Measures to reduce HIV infection have not been successful to reduce the prevalence of HCV in intravenous drug users

The objective of the study was to determine whether measures taken to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection also lead to a reduction in the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among intravenous drug users (IDU). Antibodies to HCV, HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) were determined in IDU who voluntarily attended AIDS prevention and information centres for the first time between 1990 and 1996. Of the 5473 IDU studied, determination of HCV was done in 3238 cases. The prevalence of antibodies to HCV was 85%. During the first period studied (1990–1992), the prevalence of antibodies to HCV was 84.5%, during the second (1993–1994) 84.1% and during the third (1995–1996) 87%; in the case of HBV the prevalence during the three periods was 74.5, 67.6 and 66.8% respectively, and for HIV it was 41.9, 38.8 and 36.6% respectively (RR: 0.72; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.65–0.81). Among drug users addicted for less than 2 years, the trend of the prevalence of antibodies to HCV and HBV remained constant, while the prevalence of HIV infection decreased (RR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.42–0.89). Measures to prevent transmission of HIV in drug users do not lead to a reduction in the prevalence of HCV infection. Further study is necessary to obtain a better understanding of how HCV is transmitted among drug users in order to apply measures which are effective in preventing HCV infection.     

四川省吸毒人群艾滋病病毒和梅毒新发感染的队列研究

目的调查四川省某地区静脉吸毒人群艾滋病病毒（HIV）和梅毒血清抗体阳转情况及其危险因素.方法2002年11月在四川省西昌市以社区为基础招募HIV血清抗体阴性的静脉吸毒人群前瞻性研究队列333人,在队列每6个月随访时调查静脉吸毒人群高危吸毒行为和性行为情况,并采集血样进行HIV和梅毒抗体检测.结果队列随访2年,静脉吸毒人群队列保持率和HIV血清抗体阳转率分别为75.7%和2.53/100人年（95%CI：1.10～3.97）,在多因素Poisson回归模型分析中,民族（RR=12.42,95%CI：2.72～56.74,P=0.0012）、近3个月共用针头或注射器（RR=4.06,95%CI：1.29～12.81,P=0.0168）与HIV血清抗体阳转的关系有统计学意义.该研究队列梅毒血清抗体阳转率为4.71/100人年（95%CI：2.59～6.82）,在多因素Poisson回归模型中,女性（RR=4.42,95%CI：1.78～10 99,P=0.0014）与梅毒血清抗体阳转的关系有统计学意义.结论该地区静脉吸毒人群HIV和梅毒新发感染率高,应采取有效的干预措施以控制HIV的传播流行.     

Hepatitis C virus infection among short-term intravenous drug users in southern Taiwan

The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with duration of drug use and other risk factors among drug users. This survey covered 899 male drug users from Kaohsiung Narcotic Abstention Institute and Kaohsiung prison. The prevalence of positive anti-HCV was 67.2% among intravenous drug users (IVDU) and 14.7% among non-intravenous drug users (non-IVDU). Among intravenous (IV) drug users, age and duration of drug use were independently related to HCV seropositivity. Seroprevalence rate for HCV in the IVDU group increased with increasing duration of injection use within the first seven years of drug use. However, the steepest trajectory in seroprevalence of HCV infection occurred within the first four months. Due to the high rate of HCV infection among drug users, investigation of risk behaviors should be routine in such a group. A high frequency of HCV infection was also found among short-term injectors, which indicated that early risk reduction intervention was an important measure in moderating HCV infection.     

An epidemic of hepatitis B virus infection among intravenous drug users in Iceland

This study describes an outbreak of hepatitis B primarily among intravenous drug users in Iceland which has a population with a very low incidence of hepatitis B virus infection. The incidence of acute hepatitis B is generally low in the Nordic Countries, in the order of one to five cases per 100,000 people per year. Between 1989 and 1992 there was an outbreak of hepatitis B virus infection primarily among the intravenous drug user (IVDU) population in Iceland. At the Department of Medical Virology, University of Iceland there were 44 cases of acute hepatitis B identified during the peak year 1990, an incidence of 16.9 cases of acute hepatitis B per 100,000 people. 63.6% of these were known to be IVDUs. The seroprevalence of the hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) marker was assessed among 1100 randomly selected individuals. The average prevalence of this marker was 2.9% and rose from zero at the age of 15 and younger to 6.5% at the age of 65 and older. Among IVDUs attending a detoxification clinic in 1990 the prevalence of the anti-HBc was 32%. In contrast, those attending the same clinic, due to alcoholism only, did not have a significantly higher prevalence of anti-HBc than the group used for comparison.     

