单侧苍白球毁损术治疗不同类型帕金森病的疗效分析

目的 评价单侧苍白球腹后部毁损术对两种不同类型的帕金森病的近期和远期疗效。方法 应用微电极导向技术对46例帕金森病患者实施了单侧苍白球腹后部毁损术，其中震颤型20例和僵直迟缓型26例。采用“关状态”UPDRS Ⅲ评分对术后1月和术后1年的患者进行疗效评价并分析结果。结果 单侧苍白球腹后部毁损术对两组患者运动症状的近期改善率平均为59％和56％．经一年随访分别下降为54％和17％。结论 单侧苍白球腹后部毁损术稳定地改善震颤型帕金森病．而对僵直迟缓型帕金森病的疗效不稳定，远期疗效较差。     

微电极导向选择性PVP核和(或)Vim核毁损术治疗帕金森病

目的：观察应用微电极导向立体定向术对不同靶点进行毁损治疗帕金森病临床疗效。方法：６３例帕金森病患者,进行微电极导向苍白球腹后部（ＰＶＰ核）和（或）丘脑（Ｖｉｍ核）毁损术,分析其术后临床症状的改善情况。结果：不同症状的改善率分别为：僵直９４．５％、震颤９２％、运动迟缓８６．５％、步态７２．７％、平衡６８．８％、关状态７７．９％。术后Ｍｏｔｏｒ ＵＰＤＲＳ积分“关”状态下降６３．４％,“开”状态下降５     

微电极导向同期双侧腹后苍白球 毁损术治疗帕金森病

目的介绍微电极导向同期双侧腹后苍白球毁损术治疗帕金森病的方法与效果。方法应用微电极电生理记录技术术对毁损靶点进行确认定位,对３１例难治性帕金森病患者行同期双侧腹后内侧苍白球毁损治疗,术前及术后于开状态、关状态分别行改良Ｗｅｂｓｔｅｒ记分,计算改善率,评价其疗效。结果经微电极确认后的电生理靶点与ＣＴ定位靶点存在明显差异,靶点调整率８０６％。３１例手术均有效,其中治愈７例,明显进步２４例。Ｗｅｂｓｔｅｒ计分术后１周开状态改善率为７４２％±９５％,关状态改善率为８９１％±８９％。无永久性并发症。结论微电极导向同期双侧腹后苍白球毁损术安全、有效,具有明显临床治疗优势,微电极记录技术可使术中定位精确度大大提高。     

立体定向微电极导向苍白球毁损术治疗帕金森病的实验研究

目的 探讨微电极导向在帕金森病苍白球毁损术中的应用价值。方法 制作大白鼠帕金森病模型。随机分组，评估治疗效果。结果 28只成功的帕金森病模型，微电极导向毁损组10只，右侧苍白球自制针炙针直接毁损组10只，观察组8只。统计学处理显示：直接毁损组与微电极导向毁损组的治疗效果与对照组差别有统计学意义（P＝0．034），两治疗组差别亦有统计学意义（P＝0．014）。结论 采用微电极导向大白鼠帕金森病旋转模型苍白球毁损术定位准确，毁损确切，效果优于直接毁损苍白球术。     

微电极记录技术在治疗帕金森病手术中应用价值

目的总结微电极导向立体定向手术治疗帕金森病的治疗效果.方法采用微电极向立体定向手术治疗帕金森病380例,采用坐标和图像直接定位相结合.行苍白球腹后部毁损术(PVP)305例,丘脑腹中间核(Vim)毁损术34例,行同期同侧PVP和Vim毁损术16例,行同期双侧PVP11例,分期双侧PVP11例,分期单侧PVP或Vim毁损术3例,术前、术后的关状态和开状态进行生活能力评分、UPDRS评分.结果术后日常生活能力评分“关”状态提高29.8%,“开”状态提高25.9%.UPDRS总的改善率为57.3%,其中精神行为情绪改善率为50.8%,日常活动改善率59.1%,运动功能改善率58.2%;并发症颅内出血5例,全组无死亡.本组有220例术后随访4～18个月,其中显效130例(59%),改善75例(34%),无效15例(7%).结论用微电极记录可准确定位,了解周围结构,以提高疗效,减少并发症.在临床应用中观察到毁损灶偏向苍白球内侧对僵硬和运动障碍改善明显,而偏向苍白球外侧对震颤改善明显.PVP毁损对异动症、“开一关”症状及肌张力增高效果最好;对肌肉酸痛、震颤、步态、姿势、语言其次;对植物神经功能障碍无明显疗效.PVP对药物治疗反应较好的患者手术效果也较理想,Vim毁损术对药物治疗无效的震颤也有明显效果.     

