颅脑损伤后男性勃起功能障碍的临床调查

目的探讨影响颅脑损伤后男性患者性功能的因素。方法对126例颅脑损伤后男性患者的勃起功能进行回顾性调查,采用SPSS统计分析软件对男性功能障碍进行统计学分析。结果本组颅脑损伤男性患者126例,发生勃起功能障碍者18例,发生率为14.3%。颅脑损伤后综合征、GCS、脑损伤部位和应用抗癫痫药物的OR估计值分别为17.020,3.035,11.153和6.141。血清睾酮水平低于正常的8例中,发生勃起功能障碍5例(62.5%);血清睾酮水平正常的118例中,发生勃起功能障碍13例(11.0%),两组相比较,勃起功能障碍发生率差异非常显著(P0.01)。结论颅脑损伤后综合征、脑损伤的部位、受伤的严重程度、抗癫痫药物的应用和激素水平等因素影响男性颅脑损伤患者的性功能水平,其中以颅脑损伤后综合征的影响最为显著。     

同期颅骨修补和脑室-腹腔分流治疗颅脑损伤后颅骨缺损合并脑积水

目的探讨早期一次性颅骨修补术及脑室-腹腔分流术对颅脑损伤后颅骨缺损合并脑积水中的治疗效果。方法回顾分析2003年1月至2008年10月同期进行颅骨修补及脑室-腹腔分流治疗的颅脑损伤后颅骨缺损合并脑积水患者34例的临床资料。本组手术时机均在伤后96d以内。结果术后意识及神经功能障碍不同程度改善30例（88．2％）；无明显变化4例。术后并发分流管梗阻1例，颅内感染2例。恢复良好18例（52．9％，18，34），中残8例（23．5％，8／34），重残或植物生存8例（23．5％，8，34），无手术死亡病例。结论颅脑损伤术后颅骨缺损、脑膨出、脑积水严重影响患者的预后，早期或同期行颅骨修补及脑室－腹腔分流术并发症少，且可明显减少患者的意识及神经功能障碍。     

重型颅脑损伤合并严重多发伤的临床救治

目的评估重型颅脑损伤合并严重多发伤的临床救治结果。方法对22例重型颅脑损伤合并严重多发伤进行回顾性总结。结果预后按GOS评分,良好者8例（36．4％）,轻残4例（18．2％）,重残2例（9％）,植物生存3例（13．6％）。死亡5例（22．7％）。结论早诊断、早治疗、积极抗休克治疗、合理的救治顺序是提高重型颅脑损伤合并严重多发伤的治疗效果,减少致残率及降低死亡率的有效措施。     

重型颅脑损伤并发呼吸障碍与早期气管切开92例报告

目的：重型颅脑损伤合并呼吸障碍者，早期所管切开，以降低死亡率。方法：重型颅脑损伤合并呼吸障碍才行气管切开术。结果：早期气管切开者４２例，死亡１５例，非早期气管切开者５０例，死亡３２例。结论：重型颅脑损伤合并呼吸障碍者，早期气管切开可降低死亡率。     

强化型护理措施对重型颅脑损伤患者并发肺部感染的效果评价

目的：探讨重型颅脑损伤后患者并发肺部感染的护理措施,为提高患者的生存几率和质量提供科学依据。方法重型颅脑损伤患者60例,随机分为2组,对照组采用常规护理措施,实验组采取强化型护理措施,对2组患者并发肺部感染及满意度情况进行比较。结果对照组发生合并肺部感染3例（10％）;实验组合并发生肺部感染1例（3·33％）,对照组合并肺部感染发生率高于实验组;对照组护理满意度100％;实验组护理满意、一般及不满意分别为25例、5例和0例,差异有统计学意义（P均＜0·05）。结论强化型护理可有效降低重型颅脑损伤患者并发肺部感染的发生率,有效预防控制肺部感染的发生,对提高患者生存几率有积极的作用,患者护理满意度也较高。     

急性重型颅脑损伤后全身炎症反应综合征的临床研究

目的探讨急性重型颅脑损伤全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)发生的临床意义。方法74例急性重型颅脑损伤患者,根据诊断标准,其中43例伤后并发SIRS,分析SIRS发生的相关因素以及其与病情轻重、预后的关系。结果急性颅脑损伤后SIRS的发生与脑挫裂伤、颅内高压、蛛网膜下腔出血或血肿破入脑室、高血糖以及开颅手术显著相关;与性别、年龄无关;存在SIRS的急性颅脑损伤患者的死亡率及多脏器功能障碍率较对照组明显升高。结论急性重型颅脑损伤常合并全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS),系多种因素诱导的一种病理过程,对损伤的脑组织和脑外器官的功能恢复有重要影响。发生SIRS提示脑组织广泛损害,临床症状重,预后较差。     