社区静脉吸毒人群人类免疫缺陷病毒感染现状

目的　了解四川省凉山彝族自治州静脉吸毒人群人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV)感染率及其危险因素。方法　于 2 0 0 2年 11月 8～ 2 9日 ,以社区招募方式调查凉山彝族自治州地区静脉吸毒人群的社会人口学、静脉吸毒共用注射器具和性行为方式与HIV感染的关系。采集血样进行HIV和梅毒抗体检测。结果　提供知情同意和符合纳入标准的 379人 ,HIV感染率为 11 3% (43人 )。在单因素χ2 分析中 ,民族、近 3个月共用注射器具总次数、近 3个月共用棉球和梅毒感染与HIV感染有关。在多因素logistic回归模型分析中 ,近 3个月共用注射器具总次数 (OR =2 2 8;95 %CI为 1 18～ 4 4 3)和梅毒感染 (OR =3 10 ;95 %CI为 1 4 8～ 6 4 8)与HIV感染有关。结论　近 3个月共用注射器具总次数和梅毒感染与HIV感染有关。     

云南省德宏州静脉注射毒品者HIV新发感染率及其危险因素研究

目的 了解云南省德宏州静脉注射毒品者(IDU)中HIV新发感染率及其危险因素.方法 2004年10月招募HIV检测阴性的245名IDU进入队列,启动IDU人群艾滋病流行病学队列研究,于2006年底进行第一次随访检测确定HIV发病率.自2007年1月起,不断纳入新发现的HIV阴性的IDU,扩大流行病学研究队列,并每半年进行一次有关毒品使用和性行为等暴露因素的随访调查,同时血清学检测确定HIV新发感染率.结果 截止2008年底,共招募入组760名IDU,至少随访1次者有540人,累积观察1153.6人年,新发现HIV感染者47人,HIV新发感染率为4.07/100人年,其中2004-2006年为4.45/100人年,2007年为4.50/100人年,2008年为2.54/100人年.随访期间,研究对象中IDU比例和HIV新发感染率均有显著下降.Cox比例风险回归模型多因素分析显示,景颇族[风险比(HR)=2.56,95%CI:1.06～6.19]和除傣族以外的其他少数民族(HR=3.26,95%CI:0.89～11.96)的HIV感染风险高于汉族;随访期间注射毒品但未共针者(HR=2.27,95%CI:0.98～5.25)以及有共针注射毒品行为者(HR=5.27,95%CI:2.25～12.34)的HIV感染风险高于随访期间没有注射毒品者.结论 云南省德宏州既往IDU人群中注射吸毒的比例和HIV新发感染率近4年来均呈现下降趋势.共用注射器吸毒仍是IDU人群HIV感染的最重要的危险因素,不同民族IDU的HIV感染风险不同.     

中国经血传播人群中艾滋病病毒-1与丙型肝炎病毒亚型分布研究

目的 了解中国部分地区静脉吸毒人群和不洁献血人群中艾滋病病毒—1(HIV—1)与丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)亚型分布的相关性及其流行模式。方法 以聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术扩增HIV-1gag的p17区和env的C2V3区，HCV5^ NCR区和E1／E2区，并对扩增产物进行测序。采用ClustalW软件对所得序列进行基因树分析。结果 共检测了239例HIV—1感染者，其中HCV阳性率为56．9％(136／239)。在136例HIV—1／HCV混合感染者中，96．3％是通过静脉吸毒(IVDU)和不洁献血途径而感染的。IVDU(感染者主要来源于新疆、云南和广西)的HIV—1亚型主要为C型。其HCV基因型为1b、3a、3b和4型。而不洁(输)献血人群的HIV—1主要为B型，其HCV基因型以1b和2a为主。结论 中国发现多种HIV—1亚型和HCV基因型，提示这两种病毒的流行是多种途径感染的结果，序列同源性程度之高提示这两种病毒感染是在相当近的一段时间内爆发感染的。不洁献血者HIV—1和HCV病毒株不同于IVDU的病毒株，说明传播方式的重要性要远远大于地域分布的重要件．     

