结直肠癌肝转移局部治疗的研究进展

结直肠癌是常见的消化道恶性肿瘤，易发生肝转移。外科手术切除肝转移病灶是重要治疗方法之一。随着临床诊疗技术的进步，介入治疗、放射治疗等方法已成为结直肠癌肝转移的重要治疗手段。本文将对结直肠癌肝转移局部治疗的研究进展进行综述。     

中国结直肠癌肝转移诊断和综合治疗指南（2023）

肝脏是结直肠癌血行转移最主要的靶器官，结直肠癌肝转移是结直肠癌治疗的重点和难点之一。为了提高我国结直肠癌肝转移的诊断和综合治疗水平，指南编写组成员总结国内外该领域的先进经验和最新成果，再次修订并更新形成《中国结直肠癌肝转移诊断和综合治疗指南（2023）》，持续为我国结直肠癌肝转移的诊疗实践提供指导和参考。     

结直肠癌肝转移的综合治疗

目的探讨结直肠癌肝转移的治疗。方法结合国内外文献，了解结直肠癌肝转移的手术方式，手术时机和适应证以及新辅助化疗增加结直肠癌手术切除的机会。结果丈献及实践证实，综合治疗可明显提高结直肠癌的手术治疗效果。结论综合治疗结直肠癌肝转移是较为有效的方法。     

结直肠癌肝转移诊治体会

目的 探讨结直肠癌肝转移的手术治疗效果。方法 回顾分析结直肠癌并肝转移42例的临床资料，着重手术切除效果的分析。结果 手术切除组生存率明显高于其它治疗组及未治疗组。结论 结、直肠癌并肝转移以手术根治切除转移灶治疗效果最好。     

结直肠癌肝转移的诊治进展

结直肠癌肝转移是影响结直肠癌患者生存率的主要原因，目前对其诊断及治疗尚无最佳方案。笔者从早期诊断(包括化学及物理检查)及临床综合治疗(包括手术治疗、非手术治疗)两方面对近5年来结直肠癌肝转移研究进行了概述，为临床上更合理的选择结直肠癌肝转移诊断及治疗方法提供参考。     

结直肠癌同时性肝转移机制研究新进展

结直肠癌患者无远处转移者术后5年生存率已超过70％,而伴远处转移患者其5年生存率仅为10％～20％,其中肝转移是其主要的致死因素之一。在同时性肝转移中仅有20％～35％的结直肠癌患者适于手术治疗。无论是异时性肝转移患者还是同时性肝转移患者,经合理治疗,其5年生存率无明显差异。由此可见,结直肠癌患者出现肝转移后,其生存率及预后均较差。结直肠癌同时性肝转移是一个多步骤且复杂的过程,多种基因、信号通路及关键分子在转移过程中发挥诱导及调节作用。因此,了解结直肠癌同时性肝转移的发生机制对提供更好的治疗方案及改善患者的预后是非常重要的。本文对近期国内外有关结直肠癌同时性肝转移机制方面的研究文献作一综述,以期为结直肠癌同时性肝转移的机制方面研究及为其临床诊治、预防提供新思路。     

结直肠癌肝转移的治疗

结直肠癌是消化道恶性肿瘤中最常见的肿瘤之一,且极易发生肝转移。手术切除是目前为止治疗的最佳方案,但要严格掌握结直肠癌肝转移患者实施手术治疗的适应证。结直肠癌患者出现肝转移时,辅助治疗可以提高手术切除率,降低复发率。国际上主要采取的非手术疗法有:新辅助化疗、转化性化疗、分子靶向治疗、射频消融治疗。     

结直肠癌肝转移外科手术及靶向治疗

结直肠癌是临床最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,而肝脏是结直肠癌最常见的转移部位,根据结直肠原发癌灶的部位不同,肝转移的发生率也不同,一般盲肠、横结肠、乙状结肠的肝转移率发生率高。外科手术是肝转移的重要治疗方法,同时肝转移也是结直肠癌患者的主要死亡原因之一。     