小脑顶核电刺激合并高压氧治疗颅脑损伤

目的探讨小脑顶核电刺激合并高压氧治疗颅脑损伤恢复期患者的疗效。方法将颅脑损伤患者随机分为治疗组42例和对照组40例。治疗组接受小脑顶核电刺激并用高压氧治疗，对照组接受高压氧治疗，分别在治疗前后采用日常生活活动能力评分量表（ADL）进行功能评定，根据临床四级疗效标准进行疗效评定。结果治疗组治疗后ADL评分较前明显提高（P〈0．01），且与对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），治疗组总有效率80．95％明显高于对照组的52．22％（P＜0．05）。结论小脑顶核电刺激合并高压氧能有效提高高压氧对颅脑损伤恢复期患者的疗效。     

高原地区颅脑损伤后凝血功能异常的临床分析

目的总结高原地区颅脑损伤后凝血功能障碍的临床特征及诊治经验。方法2002年6月至2012年6月共收治高原地区颅脑损伤后凝血功能障碍患者62例,监测血清D-二聚体、纤维蛋白降解产物（FDP）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血酶时间（APTT）、血小板计数（BPC）。对于凝血指标异常、处于高凝状态（血清D-二聚体〉0．5μg／ml、FDP〉8mg／L）患者在10d后给予干预治疗（低分子肝素钠2500U,皮下注射,12h1次）,深静脉血栓形成应用尿激酶干预（20万单位,静脉滴注,每天一次）。结果本组62例患者存活52例,均预后良好;死亡lO例,其中弥散眭血管内凝血2例,阳延长2例,持续高凝状态不能纠正6例。结论高原地区颅脑损伤后高凝状态发生率高,加剧再次颅脑损伤;一旦发生死亡率很高,早期对高凝状态的干预治疗可降低患者死亡率。     

早期进食对颅脑损伤后应激性胃粘膜损伤的防治效果观察

目的观察早期（72h内）进食对颅脑损伤后应激性胃粘膜损伤（SGML）的预防效果。方法62例中、重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为两组。观察组28例，伤后72h内进全流质饮食；对照组34例，常规禁食。结果观察组发生SGML5例（17．9％），对照组16例（47．1％），两组比较差异显著（P〈0．05）。结论本结果提示早期进流质饮食对颅脑损伤后SGML有防治作用。     

颅脑损伤合并颈椎损伤的诊治体会

目的探讨颅脑损伤合并颈椎损伤的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析12例的颅脑损伤合并颈椎损伤的诊疗经过。结果12例的颅脑损伤合并颈椎损伤无1例漏诊。其中，颅脑损伤合并单纯性颈椎损伤7例，GOSⅤ级6例，GOSⅢ级1例；颅脑损伤合并颈髓损伤5例，GOSⅤ级1例，GOSⅢ级2例，GOSⅠ级2例（死于肺部感染）。结论对颅脑损伤患者进行细致地神经系统检查和颈椎CT检查有助于发现是否合并颈椎损伤。颅脑损伤合并单纯性颈椎损伤，预后取决于颅脑伤情，颅脑损伤合并有颈髓损伤预后则较差。     

The usefulness of quantitative EEG (QEEG) and neurotherapy in the assessment and treatment of post-concussion syndrome.

Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with damage to frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. Post-concussion syndrome has been used to describe a range of residual symptoms that persist 12 months or more after the injury, often despite a lack of evidence of brain abnormalities on MRI and CT scans. The core deficits of post-concussion syndrome are similar to those of ADHD and mood disorders, and sufferers often report memory, socialization problems and frequent headaches. While cognitive rehabilitation and psychological support are widely used, neither has been shown to be effective in redressing the core deficits of post-concussion syndrome. On the other hand, quantitative EEG has been shown to be highly sensitive (96%) in identifying post-concussion syndrome, and neurotherapy has been shown in a number of studies to be effective in significantly improving or redressing the symptoms of post-concussion syndrome, as well as improving similar symptoms in non-TBI patients.     