深圳地区吸毒人群HIV-1分子流行病学调查

目的 了解HIV-1毒株亚型在深圳地区吸毒人群中的流行情况,并分析其流行趋势及进化规律.方法 收集1996-2008年深圳地区吸毒人群HIV确认阳性样本166例,应用巢式聚合酶链反应(nPCR)技术,对样本膜蛋白基因(env)进行扩增,并对其基因区核苷酸序列进行测定和分析.结果 166份样本中共存在CRF01_AE、CRF07_BC、CRF08_BC3种重组毒株以及B′、C、A13种亚型;其在所有分析样本中的比例分别为65.06%(108/166)、19.88%(33/166)、6.02%(10/166)、7.23%(12/166)、0.60%(1/166)和1.20%(2/166);系统进化分析发现,不同时间段HIV-1各亚型出现较明显的汇聚现象;3个不同时间段所流行的CRF01_AE、CRF07_BC亚型组内及与标准参考株间的基因离散率有较为显著性的增大趋势.结论 深圳地区吸毒人群HIV-1流行毒株以CRF01_AE重组亚型为主,其次是CRF07_BC重组亚型,也存在CRF08_BC、B′、C、A1亚型,并且各亚型在流行过程中已发生较大变异.     

静脉注射毒品人群中HIV、HBV和HCV感染的现况研究

目的了解静脉注射毒品人群中人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）、乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）和丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）的感染情况。方法从四川、湖南、广西和新疆等地静脉注射毒品人群中采集血液样本2025份，应用酶联免疫试剂盒检测抗-HIV、抗-HCV抗体和HBsAg。结果红静脉沣射毒品人群中，抗-HIV、抗-HCV及HBsAg的阳性率分别为14．7％～30．4％、60．7％～85．5％和6．6％～22．4％，其HIV／HBV、HIV/HCV、HCV／HBV和HIV／HCV／HBV合并感染率分别为0％～0．4%、11．6％～27．2％、2．3％～14．3％和1．6％～4．8％。结论静脉注射毒品人群中HIV、HBV和HCV的感染率均高于正常人群，其中HIV与HCV合并感染率最高。     

Prevalence of serologic markers of HBV, HDV, HCV and HIV in non-injection drug users compared to injection drug users in Gran Canaria, Spain

Injection drug use (IDU) is one of the most significant risk factors for viral hepatitis (B, D and C) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, there is little information about the risk of infection among non-injection drug users (non-IDUs). The present study was designed to perform several objectives: (a) to evaluate the prevalence of serological markers of hepatitis B, D, C virus and HIV in IDU and non-IDU patients; (b) to compare the prevalence of these markers between both groups; (c) to identify risk factors for HCV and HIV in this population; and (d) to correlate the presence of HCV and liver function. A total of 385 consecutive patients (122 IDUs and 263 non-IDUs), admitted to the Drug Dependency Treatment Unit at the Hospital Insular of Gran Canaria between 1993 to 1994, were included in the study. The serological markers of HBV, HDV, HCV and HIV were determined by ELISA and immunoblot methods. In all cases we also measured syphilis tests (RPR and FTAabs), serum aminotransferases and serum gammaglutamiltranspeptidase. Compared to the non-IDU, the IDU group presents a higher prevalence of antiHBc (55.0% vs. 20.7%, p < 0.0001), antiHCV (87.6% vs. 35.3%, p < 0.0001) and antiHIV (21.8% vs. 2.7%, p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in RPR positivity (0.9% vs. 4.9%, p = 0.06). Delta infection was only detected in injection drug users, and the prevalence was low. Using logistic regression, the only risk factors associated with antiHCV positivity were injection drug addiction (OR: 9.2, 95% CI: 4.9–17.0) and antiHBc positivity (OR: 5.5, 95% CI: 3.0–9.9). Similarly, the associated risk factors for HIV were injection drug addiction (OR: 5.9, 95% CI: 2.3–15.0) and antiHBc positivity (OR: 3.8, 95% CI: 1.5–9.2). However, no correlation was found between antiHCV positive and antiHIV or between these markers and RPR positivity. Patients positive for antiHCV showed significant elevations in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels, when compared with patients negative for antiHCV: 65.0 vs. 39.2 U.l (p < 0.001) and 88.4 vs. 40.3 U/l (p < 0.001), respectively. We conclude that drug users have an elevated prevalence of HCV, HBV and HIV infection, even if drug use is only inhalated. On the other hand, the main risk factors associated with HCV and HIV are injection drug addiction and exposure to hepatitis B virus. Finally, in the study population, liver dysfunction is closely related to HCV infection.     

云南省德宏州静脉注射吸毒人群艾滋病毒感染自然史研究

目的 了解静脉注射吸毒人群艾滋病毒(HIV)感染的生存与死亡规律及其影响因素.方法 收集并分析云南省德宏州1989年8-12月发现的196例静脉注射吸毒HIV感染者20年跟踪随访资料.结果 截止观察终点2009年12月31日,196例HIV感染者中177例(90.3%)死亡,10例(5.1%)存活,9例(4.6%)失访.总死亡密度为98.1/1000人年,艾滋病死亡密度为54.9/1000人年.因艾滋病死亡者占所有死亡者的55.9%,其他疾病死亡原因中以疟疾(2.8%)、败血症(2.3%)为主,非病死亡原因中以吸毒过量(13.0%)、意外伤亡(6.8%)为主.以死亡为结局,静脉注射吸毒人群HIV感染者中位生存时间为8.6年(95%CI:7.6～9.7).以艾滋病死亡为结局,则中位生存时间为11.3年(95%CI:10.3～12.8),估计的潜伏期约为10.3年.30岁及以上HIV感染者死亡的危险性是30岁以下者的1.9倍(95%CI:1.2～2.7).吸毒时间越长,生存时间越短(HR=0.7,95%CI:0.6～0.7).结论 静脉注射吸毒人群非艾滋病死亡人数较多.注射吸毒人群中位生存时间和潜伏期低于发达国家同类人群.年龄是影响HIV感染生存时间的重要因素.     

昆明市静脉注射吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒基因型分析

目的 研究云南省昆明市静脉注射吸毒人群(IDUs)中丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)基因型的流行特点。方法 2014年4－7月在昆明市连续收集276份IDUs的血浆,其中199份样品为HCV抗体阳性,提取RNA后用巢式PCR对E1E2基因和NS5B基因的部分片段进行扩增。扩增产物经基因序列测定,所得序列通过构建系统进化树确定HCV的分子亚型。结果 结合2 个基因片段,共有125份样品获得了分型结果,3b为主要的亚型,占48.8%(61/125);其他亚型按照比例依次为3a(30.4%,38/125)、6n(14.4%,18/125)、6a(3.2%,4/125)和1b(3.2%,4/125)。各HCV亚型按性别、婚姻、民族和HIV-1抗体是否阳性差异无统计学意义,按年龄分布差异有统计学意义,45岁以下组亚型多样化。分别计算不同亚型在E1E2和NS5B基因区的基因距离,结果显示3a、3b和6a亚型的基因距离大于1b和6n亚型的基因距离。3a、3b、6a 3种亚型中3b亚型毒株的基因距离大于3a亚型毒株。结论 昆明市IDUs人群中HCV存在5种亚型,3b和3a是主要毒株且在该人群中具有较长的流行时间。     

Coinfections by HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C in imprisoned injecting drug users

In order to know the prevalence and risk factors for coinfections by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among injecting drug users (IDUs), a cross-sectional study was carried out in two prisons of the province of Cantabria, northern Spain. Three hundred and sixty-two IDU inmates were recruited. All inmates were interviewed and their blood tested for HIV, HBV and HCV. Crude and multiple risk factor adjusted for (by polychotomous logistic regression) odds ratios were calculated. Prevalence of HBV-HCV coinfection (42.5%) was higher than HIV-HBV-HCV coinfection (37.3%), whereas monoinfections were very uncommon (overall: 13%). Long-term injectors and reincarceration were the foremost risk factors for both coinfections, showing a trend between the degree of association and the number of viruses infecting a patient. No significant relationship between coinfection status and sexual practices was observed. The results related to coinfections are consistent with previous studies of prevalence and risk factors for HIV, HBV and HCV, in indicating that the high rates of coinfections among IDU inmates emphasise the need to harm-reduction policy across prisons in Spain.     

恶性肿瘤患者合并艾滋病毒感染临床分析

目的探讨恶性肿瘤患者合并HW感染的临床特点。方法回顾性分析昆明医学院第三附属医院2007年10月至2011年9月住院治疗的恶性肿瘤合并HIV感染患者的临床数据,总结其临床特征。结果2007年10月至2011年9月该院住院的恶性肿瘤患者共23649人,初筛抗-HIV阳性并确诊的患者112人,阳性率0．47％;其中男性65人,女性47人,男女比为1．39：1;年龄以加～49岁居多,共45例,占40．18％;职业以农民为主,32例,占28．57％;所患肿瘤类型男性以淋巴瘤和肺癌为主,分别为20例（17．86％）和15例（13．39％）;女性以宫颈癌和淋巴瘤为主,分别为21例（18．75％）和15例（13．39％）。结论重视恶性肿瘤患者合并HIV感染的检测,权衡治疗利弊,尽早治疗,防止院内感染。     

应用BED-CEIA方法估算重庆市静脉吸毒人群艾滋病病毒感染的发病率

目的检测重庆市静脉吸毒人群中艾滋病病毒（HIV）新近感染状况并计算HIV发病率。方法收集重庆市两个监测哨点自1999—2006年以来的监测样本共计4711份，通过酶联免疫和蛋白印迹实验检测出HIV-1感染的样本，再应用Ig—G—捕获HIV-1 BED-发病率酶联方法（BED—CEIA），检测其中的新近感染样本，进而估算该人群的HIV-1发病率。结果共检出HIV-1阳性样品130份。哨点A 2001—2005年HIV感染率分别为0．73％、2．02％、1．54％、2．96％、2．80％，发病率分别为0．57％、0．93％、0、1．24％、1．68％；哨点B 2004—2006年HIV感染率分别为4．21％、9、96％、8．13％，发病率分别为0．95％、1．04％、0．90％。虽然两个哨点在发病率方面都有起伏，但差异无统计学意义，感染率与发病率变化趋势一致。结论目前在重庆市监测哨点发现的HIV感染者大部分为既往感染者，发病率维持在较稳定的范围。     

我国艾滋病预防控制的形势与面临的挑战

  目的  了解安徽省马鞍山市吸毒人群中艾滋病流行状况以及流行因素,为制定艾滋病防治策略和干预措施及效果评价提供依据。  方法  2016 — 2018年,每年选取至少400名吸毒人员进行监测,并收集分析哨点监测数据。  结果  2016 — 2018年连续3年共监测吸毒者1 225人,吸毒人群主要以男性、汉族、本省户籍、已婚者为主,年龄集中在20～49岁,文化程度以初中文化为主。吸毒人群艾滋病知识总知晓率为82.3 %（1 008/1 225）,3年间差异无统计学意义。吸毒者吸食的毒品主要为海洛因和冰毒,各占34.4 %（422/1 225）和69.7 %（854/1 225）,各年使用毒品种类比例差异无统计学意义。曾经用注射器注射吸毒的人员中丙肝病毒（HCV）感染率84.4 %（353/418）,明显高于没有使用注射器注射吸毒人员（χ² = 802.171,P < 0.05）。曾经注射吸毒的吸毒人群中最近1个月注射过毒品比例分别为59.3 %（83/140）、44.0 %（62/141）和3.6 %（5/137）,差异有统计学意义（χ² = 99.203,P < 0.05）。吸毒人群接受过同伴教育3年间的比例分别为36.5 %（147/403）、20.9 %（87/417）和14.6 %（59/405）,有明显统计学差异（χ² = 56.522,P < 0.05）。HIV抗体阳性率0.2 %（2/1 225）,现症梅毒阳性率为9.4 %（115/1 225）,HCV抗体阳性率为32.0 %（392/1 225）。  结论  马鞍山市吸毒人群HIV感染率较低,但梅毒和HCV感染率较高;艾滋病知识知晓率不高,接受同伴教育比例呈逐年下降趋势。     

江苏省艾滋病病毒感染的分子流行病学研究

目的 了解江苏省不同人群中艾滋病病毒(HIV)各亚型毒株的流行情况和传播规律。方法 收集HIV感染者及患者的流行病学资料；无菌采集HIV感染者或艾滋病(AIDS)患者抗凝全血标本5ml，提取前病毒DNA，用巢式聚合酶链反应(nested—PCR)扩增膜蛋白基因的C2～V3区，进行序列测定，鉴定病毒亚型。用威斯康星GCG软件进行共享序列、基因离散率的计算和毒株的聚类分析。结果 截止2001年底，江苏省已发现HIV-1中的A、B、C、D、E五种亚型和一个B亚型变种(B^ )流行，C(占40．48％)和B^ (38．10％)亚型为主要流行株；静脉吸毒感染人群中86．67％为C亚型，采供血和受血感染人群中91．67％为B^ 亚型，在性途径传播人群中所有六种亚型均有，且分布较为均一。结论有偿献血人群中B^ 亚型毒株由邻省传人，吸毒人群中C亚型毒株的传人主要与新疆籍流动人口的介入有关；多种亚型的并存说明江苏省存在着适宜AIDS流行的各种危险因素；提示今后在药物治疗、疫苗研制以及其他防制工作上将面临更大的困难。     

48例静脉药瘾者多重病毒感染临床分析

目的探讨静脉药瘾病毒性肝炎患者多重病毒感染率及转归。方法对48例静脉药瘾病毒性肝炎患者进行乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）、丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）、人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）血清标志物及核酸测定,并进行临床分析。结果48例静脉药瘾病毒性肝炎患者中,HBV、HCV双重感染率为31.25%,HBV、HIV双重感染率为4.17%,HBV、HCV、HIV三重感染率为62.50%;重型肝炎者占70.83%。重型肝炎患者住院时间为（48.67±19.25）d,与同期住院的非药瘾重型肝炎患者住院时间（65.32±31.49）d相比,明显缩短（U=4.25,P＜0.01）。结论静脉药瘾者病毒重叠感染率高,且重型肝炎患者多,但相对非药瘾重型肝炎患者恢复较快。     

Condom use and sexual habits of heterosexual intravenous drug users in Northern Italy

In order to assess modes of human immunodeficiency virus (HIVV) transmission from heterosexual intravenous drug users (IVDUs) to their partners, condom use and sexual habits with both steady and occasional partners were investigated. A total of 349 heterosexual IVDUs (247 men and 102 women) who ignored, at the time of interview, their HIV serostatus were interviewed. Respondents were asked for information on condom use and sexual habits for the three year period prior to the interview. Nearly 40% of IVDUs reported sexual intercourse with both steady partners and occasional partners. Fifty-four percent of their steady partners and 48% of their occasional partners were individuals who did not belong to groups at risk for HIV infection. Anal intercourse with steady partners was reported by 29% of IVDUs and 24% of IVDUs with occasional partners. Condom use during vaginal intercourse was seldom reported: 83% of IVDUs never used a condom with steady partners and 75% did not use one with occasional partners. IVDUs who were 1) unmarried, 2) enrolled in the study after 1986, 3) partners of not at-risk individuals, 4) partners of a foreigner and, 5) aware of their partners HIV seropositivity showed significantly higher, albeit still low, frequencies of condom use with steady partners. Conversely, all these factors seemed to have little impact on condom use with occasional partners. Condom use and sexual habits were similarly reported by HIV-positive and HIV-negative IVDUs. The present study shows that high-risk sexual behaviours among IVDUs are very widespread and it stresses the need for intensive counselling to promote condom use among IVDUs.Corresponding author.