游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复头颈部缺损的初步研究

目的 探讨游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣在头颈部缺损修复中的应用.方法 2010年4月至2011年1月16例患者头颈部肿瘤切除后拟用游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复组织缺损,术前采用超声多普勒血流仪或彩色多普勒超声检测穿支血管,设计皮瓣,术中记录皮瓣大小、穿支血管的数目和血管蒂长度,术后观察游离瓣成活情况,随访记录供区愈合情况及评价术后并发症.结果 最终完成游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复16例,15例皮瓣术后成活,1例术后因静脉危象手术探查后皮瓣部分存活.供区15例直接缝合,1例植皮.15例供区Ⅰ期愈合,1例因术后供区肌肉坏死行清创手术后愈合.14例术后随访3～ 12个月,所有患者供区除因瘢痕致远端皮肤触觉异常外,远期无明显功能障碍.结论 游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣供区并发症轻微,适用头颈部中小型缺损修复.     

腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣的应用解剖及临床研究

目的: 通过对腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣的解剖学研究,探讨制备腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣的合理性及稳定性;并对临床上应用腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复的患者的供区及受区术后恢复情况等进行随访,评价其在口腔颌面部缺损修复重建中的应用价值。方法: 选取 6 例中国成人下肢标本,解剖并记录腓肠内侧动脉穿支的数目、分布、部分层面血管外径及各段血管长度;同时对16 例口腔鳞癌术后缺损患者采用腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣进行修复重建,皮瓣面积 3 cm×4 cm~6 cm×8 cm。术后随访12 个月,观察皮瓣存活情况,受区臃肿度,供区功能恢复,术后吞咽及语言功能情况。结果: 6 例下肢标本共测量记录到腓肠内侧动脉穿支14 条,平均 2.3 条。小腿腓肠内侧动脉穿支平均距腘皱褶下缘（9.15±4.05）cm, 距后正中线（2.82±0.91）cm,源动脉起始处外径平均为（2.11±0.17）mm。血管蒂总长度平均为（12.61±3.15）cm;16 例腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣,2 例发生血管危象并部分坏死,2 例失访（术后随访 10~47 个月,平均 24 个月）。2例皮瓣移植发生血管危象伴部分坏死病例未纳入随访。腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣存活率较高,供区影响小,组织量适中,受区外形不臃肿,质地、弹性良好,吞咽、语言功能均无明显影响。结论: 腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣穿支数目及分布稳定,血管蒂长度及管径完全满足游离皮瓣移植要求,供区影响小,组织量适中,皮瓣受区不臃肿。结合其解剖稳定性,是口腔颌面部软组织中小型缺损修复重建的理想选择。     

CT血管造影在腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣血管定位中的应用

目的 探讨运用CT血管造影（CTA）技术定位腓肠内侧动脉穿支的精确性,基于CTA定位下了解腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣的解剖学特征。方法 选取9例舌癌患者,术前利用CTA技术对腓肠内侧动脉穿支进行定位,术中测量腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣的相关解剖数据,测量穿支数量、皮肤穿出点位置、血管蒂长度及皮瓣厚度,运用SPSS 20.0软件包进行配对t检验,与术前CTA测量结果进行比较。结果 腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣血管蒂长,管径与颈部血管匹配,对供区损伤小,CTA定位的血管蒂长度、皮瓣厚度以及血管穿支到坐标原点的距离与术中测量数据进行对比,均无显著差异;术前CTA定位测量准确。结论 术前运用CTA可精确定位穿支位置,利于皮瓣制备,减少手术风险和并发症。     

腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣在全舌癌缺损修复中的应用效果评价

目的: 评价游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣（deep inferior epigastric perforator,DIEP）用于舌癌术后全舌缺损修复的效果。方法: 2018年1月—2018年7月应用游离DIEP修复13例舌癌患者,手术缺损部位均为全舌或近全舌缺损。术中将腹壁下动脉与甲状腺上动脉或面动脉吻合,伴行静脉与颈外静脉或颈内静脉属支吻合。结果: l3例DIEP皮瓣均修复成功,皮瓣外观满意。术后随访舌形态良好,功能满意。供区直接闭合,其中1例患者皮瓣供区出现感染,经换药后愈合。所有腹部伤口均为线性瘢痕,腹直肌功能未受明显影响,未发现腹壁疝和腹壁隆起等手术并发症。结论: 腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣组织量丰富、血供可靠、质地柔软,再造舌外形及功能良好,且供区保留了腹直肌和前鞘,损伤小,将供区并发症降到最低限度,是舌癌术后全舌缺损修复新的可靠技术。     

股前内侧穿支皮瓣:一个理想的股前外侧皮瓣补救皮瓣

目的:寻找一个在股前外侧区无合适穿支血管时供区损伤最小的可靠补救皮瓣。方法:2007年12月—2011年2月64例股前外侧穿支皮瓣中,2例无合适穿支血管,采用同侧股前内侧穿支皮瓣和嵌合皮瓣进行舌、口底癌术后缺损的修复重建,1例为穿支皮瓣,大小为7cm×4cm,另1例为穿支皮瓣嵌合股直肌岛,大小为14cm×6cm。血管蒂均为旋股外侧动脉降支内侧支,血管蒂长10～12cm。结果:皮瓣均成活,随访0.5～12个月,舌体外形丰满,语言及吞咽功能恢复满意。供区拉拢缝合,瘢痕隐蔽,下肢无功能障碍。结论:如股前外侧区无合适穿支血管,股前内侧穿支皮瓣是一个损伤较小、可靠的补救皮瓣。     

股前外侧穿支嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面肿瘤术后缺损

目的探讨游离股前外侧穿支嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤术后软组织复杂缺损的效果。方法选择2011年1月至2014年7月以游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤术后缺损患者39例。术前以彩色多普勒探测并标记供区血管,结合术中探查设计并制备嵌合皮瓣,并以此嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损,术后观察口腔颌面部及供区形态和功能。结果 39例游离股前外侧穿支嵌合皮瓣全部成活,其中3例术后24 h内出现血管危象,经处理后皮瓣逐渐恢复正常。随访1~4年,口腔颌面部及供区形态及功能良好,6例患者术后3年内复发、死亡,其余患者均无复发。结论游离股前外侧穿支嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面肿瘤术后软组织复杂缺损效果良好,值得临床推广应用。     

游离腹壁下深动脉穿支皮辦修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损

目的:探索供区功能损伤更小的腹壁下深动脉穿支(DIEAP)皮瓣,用于头颈部肿瘤术后缺损修复。方法:2004年1月～2006年12月,应用DIEAP皮瓣修复头颈部手术缺损患者共12例。手术缺损部位分别为全舌或近全舌缺损6例,面中部缺损3例,颊黏膜洞穿缺损2例,颅底合并头皮缺损1例。结果:11例DIEAP皮瓣修复成功(92%),1例因吻合侧的颈内静脉血栓形成导致皮瓣坏死。供区一期愈合,未发现腹壁疝和腹壁隆起等手术并发症。结论:游离DIEAP皮瓣保留了腹直肌和前鞘,将供区并发症降到最低限度,是头颈部缺损修复新的可靠技术。     

舌癌根治性切除行前臂游离皮瓣修复重建的功能评价

目的 :对舌癌患者行舌颈联合根治术,同期行前臂游离皮瓣移植舌再造后,中远期的语音、咀嚼、吞咽等功能恢复情况的观察和初步评价。方法:对我院2008—2013年间,175例行舌(颌)颈联合根治术,同期应用血管化前臂游离皮瓣即时修复舌缺损的患者,按手术切除范围的不同分为3组(I组手术切除≤半舌,II组手术切除舌根或部分舌根,III组手术切除半舌及同侧口底),分别进行2年以上时间的随访。通过语言清晰度测定、咀嚼效率测定、舌运动范围的测量、吞咽造影剂透视显示吞咽模式,对患者修复后的舌形态、运动功能、语言功能、咀嚼功能、吞咽功能等进行评价。结果:本组175例患者语音清晰度良好,但因舌缺损范围的不同,语音清晰度有一定的差别,舌体活动范围III组较其他2组受限明显,而咀嚼效率无明显差异,吞咽功能异常主要表现在启动障碍和造影剂滞留/残留。结论:本研究结果显示前臂皮瓣修复舌缺损,尤其对≤半舌或伴有部分口底缺损的修复,能够获得良好的功能恢复,值得临床继续使用。     