直肠癌低前位切除结肠J型贮袋吻合术对肛门功能的影响

目的 评价直肠癌低前切除结肠J型贮袋吻合术对肛门功能的影响.方法 对2008年3月至2010年3月行直肠前切除术治疗的50例中低位直肠癌随机分为结肠J型贮袋吻合组25例,结肠直肠直接吻合组25例,比较两组的手术情况和术后6个月、12个月肛门功能情况.结果 两组均无死亡、吻合口瘘和狭窄;直接吻合组术后肝转移1例,袋吻合组术后便秘2例;术后6个月和12月时随访患者肛门功能改善显著优于直接吻合组（P〈0.05）.结论 对于中低位直肠癌行直肠前切除术时选择结肠J型贮袋术可以明显改善患者术后近期的肛门功能.     

两株新的人结直肠癌裸鼠原位移植肝转移模型的建立及超微结构的研究

两株新的人结直肠癌裸鼠原位移植肝转移模型的建立及超微结构的研究脱朝伟①刘秋珍张艳华为探讨治疗结直肠癌肝转移及预防结直肠癌根治术后肝转移的有效方法，作者在建立了人肝癌、胰腺癌裸鼠原位移植模型的基础上［１－３］又将组织学完整的结直肠癌组织块成功地原位移植...     

抗血管生成治疗在结直肠癌肝转移中的疗效评价

抗血管生成治疗是恶性肿瘤的一种新兴疗法。如何有效评价抗血管生成治疗的疗效是目前抗血管生成治疗所面临的挑战之一。本文以结直肠癌肝转移为例,对抗血管生成治疗的疗效评价进行综述。     

影响结直肠癌肝转移预后的因素

目的 探讨影响结直肠癌肝转移预后的相关因素。方法 回顾性分析115例结直肠癌肝转移患者的临床资料,先采用生存分析Kaplan-Meier法对15项指标进行单因素分析,再采用Cox回归分析对单因素分析有意义的指标进行统计处理。结果 115例患者的平均生存时间为（17.9±2.8）个月,其累积一、二年生存率分别为（40.4±6.7）%及（22.5±6.0）%。Kaplan-Meier单因素分析结果显示肝转移部位、肝转移灶数目、最大肝转移灶大小、原发肿瘤病理类型、原发肿瘤分化程度、原发肿瘤浸润深度、区域淋巴结转移情况、有无肝外转移、腹腔内种植及针对肝转移灶治疗方式10个因素对结直肠癌肝转移患者的预后有显著影响。Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示原发肿瘤分化程度、最大肝转移灶大小、原发肿瘤浸润深度、有无肝外转移及针对肝转移灶治疗方式是影响患者预后的独立指标。结论 原发肿瘤分化越差、原发肿瘤局部浸润越深的结直肠癌肝转移患者远期生存率越低,最大肝转移灶大小〈5 cm的患者预后较≥5 cm的患者好,同时合并有肝外其他脏器转移的患者预后差,对结直肠癌肝转移患者,采取积极的治疗能够显著延长患者的远期生存时间。     

奥沙利铂联合方案治疗大肠癌肝转移患者的护理

目的探讨奥沙利铂联合方案治疗大肠癌肝转移的护理方法。方法回顾性分析28例大肠癌肝转移患者用奥沙利铂联合方案治疗的临床资料。结果本组除1例患者因无法耐受消化道反应停止化疗外,其余均完成了4个周期的治疗,未发生严重的毒副反应。结论奥沙利铂联合方案是治疗大肠癌肝转移的理想方案,通过对化疗反应系统化的护理干预,有效地预防和减轻了毒副反应,提高了患者的生存质量。     