微电极记录技术在帕金森病手术治疗价值

目的　总结微电极导向立体定向手术治疗帕金森病的临床经验及治疗效果。方法　自 1 999年 4月至 2 0 0 1年 2月采用微电极导向立体定向手术治疗帕金森病 350例 ,其中苍白球腹后部毁损术 (PVP) 2 78例 ,丘脑腹中间核 (Vim)毁损术 35例 ,同期同侧PVP和Vim毁损术 1 5例 ,行同期双侧PVP 1 1例 ,分期双侧PVP 8例 ,分期一侧PVP或另一侧Vim毁损术 3例。对手术前后的“关”状态和“开”状态进行生活能力评分、UPDRS评分 ,并进行门诊随访。结果　术后日常生活能力评分“关”状态提高 2 9.8% ,“开”状态提高 2 5 .9%。UPDRS :在“关”状态下 ,总的改善率为 57.3 % ,其中精神行为情绪改善率为 50 .8% ,日常活动改善率 59.1 % ,运动功能改善率 58.2 %。结论　PVP对震颤效果不如Vim毁损术 ,对震颤明显 ,无明显僵直的患者可选择Vim毁损术 ,对震颤僵直型患者可分期双侧PVP毁损术。     

立体定向脑内核团毁损及深部电刺激术治疗帕金森病54例临床分析

目的探讨立体定向脑内核团毁损术及深部电刺激术（DBS）治疗帕金森病的疗效。方法对长期随访的45例接受立体定向核团毁损术和9例接受脑深部电刺激丘脑底核（STN）治疗的帕金森病患者进行疗效评估和临床分析。结果1例DBS病人术后无效,调整电极后效果满意,射频毁损术及DBS术后短期效果均满意,本组显效47例（87％）,有效7例（13％）,总有效率100％。日常生活能力（ADL）评分：“开”状态下提高38％,“关”状态下提高49％。统一帕金森病评分量表（UPDRS）评分：“开”状态下症状改善率52％,“关”状态下改善率72％。随访结果：射频毁损者复发率为17．8％,DBS者无复发。结论立体定向脑内核团毁损及深部电刺激术治疗帕金森病疗效满意,精确定位是手术成功的关键,微电极记录可提高手术的准确性。DBS具有非破坏性、可双侧同期手术、术后可调节等优点,但价格昂贵。     

微电极记录技术在手术治疗帕金森病中的作用

目的：介绍微电极记录技术在治疗帕金森病中的作用。方法：采用微电极细胞电生理记录技术进行术中靶点监测，对１００例帕金森病患者行苍白球腹后部（９６例）和丘脑腹外侧核（４例）毁损术，患者术前及术后评估采用ＵＰＤＲＳ积分，术中靶点更换率为８７％。结果：手术效果优良，有效率１００％，原有症状术后显著改善率平均达８９．４％，无永久并发症。结论：微电极的应用能显著减少手术并发症的发生，提高手术效果。     

帕金森病外科治疗的适应症及毁损部位的选择

目的介绍微电极导向立体定向毁损手术治疗帕金森病的适应证及毁损部位选择的经验.方法 607例帕金森病患者采用微电极导向立体定向毁损手术治疗,病例选择至少满足三个原则①确诊为原发性帕金森病;②左旋多巴类药物治疗有效;③认知功能良好,术中能良好合作.毁损靶点选择主要按临床症状分型确定.以苍白球腹后内侧部作为常规基础性治疗靶点,术中如震颤症状改善不明显时,加行丘脑腹外侧核毁损.单纯震颤型患者可首先选择丘脑腹外侧核为靶点.结果手术有效率97.3%,术后患者Hoehn和Yahr分级及UPDRS评分及“药物所致运动障碍”均有显著改善.术后1周“开”状态改善率62.3%±10.6%,“关”状态改善率76.1%±8.7%,总并发症的发生率为5.6%,永久性并发症为1.3%.结论微电极技术能显著提高手术定位准确率及成功率.合适的病例选择对于良好的手术疗效是首要的.毁损靶点主要根据临床症状分型确定,以苍白球腹后内侧部作为常规基础性治疗靶点.     

帕金森病的定向手术适应证

目的 确定各类帕金森病的定向手术适应证。方法 回顾分析1478例帕金森病定向手术，对手术后的手术疗效和某些相关并发症进行评估，进而推断各类帕金森病的定向手术适应证。结果 苍白球毁损术对服用左旋多巴类药物有效的震颤患者均有效，服用左旋多巴类药物震颤无效的患者，苍白球毁损术的手术疗效效果很差，单侧丘脑Vim核毁损术对震颤改善极佳，96.9%的患者彻底消失，同期同侧苍白球＋兵脑Vim核毁损术对震颤改善极佳，96.9%的患者彻底消失，同期同侧苍白球＋丘脑Vim核毁损术的患者震颤改善率为96.3%，苍白球毁损术对僵直、运动迟缓的疗效也显示出与左旋多巴服药的反应的规律性，服药效果好的手术效果好，但是，与震颤不同的是，服药无效的也有一定的疗效。启动不能患者，其手术效果都不佳，流涎、吞咽困难发生率在单侧苍折球毁损术患者中较低，乏力发生率较高，分期双侧苍白球毁损术中患者年龄较大的较易发生乏力、流涎、吞咽困难。结论 我们的临床实践认为左旋多巴类药物服药反应是一个非常重要的判定指标，僵直、运动迟缓、药物引起的“开－关”、异动症服药有效的患者，苍白球毁损术的效果较好；震颤则有所不同，凡是左旋多巴不能完全控制的，采用苍白球＋丘脑Vim核毁损术则手术效果非常满意，启动不能患者手术应该极其慎重，手术的帮助不大。我们不主张同期双侧苍白球毁损术，分期双侧苍白球毁损术也要慎重。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.