游离皮瓣修复舌癌术后缺损联合语音训练的语音功能评价

目的探讨舌癌术后缺损经游离皮瓣同期修复并结合语音训练后的语音功能恢复情况。方法舌癌患者15例,其中男8例,女7例,平均年龄54岁,T2期13例,T3期2例。均行舌癌扩大切除及患侧颈淋巴清扫术,根据舌体缺损大小制备游离前臂皮瓣或股前外侧皮瓣,完成舌体缺损重建,术后1个月行语音训练,术后6个月后行语音清晰度检查,分析患者术后语音功能恢复情况。结果15例患者皮瓣均完全成活,均获得创口一期愈合。重建后的舌均具有良好的活动度,15例患者的语音清晰度为90％—100％,平均语音清晰度为94.5％。结论游离皮瓣同期修复舌癌术后缺损结合术后语音训练,能够较好地恢复患者的语音功能。     

腹壁浅动脉穿支皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损3例报道

目的: 评价腹壁浅动脉（superficial inferior epigastric artery,SIEA）穿支皮瓣在口腔颌面部肿瘤术后软组织缺损修复重建中的应用价值。方法 选择临床诊断为舌癌、颊癌、口底癌的患者各1例,术前应用彩色多普勒超声和（或）计算机体层扫描血管造影对双侧下腹部血管条件进行评估,明确腹壁浅动、静脉的起始管径和走行,并完成体表定位。根据病灶部位和缺损大小、形态,设计血管蒂的长度和皮瓣的大小、位置。术中解剖血管蒂,制备皮瓣,转移至受区,完成缺损修复。评价患者的受区重建效果及供区并发症发生情况。术后随访12~14个月。结果 3例患者的腹壁浅动、静脉血管条件良好。根据术区缺损大小,制取的SIEA穿支皮瓣分别为9 cm×6 cm、8 cm×5 cm、10 cm×6 cm,血管蒂长度8~10 cm,血管蒂动脉管径0.7~1.0 mm,静脉管径1.8~2.0 mm,血管分别与受区的甲状腺上动脉、面总静脉吻合。术后皮瓣成活,受区软组织缺损修复效果良好,下腹部供区无并发症。结论 SIEA穿支皮瓣的血管蒂位置比较表浅,可通过影像学检查进行体表定位,降低了皮瓣制备的难度;同时,皮瓣制备过程中不损伤腹直肌鞘及腹部肌肉,术后供区并发症少,且瘢痕隐蔽。SIEA穿支皮瓣可望成为口腔颌面部软组织缺损修复重建较好的临床选择。     

Medial sural artery perforator flap aided by preoperative computed tomography angiography mapping for tongue reconstruction

The purpose of this paper is to present an innovative method for tongue reconstruction after cancer ablation using the medial sural artery perforator flap with the aid of preoperative computed tomography angiography (CTA) mapping. We describe the case of one patient treated with this technique and illustrate the anatomy of perforator vessels and the surgical techniques used in flap harvest. CTA was applied preoperatively to assess the number and location of medial sural artery perforators. The result obtained was both aesthetically and functionally satisfactory. The flap presented has the advantage of less donor site morbidity, and being thin, it is a suitable option for tongue reconstruction including that of a hemiglossectomy defect. CTA is an effective means of improving the safety of flap harvest.     

