促肝细胞生长素对肝硬变大鼠部分肝切除后肝再生影响的实验研究

为观察促肝细胞生长素（ｐＨＧＦ）对肝硬变大鼠部分肝切除后肝再生的影响，应用ＩＢＡＳⅡ全自动图像分析仪检测肝硬变大鼠术后肝细胞ＤＮＡ倍体率及肝脏组化染色后各组酶灰度值（ＯＰＴＤＭ）的变化，并通过检测血清谷丙转氨酶（ＳＧＰＴ）及吲哚青绿１５分钟滞留率（ＩＣＧ１５）以了解残肝功能。结果：实验组（Ａ组）３～４倍体肝细胞明显减少，２倍体及多倍体肝细胞明显增多；术后第１天各组酶灰度值无显著差异，第２、５天琥珀酸脱氢酶（ＳＤＨ）和乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）明显增高，而碱性磷酸酶（ＡｋＰ）和酸性磷酸酶（ＡｃＰ）则明显减少；Ａ组术后第５天ＳＧＰＴ和ＩＣＧ１５明显降低。本实验结果提示：ｐＨＧＦ不仅能促使肝硬变大鼠肝切除后残肝的再生，而且能够促进再生肝细胞功能成熟及残肝功能的恢复     

前列腺素E1对犬扩大肝切除时肝缺血损伤的保护作用

目的研究肝切除和肝缺血性损伤时部分门静脉低温灌注及前列腺素Ｅ１（ＰＧＥ１）门静脉灌注的肝脏保护作用。方法１８只杂种犬随机分为三组,对照组在行３０％肝血管阻断同时经阻断肝门静脉行室温林格液灌注,３０分钟后行余肝（７０％）切除。冷灌注组用４℃林格液,其他同对照组。ＰＧＥ１组则在冷灌注组的基础上肝切除后即行ＰＧＥ１经门静脉灌注。测定各组血浆ＡＬＴ、ＬＤＨ、ＴＢＡ、吲哚氰绿排泄试验（ＩＣＧ）及动脉血酮体比（ＡＫＢＲ）,并行组织学观察。结果术后７天冷灌注组存活２只,并用ＰＧＥ１组存活３只,对照组犬均在术后１８小时内死亡。对照组ＡＬＴ、ＬＤＨ及ＴＢＡ进行性上升,ＡＫＢＲ则从２４９下降至０３１,ＫＩＣＧ从００７３／分降至００２３／分;ＰＧＥ１组ＡＬＴ、ＬＤＨ及ＴＢＡ仅轻至中度上升,而ＡＫＢＲ仅降为０６３,ＫＩＣＧ则仅降至００５５／分,与对照组有显著差别,冷灌注组结果则介于两者之间;对照组肝切除４５分时的残肝病理学检查见肝组织严重受损,而ＰＧＥ１组与冷灌注组病变程度较轻。结论犬肝扩大切除及肝缺血损伤时部分门静脉低温灌注尤其经门静脉ＰＧＥ１灌注对肝脏有明显保护作用。     

断流术对门静脉高压症患者肝脏血流动力学及肝功能的影响

目的观察断流术对门静脉高压症肝血流动力学改变及肝功能的影响。方法应用超声多普勒分别检测２５例门静脉高压症患者手术前后门静脉血流量（ＰＶＦ）、肝动脉血流量（ＨＡＦ），采用水柱法测量自由门静脉压力（ＦＰＰ）的变化，应用吲哚氰绿１５分钟潴留率（Ｒ１５ＩＣＧ）分别估测患者手术前后的肝功能。结果ＰＶＦ由术前的（１３２３±３８８）ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ减少至术后的（８９５±２６２）ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ（Ｐ＜００１）；ＨＡＦ由术前的（３７０±７０）ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ增加至术后的（４８５±１２３）ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ（Ｐ＜００１）；ＦＰＰ由术前的（２８±４）ｍｍＨｇ降至术后的（２５±４）ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜００５）；Ｒ１５ＩＣＧ由术前的（１９±７）％变至术后的（２１±７）％（Ｐ＞００５）。结论断流术后门静脉血流量虽然减少，但是肝动脉血流量增加及术后门体分流的减少均利于术后硬变肝脏的功能维护。     

动脉血酮体比率测定对预测肝癌手术风险的临床价值

本文测定３２例原发性肝癌病人术前及术后第１、３、５、７天的动脉血酮体比率（ＡＫＢＲ）、凝血酶原时间（ＰＴ）、谷丙转氨酶（ＳＧＰＴ）和胆红素（ＳＢ）（包括直接胆红素（ＤＳＢ）和总胆红素（ＴＳＢ），并以７例慢性结石性胆囊炎病人作为对照。结果：①术前ＡＫＢＲ≥０．７者，肝脏储备功能佳，能耐受各类肝切除术，术后并发症发生率少；ＡＫＢＲ≤０．４，肝脏储备功能极差，无法耐受任何方式的肝脏手术，死亡率高。②ＡＫ     

