent-ils être démontrés? Les règles sont-elles identiques à celles des produits chimiques conventionnels pour lesquels, notamment en cancérologie, il existe des médicaments génériques? Comment faire pour que la sécurité et lefficacité des médicaments biosimilaires soient assurées pour les patients?     

Cancer immunotherapy

Unprecedented progress has seen made in the last decade in the field of cancer immunotherapy. The recent approval of nivolumab （Opdivo）, the first anti-programmed cell death-1 （PD-1） antibody, for metastatic melanoma in Japan, marked a milestone in the rapidly advancing field of cancer immunotherapy. Nivolumab together with ipilimumab （Yervoy）, the anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 （CTLA-4） antibody, are the first 2 drugs in the class of ＂immune checkpoint inhibitors＂ that have delivered impressive responses in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell cancer （RCC） as well as a variety of solid tumors.     

Effect of tumor therapeutic irradiation on the mechanical properties of teeth tissue

Tumor irradiation of the head-neck area is accompanied by the development of a so-called radiation caries in the treated patients. In spite of conservative therapeutic measures, the process results in tooth destruction. The present study investigated the effects of irradiation on the demineralization and remineralization of the dental tissue. For this purpose, retained third molars were prepared and assigned either to a test group, which was exposed to fractional irradiation up to 60 Gy, or to a non-irradiated control group. Irradiated and non-irradiated teeth were then demineralized using acidic hydroxyl-cellulose gel; afterwards the teeth were remineralized using either Bifluorid12 or elmex gelee. The nanoindentation technique was used to measure the mechanical properties, hardness and elasticity, of the teeth in each of the conditions. The values were compared to the non-irradiated control group. Irradiation decreased dramatically the mechanical parameters of enamel and dentine. In nonirradiated teeth, demineralization had nearly the same effects of irradiation on the mechanical properties. In irradiated teeth, the effects of demineralization were negligible in comparison to non-irradiated teeth. Remineralization with Bifluorid12 or elmex gelee led to a partial improvement of the mechanical properties of the teeth. The enamel was more positively affected by remineralization than the dentine.     

Consultation multidisciplinaire pour les patients atteints d’une pathologie tumorale (carcinome infiltrant ou lésion précancéreuse) liée à HPV : la consultation multidisciplinaire papillomavirus

Given the recent increase in the number of human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced cancers in other locations than gynaecological, the number of patients with two cancers at distinct sites, and because of the lack of exhaustive data, we decided to create a multidisciplinary network around an HPV consultation at the Georges-Pompidou European Hospital (HEGP). This network aims to set up the best tools for detecting HPV-associated “multisite” precancerous lesions in order to determine the possible impact of dedicated care for this at-risk population. This monthly consultation was created at the HEGP in June 2014. It is currently organized around five consultations: gynaecological, ENT, urological, digestive and immunological. Every patient who has been diagnosed with HPV-related cancer and whose care is provided at the HEGP is offered this particular follow-up: systematically, once the initial lesion has been treated, the patient is convened annually for a day during which it benefits from the consultations mentioned above. A consultation with a psychologist is systematically proposed. Local samples are taken at each site: a cytological examination, the analysis of known predictive and prognostic virological markers are carried out. This study fits more broadly in a theme of clinical and fundamental research around cancers related to HPV.     

Differentiation state and invasiveness of human breast cancer cell lines

Summary Eighteen breast cancer cell lines were examined for expression of markers of epithelial and fibroblastic differentiation: E-cadherin, desmoplakins, ZO-1, vimentin, keratin and ₁ and ₄ integrins. The cell lines were distributed along a spectrum of differentiation from epithelial to fibroblastic phenotypes. The most well-differentiated, epithelioid cell lines contained proteins characteristic of desmosomal, adherens and tight junctions, were adherent to one another on plastic and in the basement membrane matrix Matrigel and were keratin-positive and vimentin-negative. These cell lines were all weakly invasive in anin vitro chemoinvasion assay. The most poorly-differentiated, fibroblastic cell lines were E-cadherin-, desmoplakin- and ZO-1-negative and formed branching structures in Matrigel. They were vimentin-positive, contained only low levels of keratins and were highly invasive in thein vitro chemoinvasion assay. Of all of the markers analyzed, vimentin expression correlated best within vitro invasive ability and fibroblastic differentiation. In a cell line with unstable expression of vimentin, T47D_CO, the cells that were invasive were of the fibroblastic type. The differentiation markers described here may be useful for analysis of clinical specimens and could potentially provide a more precise measure of differentiation grade yielding more power for predicting prognosis.