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??Objective    To study the anatomic features of medial sural artery perforator flap and provide anatomic evidence for its clinical application. Methods    Totally 10 lower limbs preserved in formaldehyde from cadavers of adults were used to observe the anatomy of medial and lateral sural artery. Between April of 2010 and April of 2011?? 14 clinical cases were reconstructed by using medial sural artery perforator flap??perforator data were collected. Results    In all 10 specimens the mean number??median  of total perforators was 2.5??ranging 1 to 6??. All perforators were in an area between 5.0 cm and 19.0 cm from the popliteal crease and between 1.0 cm and 6.0 cm from the midline of the gastrocnemius muscles. In clinical study?? the mean number??median of total perforators was 2.0??ranging 0 to 4??. All perforators were in an area between 5.0 cm and 19.0 cm from the popliteal crease and between 0 cm and 5.8 cm from the midline of the gastrocnemius muscles. Most perforators entered the medial gastrocnemius muscle at a relative distance of one-fifth to one-third of the lower leg length measured from the popliteal crease. Conclusion    The medial sural artery perforator flap provides a constant anatomy with a long pedicle. It is a good alternative for oral and maxillofacial reconstruction of defects.     

股前外侧穿支皮瓣的应用解剖研究及临床应用

目的 ：通过对股前外侧穿支皮瓣的解剖学研究,探讨制备股前外侧穿支皮瓣的合理性及稳定性;并对临床上应用股前外侧穿支皮瓣的供区及受区的术后恢复情况等进行随访,评价其在口腔颌面部缺损修复重建中的应用价值。方法 ：选取6例中国成人下肢标本,解剖并记录股前外侧穿支的数目、分布、部分层面血管外径及各段血管长度;并选择9例采用股前外侧穿支皮瓣移植修复口腔颌面部缺损的病例,皮瓣面积5 cm×6 cm～6 cm×12 cm。术后随访观测皮瓣存活情况,评价受区臃肿度及供区功能恢复、术后吞咽及语言功能情况。结果 ：6例下肢标本共测量记录到股前外侧穿支21支,平均3.5支。大腿股前外侧穿支主要出现在髂前上棘至髌骨外侧缘连线中点外1 cm以下约2 cm为圆心、半径约6 cm的圆内,源动脉起始部外径平均为（2.99±0.48）mm,血管蒂总长度平均为（15.83±3.52）cm;9例股前外侧穿支皮瓣,1例发生部分组织坏死, 1例病例失访,术后随访10～47个月（平均24个月）。股前外侧穿支皮瓣存活率较高,供区并发症少,受区皮瓣臃肿程度低,吞咽功能恢复良好。结论 ：股前外侧穿支皮瓣穿支分布稳定,血管蒂较长,穿支的管径完全满足游离皮瓣的要求,临床应用中供区并发症少,受区不臃肿,组织量适中,结合其解剖稳定性,可满足临床修复口腔颌面部组织缺损的需要。     

Perforator Peroneal Artery Flap for Tongue Reconstruction

Introduction

Reconstruction has evolved long way from primary closure to flaps. As time evolved, better understanding of vascularity of flap has led to the development of innovative reconstructive techniques. These flaps can be raised from various parts of the body for reconstruction and have shown least donor site morbidity. We use one such peroneal artery perforator flap for tongue reconstruction with advantage of thin pliable flap, minimal donor site morbidity and hidden scar.

Materials and Methods

Our patient 57yrs old lady underwent wide local excision with selective neck dissection. Perforators are marked about 10 and 15 cm inferiorly from the fibular head using hand held Doppler. Leg is positioned in such a way to give better exposure during dissection of the flap and flap is harvested under a tourniquet with pressure kept 350 mm Hg. The perforator is kept at the eccentric location, so as to gain length of the pedicle. Skin incison is placed over the peroneal muscle and deepened unto the deep facia, then the dissection is continued over the muscle and the perforator arising from the lateral septum. The proximal perforator about 10 cm from the fibular head is a constant perforator and bigger one, which is traced up to the peroneal vessel. We could get a 6 cm of pedicle length. Finally the flap is islanded on this perforator and the pedicle is ligated and flap harvested. Anastamosis was done to the ipsilateral side to facial vessels. The donor site is closed primarily and in the upper half one can harvest 5 cm width flap without requiring a skin graft along with a length of 8 to 12 cm.