肝癌切除围手术期肝脏贮备功能的研究

绝大部分肝细胞性肝癌病人合并肝硬化。常规肝功能检查对估计肝硬化病人肝切除时围手术期肝脏贮备功能存在明显不足。我们通过动物实验和临床观察，研究嘴哚氰绿５分钟潴留率（ＩＣＧＲ１５）、精氮酸清除率（Ａｒｇ－ＣＲ）、利多卡因代谢（ＬＩＤ）、肝实持切除率（ＰＨＲＲ）和动脉血酮体幽会在反映肝功能状态上的实际价值，并根据临床结果进行了综合评定。结果表明上述指标有助于及时地准确了解病人的肝脏功能状态、并提出了术前     

肝部分切除术后门静脉和肝动脉血中PGI2及TXA2的含量变化

为了解前列环素（ＰＧＩ２）、血栓素（ＴＸＡ２）与肝部分切除术（ＰＨ）后肝功能恢复的关系．本文用放射免疫测定法测定了３２例肝部分切除患者肝动脉、门静脉血中ＰＧＩ２及ＴＸＡ２的稳定代谢产物６－ＫｅｔｏＰＧＦ１ａ和ＴＸＢ２的含量．结果表明．肝功能正常情况下ＴＸＡ２／ＰＧＩ２保持一定比值；肝硬化时ＰＧＩ２及ＴＸＡ２出现代谢障碍，平衡趋向于ＰＧＩ２占优势．ＰＨ后．此状况更明显．从而提示：（１）ＰＧＩ２可能与肝功能储备有关．ＴＸＡ２／ＰＧＩ２值与术后肝功能恢复有关；（２）测定围手术期的ＴＸＡ２和ＰＧＩ２可作为判断术后预后的指标；（３）保持ＴＸＡ２／ＰＧＩ２值的相对稳定．可望改善ＰＨ患者的预后。     

肝硬化程度与吲哚氰绿排泄试验的相关性评价

目的 研究肝硬化程度与吲哚氰绿排泄试验的相关性。方法 分别测定了３８例肝硬化患者和１４例正常个体的吲哚氰绿排泄试验消失率（ＫＩＣＧ）、总胆汁酸盐（ＴＢＡ）、单胺氧化酶（ＭＡＯ）、白蛋白（ＡＬＢ）,并用相关分析的方法分析了诸因素与肝硬化程度的相关关系。结果 ＫＩＣＧ与肝硬化程度高度相关,其次分别为ＴＢＡ,ＭＡＯ、ＡＬＢ。结论 ＫＩＣＧ能准确反映肝硬化程度,对指导治疗有较高的辅助诊断价值。     

CsA顺序用药对移植肾早期功能的影响

１９９２年１月～１９９５年５月，分别对７８例及３２例肾移植患者术后立即应用ＡＬＧ和ＯＫＴ_３，随机选择８０例术后立即应用ＣｓＡ的患者为对照组，以了解ＣｓＡ顺序用药对移植肾早期功能的影响。结果显示：ＡＬＧ组和ＯＫＴ_３组急性排斥反应（ＡＲ）发生率分别为１１．５％和１２．５％，ＣｓＡ组为２３．８％（Ｐ＜０．０５），急性肾小管坏死（ＡＴＮ）ＡＬＧ组和ＯＫＴ_３组分别为５．１％和６．３％，ＣｓＡ组为１５．１％（Ｐ＜０．０５），移植肾功能３天正常率ＡＬＧ组和ＯＫＴ_３组分别为８３．３％和６８．８％，ＣｓＡ组为５７．５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。证实ＣｓＡ顺序用药可有效地预防ＡＲ和ＡＴＮ的发生，促进移植肾功能的早期恢复。     

血液透析对多形核白细胞糖皮质激素受体及趋化移动的影响

血液透析对多形核白细胞糖皮质激素受体及趋化移动的影响林萍，刘志民ＡＡＴＵＤＹＯＮＴＨＥＣＨＡＮＧＥＯＦＧＬＵＣＯＣＯＲＴＩＣＯＩＤＲＥＣＥＰＴＯＲＡＮＤＣＨＥＭ－ＯＴＡＣＴＩＣＭＩＧＲＡＴＩＯＮＩＮＴＨＥＰＯＬＹＭＯＲＰ－ＨＯＮＵＣＬＥＡＲＬＥＵＫＯ...     

神经外科使用氯胺酮安全性的探讨

为了探讨氯胺酮对神经外科患者颅内压影响的安全性，１１例颅内手术患者术前腰穿置管联接ＤＥＴＡＸ多参数监测仪，观察静注氯胺酮１ｍｇ／ｋｇ后１５分钟内ＩＣＰ、ＥＫＧ、ＨＲ、ＲＲ、ＰＥＴＣＯ２（鼻咽部）、ＳｐＯ２和ＮＩＢＰ的变化。结果显示：注药后１～２分钟，患者的ＩＣＰ、ＰＥＴＣＯ２、ＮＩＢＰ增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＨＲ、ＲＲ、ＳｐＯ２的变化不定（Ｐ＞０．０５）；ＩＣＰ升高与颅内占位病灶的体积有关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。把占位病灶最大直径小于或大于４ｃｍ为界分为Ａ、Ｂ组。Ａ组ＣＴ显示的病灶直径＜４ｃｍ，基础ＩＣ…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.