Regulatory and autoregulatory physiological dysfunction as a primary characteristic of post concussion syndrome: implications for treatment

Although most patients with concussion recover within days to weeks, a small but significant minority develop persistent signs and symptoms of post-concussion syndrome (PCS). The standard treatments of PCS, rest and cognitive adaptation, have limited effectiveness. PCS patients are advised not to exercise because of the concern for symptom exacerbation. Prolonged rest, however, leads to deconditioning (especially in athletes) and may cause secondary effects including depressive symptoms. Concussion is associated with metabolic and physiological changes in the brain and in other organ systems (for example, autonomic function of the heart and altered cerebral autoregulation, sleep, and circadian rhythms). We propose that PCS results from ongoing central and systemic physiologic regulatory dysfunction after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and we further propose that this physiologic dysfunction may be reduced or alleviated by individualized controlled sub-symptom threshold aerobic exercise rehabilitation.     

Quantification of post-concussion symptoms 3 months after minor head injury in 100 consecutive patients

Post-concussion symptoms (PCS) (such as headaches, irritability, anxiety, dizziness, fatigue and impaired concentration) are frequently experienced by patients who have sustained a minor head injury (MHI). The post-concussion syndrome has been defined as a clinical state where 3 or more symptoms persist for more than 3 months. This report focuses on the quantification of PCS according to the Rivermead Postconcussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ). We studied 100 consecutive patients with MHI and normal computed tomography of the brain. At 3 months after injury, 62% reported the presence of one or more symptoms, and 40% fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for post-concussion syndrome. Patients with post-concussion syndrome had significantly (P < 0.001) higher RPQ scores (mean 19.1, SD 11.9) than those without (mean 1.2, SD 1.8). Patients on sick leave owing to the injury reported significantly (P = 0.05) higher RPQ scores (mean 10.3, SD 13.2) than those not on sick leave (mean 5.5, SD 8.6). We observed no association between age, gender, cause of injury, severity of injury, duration of amnesia and RPQ score. RPQ score provides useful information about the severity of PCS regardless of whether the diagnostic criteria for the post-concussion syndrome are met or not. Received: 14 November 1997 Received in revised form: 18 February 1998 Accepted: 16 March 1998     

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis

Compelling evidence suggests the advantage of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in traumatic brain injury. The present meta-analysis evaluated the outcomes of HBOT in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Prospective studies comparing hyperbaric oxygen therapy vs. control in patients with mild (GCS 13–15) to severe (GCS 3–8) TBI were hand-searched from medical databases using the terms “hyperbaric oxygen therapy, traumatic brain injury, and post-concussion syndrome”. Glasgow coma scale (GCS) was the primary outcome, while Glasgow outcome score (GOS), overall mortality, and changes in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) score, constituted the secondary outcomes. The results of eight studies (average age of patients, 23–41 years) reveal a higher post-treatment GCS score in the HBOT group (pooled difference in means = 3.13, 95 % CI 2.34–3.92, P < 0.001), in addition to greater improvement in GOS and lower mortality, as compared to the control group. However, no significant change in the PTSD score was observed. Patients undergoing hyperbaric therapy achieved significant improvement in the GCS and GOS with a lower overall mortality, suggesting its utility as a standard intensive care regimen in traumatic brain injury.     

A controlled historical cohort study on the post-concussion syndrome

In Lithuania, expectation of chronic symptoms after minor head injury is less than in western countries and possibilities for monetary compensation are minimal. Therefore, an opportunity exists to study the post-concussion syndrome (PCS) without several confounding factors present in western societies. We sent questionnaires about symptoms attributed to PCS to 200 subjects who had a concussion with loss of consciousness between 35 and 22 months before the study. For each study subject, a sex- and age-matched control person with minor non-head injury was identified. These controls received similar questionnaires. All the responding post-concussion patients stated that they had had acute headache after the trauma but this headache had disappeared in 96% of cases within 1 month. Headache and dizziness at the time of the questioning were not significantly more prevalent in the patients with concussion than in the controls, and there was no significant difference concerning subjective cognitive dysfunction. Scores of visual analogue scales of symptoms attributed to PCS showed no significant differences except for depression, alcohol intolerance and worry about brain injury, which were more frequent in the concussion group. No specific effect of the head injury was detected when various definitions and different constellations of core symptoms of PCS were used. These findings question the validity of the PCS as a useful clinical entity.     

A review of the neuro- and systemic inflammatory responses in post concussion symptoms: Introduction of the “post-inflammatory brain syndrome” PIBS

Post-concussion syndrome is an aggregate of symptoms that commonly present together after head injury. These symptoms, depending on definition, include headaches, dizziness, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cognitive impairment. However, these symptoms are common, occurring frequently in non-head injured controls, leading some to question the existence of post-concussion syndrome as a unique syndrome. Therefore, some have attempted to explain post-concussion symptoms as post-traumatic stress disorder, as they share many similar symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder does not require head injury. This explanation falls short as patients with post-concussion syndrome do not necessarily experience many key symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Therefore, other explanations must be sought to explain the prevalence of post-concussion like symptoms in non-head injury patients. Many of the situations in which post-concussion syndrome like symptoms may be experienced such as infection and post-surgery are associated with systemic inflammatory responses, and even neuroinflammation. Post-concussion syndrome itself has a significant neuroinflammatory component. In this review we examine the evidence of neuroinflammation in post-concussion syndrome and the potential role systemic inflammation plays in post-concussion syndrome like symptoms. We conclude that given the overlap between these conditions and the role of inflammation in their etiologies, a new term, post-inflammatory brain syndromes (PIBS), is necessary to describe the common outcomes of many different inflammatory insults. The concept of post-concussion syndrome is in its evolution therefore, the new term post-inflammatory brain syndromes provides a better understanding of etiology of its wide-array of symptoms and the wide array of conditions they can be seen in.     

Contributions of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to sport concussion evaluation

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in contact sport is a problem of such magnitude that improved approaches to diagnosis, investigation and management are urgent. Concussion has traditionally been described as a transient, fully reversible, cerebral dysfunction. However, this seemingly 'mild' injury sometimes results in long-lasting and disabling post-concussion symptoms (PCS) and abnormal neuropsychological profiles characteristic of frontal and/or temporal lobe dysfunction. At present, the pathological changes following concussion remain unclear, but it is now widely accepted that concussion results mainly in functional disturbance rather than structural damage. Therefore, functional imaging techniques can help in demonstrating brain abnormalities undetectable by structural imaging methods. This paper will review the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in studies of concussion. Our existing and ongoing fMRI studies will be described as examples to highlight the potential and contribution of this non-invasive functional neuroimaging technique in the assessment of sports-related concussion and its management.     

Neurobehavioral disability following traumatic brain injury: 7 cases that exhibited neuropsychological impairments and neuropsychiatric syndromes]

The term "higher brain dysfunction" is used to describe neurobehavioral disability or neuropsychological impairment in Japan. Patients with sphenoidal injury and diffuse axonal injury after traumatic brain injury manifest clinical and neuropsychological symptoms. Following closed head injury, patients exhibit a variety of symptoms. In this paper, the author describes neuropsychological dysfunctions/courses and neuropsychiatric syndromes in 7 representative cases who were characterized by : (1) attention deficit, (2) memory dysfunction, (3-a) perseveration, (3-b) dysexecutive syndrome, (4) disorders of drive and motivation, (5) emotional deficits, and (6) lack of ability to recognize the effects of his/her behavior. There are wide varieties of difficulties in assessment, treatment, and rehabilitation for cognitive impairment and behavioral disability after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychiatrists are expected to participate in this field in Japan.     

Quality of life and post-concussion symptoms in adults after mild traumatic brain injury: a population-based study in western Sweden

Objectives – To study quality of life and subjective post-concussion symptoms in adults (16–60 years) with a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) 3 months and 1 year after injury.
Methods – Of a total of 489 patients 173 responded to questionnaires at 3 months and at 1 year, including the SF-36 health-related quality of life survey, which is a standardized measure validated for Swedish conditions. Post-concussion symptoms were rated as either existing or non-existing in a 21-item checklist [a modified version of Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS)].
Results – SF-36 showed impaired scores in all dimensions. Existing post-concussion symptoms were reported by 15–45%. Significantly, more symptoms were present at 3 months than at 3 weeks after injury. Furthermore, a significant correlation between higher rates of post-concussion symptoms and lower SF-36 scores was found.
Conclusions – The SF-36 results were significantly impaired compared with an age- and gender-matched normative control group and the rate of post-concussion symptoms was significantly higher at 3 months than at 3 weeks after injury. As a significant correlation between higher rates of symptoms and lowSF-36 scores was also found we assume SF-36 to be a sensitive enough measure of MTBI-related effects.