Discussion

Various local and free flap has been used for reconstruction of partial tongue defects with its obvious donor site problems, like less pliable skin and not so adequate tissue from local flaps and sacrificing a important artery as in radial forearm flap serves as the work horse in reconstruction of partial tongue defects, Concept of super microsurgery was popularized by Japanese in 1980s and the concept of angiosome proposed by Taylor paved the way for development of new flaps. True perforator flaps are those where the source vessel is left undisturbed and overlying skin flap is raised. Yoshimura proposed cutaneous flap could be raised from peroneal artery (Br J Plast Surg 42:715–718, 1989). Wolff et al. (Plast Reconstr Surg 113:107–113, 2004) first used perforator based peroneal artery flap for oral reconstruction. Location of perforators vary, hence pre operative localisation can be done by ultrasound doppler, CT angio or MR angiography. Disadvantages over radial flap include varying anatomic location of perforators, need for imaging and difficult dissection of delicate vessels through muscles and hence a learning curve. Our patient had an arterial thrombus within few hours post-operatively which was successfully salvaged with immediate re-exploration and re-anastomosis of artery. Post-operative healing was uneventful and donor site was closed primarily without the need for graft.

Conclusions

Perforator peroneal flap serves as a useful armamentarium for reconstruction of moderate size defects of tongue, buccal mucosa and floor of mouth with advantages of thin pliable flap, minimal donor site morbidity and hidden scar.

     

小腿内侧皮瓣在口腔颌面部术后缺损修复中的应用

目的：评价小腿内侧皮瓣在口腔颌面软组织缺损修复中的价值。方法：对2例累及舌腹部及下颌舌侧骨板的口底鳞癌．行原发灶根治术及保留颏部下缘的颏部截除术：4例舌癌均行原发灶根治术．术中保留下颌舌侧牙龈，未行下颌骨骨段切除术：2例颊部鳞癌患者行保留下颌骨下缘的原发灶根治术；8例患者均行颈淋巴清扫术．术中解剖出面动脉、颈外静脉和颈前静脉，再根据口腔缺损的范围制备相应大小及形状的皮瓣，皮瓣以胫后动、静脉为蒂。将皮瓣的胫后动脉与面动脉吻合，将皮瓣的胫后静脉与颈外静脉（或颈前静脉）吻合．然后将皮瓣与缺损区边缘严密缝合。结果：8例小腿内侧皮瓣均获得成功，口内、外伤口愈合良好，修复效果良好，覆盖于小腿内侧皮肤缺损区的皮片全部成活。结论：小腿内侧皮瓣适用于舌、口底、颊部及面颈部软组织缺损的修复。口腔颌面部肿瘤术后软组织缺损．可利用携带部分比目鱼肌的小腿内侧皮瓣进行修复。     

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??Free flaps play key roles in reconstruction of oral soft tissue defects. Nowadays??reconstruction pays more attention to precision??function and less donor sites compromise. Upon employment of perforator flaps in recent years??more choices and less trauma to donor sites became possible. While forearm flap used to be workhorse in oral defects reconstruction??there were some drawbacks for the flap. The ALT flap has some advantages compared with forearm flap except for its bulkiness. The peroneal artery perforator flap owns the benefit of both forearm and ALT flaps in reconstruction of oral tongue??floor of mouth and buccal defects. We summarize the features of perforator flap in this article??it is a good alternative to forearm and ALT flaps in oral defects reconstruction.     

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??The lateral femoral circumflex artery system perforator flaps include anterolateral thigh perforator flap supplied by the lateral descending branch and oblique branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery??anteromedial thigh perforator flap supplied by the medial descending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery??and tensor fascia lata perforator flap by the ascending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery. The advantages of these flaps include the low donor site morbidity?? the convenient donor site??the good vascular quality??the large soft tissue volume??the ability to be harvested as a chimeric flap with multiple various tissue components??and being far from the head and neck region which is fit for two-team approach. The lateral femoral circumflex artery system perforator flaps can be flexibly chosen according to the different defects??so as to obtain the best effect in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction.