辽宁地区血小板志愿捐献者HPA基因资料库的建立

目的对辽宁地区血小板志愿捐献者进行HPA基因分型,建立已知HPA基因型的血小板捐献者资料库。方法采用PCR-SSP方法对随机抽取的130名血小板捐献者进行HPA-1-6和HPA-15抗原系统共14个抗原的基因分型。结果辽宁地区血小板志愿捐献者HPA的基因频率分别是:HPA-1a0.9925、1b0.0075、2a0.9305、2b0.0695、3a0.5810、3b0.4190、4a1.0000、4b0.000、5a0.9810、5b0.0190、6a0.9885、6b0.0115、15a0.4615、15b0.5385。结论辽宁地区血小板志愿捐献者HPA-1—6和HPA-15抗原系统的基因频率符合Hardy-Wein-berg遗传定律,与其它地区和国家的同类资料相比显示出种族和地域性差异,由此建立起了辽宁地区已知HPA基因型的血小板捐献者资料库。     

献血者血小板1-16抗原基因遗传多态性分析及已知HPA型供者数据库的建立

本研究的目的是分析人类血小板抗原（human platelet antigen,HPA）基因多态性,根据分布频率来判断HPA抗原不配合比率以及抗体产生的机会,确定有临床意义的血小板抗原系统,并建立邯郸地区血小板基因频率数据库和供者库.采用SSP-PCR方法对邯郸地区148名随机献血者进行HPA1-16抗原32个等位基因的检测分析,并与不同人群的分布频率进行比较.结果表明：每个样本均检测到HPA-1a、2a、4a-14a、16a基因;HPA-4a、7a-14a、16a呈现单态性,未检测出相应的等位基因HPA-b;对于HPA-1、-2、-5、-6主要以a/a纯合子为多,a/a基因型频率分别是0.9595、0.8108、0.9865、0.9797,没有b/b纯合子出现.在HPA1-16中,具有最高杂合度的是HPA-15,基因型HPA15a/15a、HPA15a/15b、HPA15b/15b频率分别是0.2230、0.5270、0.2500;HPA-3在其次,基因型HPA3a/3a、HPA3a/3b、HPA3b/3b频率分别是0.3851、0.5135、0.1014.经x2检验,结果符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律.邯郸地区随机献血者HPA1-5系统基因频率与石家庄地区相似（P＞0.05）;与我国台湾人群进行HPA1-13、HPA-15的比较,HPA-1、-2、-6具有明显的不同（P＜0.05）,其它相似（P＞0.05）;与韩国人群进行HPA1-8的比较,除HPA-3具有明显不同外（P＜0.05）,其余均相似（P＞0.05）;与美国黑人进行HPA1-5的比较,HPA-1、-2、-5具有明显的差异（P＜0.05）;与英国人进行HPA1-11的比较,HPA-1、-5具有明显的不同（P＜0.05）.结论：北方地区中国人群HPA-2、-3、5、-15系统具有多态性,且HPA抗原分布不配合比率较高,这必然造成免疫暴露的机会增加,提示在临床上可能具有重要的免疫学意义.同时,在此次研究数据的基础上建立了邯郸地区血小板基因频率数据库和血小板已知型供者库.     

潍坊地区汉族献血者血小板特异性抗原HPA-1-16系统基因多态性研究

目的研究汉族人群血小板特异性抗原HPA-1-16系统基因多态性区域分布特点,建立HPA基因型资料库。方法采用PCR-SSP技术对102名潍坊地区汉族无血缘关系的志愿捐献血小板者作HPA-1-16系统基因分型,计算基因型频率、基因频率。结果从HPA-1、5、6系统分别检出1例a/b基因型,HPA-4系统检出2例a/b基因型,检出HPA-2a/2b 11例(基因频率占0.1078);HPA-3、15系统表现出较高的杂合度,其中3a/3a、3a/3b、3b/3b基因型频率分别为0.3039、0.5392、0.1569,15a/15a、15a/15b、15b/15b基因型频率分别为0.3529、0.4608、0.1863;HPA- 7-14、16系统只检出a基因,呈单特异性。结论潍坊地区汉族人HPA-2、3、15系统具有多态性,是HPA配合性输注关注重点。在随机输血中供受者HPA-2系统不配合的机会为9.68%、HPA-3系统不配合的机会为36.95%、HPA-15系统不配合的机会为36.8%。     

石家庄汉族血小板捐献者HPA1-17基因多态性分析

目的建立石家庄地区已知HPA基因型别单采血小板捐献者基因资料数据库,分析石家庄地区3591名汉族血小板捐献者HPA基因多态性分布特点。方法 HPA基因分型采用聚合酶链反应—序列特异引物(PCR-SSP)方法,计算等位基因频率、基因型频率及HPA-1～17组合型频率。结果 3 591名无血缘关系的血小板捐献者HPA基因HPA-7～14、HPA-16、HPA-17系统均为aa纯合子,未检出b等位基因。HPA-1～6、15中杂合度最高的为HPA-3系统,不配合率为37.44%;其次为HPA-15系统,不配合率为37.40%;HPA-4系统的杂合度最低,不配合率仅为0.38%;与国内部分地区人群数据比较分析,发现石家庄地区汉族血小板捐献者HPA-5系统分布与国内其他地区人群存在显著差异。结论建立了石家庄地区血小板捐献者HPA-1～17基因分型数据库,可为患者提供HPA相合的血小板,对减少临床血小板输注无效的发生具有重要意义。     

潍坊地区血小板捐献汉族人群HLA-A、B和HPA1-17系统基因多态性研究

目的探讨潍坊地区汉族血小板捐献者HLA-A、B和HPA1-17系统基因多态性区域分布特点,初步建立血小板捐献者HLA、HPA基因资料库。方法分别采用PCR-SSOP和PCR-SSP方法对200名无血缘关系的汉族血小板捐献者做HLA-A、B和HPA1-17系统基因分型,计算基因频率、基因型频率。结果受检者共检出HLA-A位点14个,HLA-B位点30个,其中HLA-A座位频率较高的有A*02、A*11、A*30和A*24,基因频率分别为0.317 5、0.1450、0.127 5、0.125 0;HLA-B座位频率较高的有B*15、B*13、B*40和B*51,基因频率分别为0.157 5、0.145 0、0.1200、0.100 0。每个标本均检测到HPA1a、4a、5a、7a-14a、16a、17a基因,HPA7a-14a、16a、17a呈单特异性,未检测出相应的等位基因HPA-b;在HPA1-17中,杂合度最高的是HPA15,基因型HPA15a/15a、HPA15a/15b、HPA15b/15b频率分别是0.28、0.565、0.155;其次为HPA3,基因型HPA3a/3a、HPA3a/3b、HPA3b/3b频率分别是0.355、0.51、0.135。经χ2检验,结果符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律。结论探明了潍坊地区汉族血小板捐献者HLA-A、B和HPA1-17系统区域性分布特点,为免疫性血小板减少患者寻找匹配的血小板提供保障。     

血小板特异性糖蛋白抗体在血小板输注无效患者中分布的研究

目的探讨血小板输注无效(PTR)患者的血小板特异性糖蛋白抗体的表达及PTR与血小板特异性抗原的相关性。方法采用ELISA方法检测27名临床上确诊为PTR患者的血小板特异性糖蛋白抗体,应用PCR-SSP的方法检测其HPA-1～17基因分型。结果 27名PTR患者的HPA基因频率为HPA-1a(0.900),1b(0.100);HPA-2a(0.926),2b(0.074);HPA-3a(0.648),3b(0.352);HPA-4a(0.981),4b(0.019);HPA-5a(0.940),5b(0.060);HPA-6a(0.815),6b(0.185);HPA-7a～14a、16a、17a(1.000),7～14、16、17b(0.000);HPA-15a(0.463),15b(0.537);PTR患者的HPA抗原分布与健康献血者的基因频率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。血小板抗体阳性的27名PTR患者中,血小板特异性糖蛋白GPⅡb/Ⅲa抗体阳性表达者占78%(21/27)、GPⅠa/Ⅱa抗体阳性占70%(19/27)。对3名PTR患者作血小板特异性抗原分析发现:患者产生的血小板特异性糖蛋白抗体与HPA基因型密切相关,以抗-HPA-3b、-5b为常见。结论多次输注血小板无效的患者,应选择与其HPA基因型一致的血小板供者,以提高血小板输注疗效,避免血液资源的浪费。     

吉林地区汉族人群血小板抗原系统基因分型研究

目的研究吉林省汉族人群人血小板同种抗原系统(HPA)基因及其多态性分布特征,建立已知HPA基因型的血小板捐献者资料库。方法用DNA试剂盒提取外周血标本中DNA,通过特异性引物(PCR-SSP)扩增HPA等位基因。检测200名HPA1-6,15抗原系统共14个抗原的基因分型。结果 200名健康、无血缘关系的吉林省汉族人群HPA基因频率为:HPA-1a0.9900、-1b0.0100;-2a0.9300、-2b0.0700;-3a0.5575、-3b0.4425;-4a1.0000、-4b0;-5a0.9900、-5b0.0100;-6a0.9875、-6b0.0125;-15a0.5125、-15b0.4875。HPA-3与我国其它地区同类资料比较χ2=3.18,P>0.05;与亚洲印尼、泰国、英国及刚果相比χ2=5.98,P>0.05;HPA-5与HPA-15和刚果、喀麦隆比较χ2=55.06、χ2=15.63,P<0.01结论吉林地区血小板志愿捐献者HPA-1～6和HPA-15抗原系统的基因频率符合Hardy-Wein-berg遗传定律,与其它地区和国家的同类资料相比显示出种族和地域性差异,由此建立起了吉林地区已知HPA基因型的血小板捐献者资料库。     

云南汉族血小板献血者HLA-A、B和HPA基因多态性的分析

目的研究云南地区汉族血小板献血者HLA-A、B基因和HPA1-17基因多态性,建立已知型血小板献血者基因数据库。方法分别采用PCR-SSOP和PCR-SSP方法对1 000名云南地区无血缘关系的汉族血小板献血者做HLA-A、B和HPA1-17系统基因分型,计算基因型频率、基因频率,并与其他人群进行比较。结果在云南地区人群中共检出HLA-A位点14个,HLA-B位点35个。A*02(35.81%)、A*11(35.42%)和A*24(17.72%)3个等位基因为云南汉族人群HLA-A座位的主要等位基因;B*46(12.87%)、B*40(60)(10.83%)和B*15(62)(9.78%)3个等位基因为云南汉族人群HLA-B座位的主要等位基因。每个样本均检测到HPA-1a、2a、4a-14a、16a、17a基因;HPA-4a、7a-14a、16a、17a呈现单态性,未检测出相应的等位基因HPA-b;对于HPA-1、2、5、6主要以a/a纯合子居多,a/a基因型频率分别是0.989、0.960、0.990、0.980,没有b/b纯合子出现。在HPA1-17中,具有最高杂合度的是HPA-15,基因型HPA15a/15a、HPA15a/15b、HPA15b/15b频率分别是0.392、0.360、0.248;HPA-3在其次,基因型HPA3a/3a、HPA3a/3b、HPA3b/3b频率分别是0.339、0.467、0.194。经χ2检验,结果符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律。结论云南地区汉族血小板献血者HLA-A、B和HPA1-17基因频率与南方汉族接近,也呈现其自身特点。应建立本地区的血小板供者分型数据库。     

大连地区汉族人群HPA-15基因多态性分析

目的分析大连地区汉族人群血小板特异性抗原HPA-15基因多态性,探讨其在血小板输注中的临床意义。方法采用PCR-SSP法对大连地区100名汉族无血缘关系血小板捐献者的HPA-15系统进行基因分型。结果大连地区汉族人群HPA-15aa、HPA-15ab、HPA-15bb基因型频率分别为0.3600、0.4400、0.2000。HPA-15a、HPA-15b的基因频率分别为0.5800、0.4200。与我国其他地区汉族人群比较,分布差异无统计学意义。在随机输血中,HPA-15抗原不配合概率为0.3685。结论在随机输血中,HPA-15抗原不配合概率高,在血小板输注中应加以重视。     

河北地区汉族人群人类血小板同种抗原等位基因频率研究

目的 调查河北地区汉族人群人类血小板同种抗原(HPA)系统等位基因频率.方法 该地区汉族人群血小板捐献者血液样本765份,采用PCR-SSP方法检测HPA1-17基因型,统计基因频率.结果 河北地区汉族人群中除HPA-1、2、3、4、5、6、15基因系统有b基因型别外,其他HPA基因系统均为a/a纯合子,HPA-3、15抗原不配合概率较高,分别为0.369 4、0.374 8.结论 在河北汉族人群中,HPA-3、15抗原不配合概率高,推测HPA-3、15是引起本地区血小板输注反应的主要原因,在血小板输血中应加以重视.     

Genome type analysis of adenovirus type 4.

Twenty AV4 isolates were analysed with 18 restriction endonucleases. They could be classified into two genome types (genomic clusters) AV4p and AV4a. Combined with data from Li and Wadell [Arch Virol 1988;101:65-77], DNA variants p1-p8 and al-a3 were defined. The genetic relatedness within the genome types was in the range of 88-99% comigrating fragments, whereas < 62% of the fragments were comigrating between the genome types.     

Pharmacologic interventions for type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A variety of pharmacologic interventions are available to treat people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This article provides an update of pharmacologic interventions for diabetes, including a discussion of the drug classifications with specific examples of each, and their background, dosing, and side effects. Combination therapy is reviewed, and information is provided on two new therapeutic classes of diabetes medications: incretin mimetics and antihyperglycemics.     

Lipid disorders in type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic subjects. Abnormalities in circulating lipids and lipoproteins are considered to be important risk factors for cardiovascular disease because they occur with increased frequency in diabetic individuals. Because reversal of these abnormalities carries the potential for preventing or ameliorating cardiovascular disease, their identification and management with other cardiovascular disease risk factors deserve equal importance to the management of hyperglycemia and frequently are complementary to it.     

Angina pectoris in type A and type B cardiac patients

The type A behavior pattern is characterized by excessive competitive drive, a sense of time urgency, enhanced aggressiveness, hostility and a persistent desire for recognition. Type A behaviour is widely recognized as a risk factor in coronary heart disease. This study investigated whether type As and Bs differ in their experience of pain and pain coping efforts. A group of type A (n = 35) and a group of type B (n = 19) cardiac disease patients served as subjects. All subjects underwent diagnostic treadmill testing and were compared on a variety of pain measures. There were no differences between type As and Bs in age, sex, presence of state or trait anxiety or severity of cardiac disease. Type A patients, however, were much more likely than type Bs to be classified on the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional angina scale as having more severe pain and functional limitation. Type As were also less likely to use pain coping strategies to deal with their pain. Those who assess pain and functional impairment in cardiac patients using the NYHA scale should be aware that type A personality characteristics may affect their assessments. Type A patients who tend to make little use of pain coping strategies may benefit from systematic training in pain control methods. Additional research is needed to examine whether type A-B differences in pain and pain coping strategies may affect risks of coronary morbidity and mortality.     

Spectrum of proteinuria in type I and type II diabetes

We prospectively investigated the evolution of proteinuria in 52 type I diabetics over 7.8 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- SE) yr and in 61 type II diabetics over 6.4 +/- 0.3 yr. Measurements of renal protein clearance were performed serially, and the time course of proteinuria was classified in each subject based on a threshold albumin clearance of 11 nl/s, equivalent to a urinary albumin excretion rate of 30 micrograms/min. The classification based on this threshold yielded four distinct patterns of albuminuria: minimal, intermittent, progressing, and established. These patterns occurred in both type I and type II diabetics independently of the duration of follow-up. This study has identified a pattern of intermittent microalbuminuria that is also associated with transient elevations of transferrin and IgG clearances. The relationship of clinical and biochemical parameters to proteinuria patterns was evaluated. No relationship was detected between proteinuria patterns and glycemic control in either type I or type II diabetics. In type I but not type II diabetics, established proteinuria was associated with higher systolic blood pressure and decreased creatinine clearance. The phase of intermittent proteinuria detected in this study may represent a reversible stage in the development of diabetic nephropathy, but the factors that trigger the transition to progressing proteinuria remain obscure.