结直肠癌肝转移的手术治疗及预后分析

目的探讨结直肠癌肝转移患者手术治疗的指征、相关病理因素及手术治疗对预后的影响。方法回顾性分析本院2000年1月至2007年12月间经手术治疗的75例结直肠癌肝转移患者的临床资料。结果本组同时性肝转移62例,异时性肝转移13例,均在结直肠癌原发灶根治性切除基础上,行肝叶规则或不规则切除70例,结节切除活检5例。术后出现并发症10例。术后1年,3年,5年累积生存率分别为74．67％,58．67％,28．00％。生存分析显示：肝切除术后的生存率与原发灶的分化程度、术前CEA、Duke’s分期、肝转移数目、组织分型及淋巴结受侵有关。结论临床病理分期早,肿瘤分化程度高,转移灶数目≤2．术前CEA水平低的患者预后好：手术治疗是结直肠癌肝转移的首选治疗方法。     

Patient experiences following liver transplantation due to liver metastases from colorectal cancer

PurposeColorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the western world. Little is known about patients undergoing liver transplantation (Ltx) due to liver metastases from colorectal cancer. This study aimed to explore individual patients' experiences having undergone this procedure as a treatment for liver metastases secondary to colorectal cancer.MethodExploratory research methodology was used, whereby in-depth interviews with 9 patients were carried out 6 months after they had undergone liver transplantation. Median patient age was 56 years at the time of the surgery. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and qualitative content analysis was applied to the data.ResultsThree main themes emerged during the analysis phase. The first theme explored the informants' positive feelings about receiving experimental treatment that might prolong their life. The second theme related to the challenge presented by their feelings oscillating frequently between hope and despair. The final theme considered the strong wishes expressed by patients to live their lives as normally as possible thereafter. This last theme related in part to the patients' physical condition, side effects from medication and any relationships with loved ones.ConclusionThese findings offer new insight into the situation of patients undergoing liver transplantation due to liver metastases from colorectal cancer. In spite of the risks and side effects of major surgery and the transplant medication all participants expressed an overall view that having undergone liver transplantation was a very positive experience.     

Intraoperative sonography in patients with colorectal cancer and resectable liver metastases on preoperative FDG-PET-CT

BACKGROUND: Combined fluorine 18-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography-CT imaging has been shown to be of good diagnostic value in the preoperative evaluation of patients with colorectal cancer and liver metastases. The adjunctive use of intraoperative sonography (IOUS) may have a limited impact on treatment selection in these patients. PURPOSE: To compare the diagnostic performance of preoperative positron emission tomography (PET)-CT alone and PET-CT combined with IOUS in the evaluation of patients who are considered for curative resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with colorectal cancer who underwent resection of hepatic metastases and preoperative PET-CT (with or without contrast-enhanced CT) and IOUS were identified. The performance of the imaging techniques was evaluated through review of the radiologic reports, correlation with surgical and histopathologic findings, and clinical follow-up. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients (mean age, 63.5 years [range, 53-82 years]) were analyzed. Fifteen patients had received preoperative chemotherapy. The mean interval between PET-CT and IOUS was 22.6 days (range, 1-56 days). In 4 cases, neither PET-CT nor IOUS correctly diagnosed the liver metastases. In all 31 patients, the sensitivity of PET-CT alone and PET-CT combined with IOUS was 63% (95% CI 44-80%) and 93% (95% CI 78-98%), respectively; the positive predictive value was 81% and 89%, respectively. In patients without preoperative chemotherapy (n = 16), the sensitivity of PET-CT alone and PET-CT combined with IOUS was 77% (95% CI 49-94%) and 100% (95% CI 79-100%), respectively. In 11 cases (35%), IOUS altered the surgical strategy. CONCLUSION: In patients with colorectal carcinoma and potentially resectable liver metastases on preoperative PET-CT, IOUS can provide additional information that may alter decision making with regard to surgical technique.     

The association of paracardial adenopathy with hepatic metastasis found on CT arterial portography

Background: The association of paracardial lymphadenopathy with hepatic metastases in patients undergoing computed tomographic arterial portography (CTAP) prior to possible resection of hepatic metastases is documented. Methods: CTAP was performed on 45 patients with hepatic metastasis, including 30 with colorectal carcinoma, using 1 cm increments from the dome of the diaphragm through the liver. Two radiologists, blinded to the diagnosis and surgical results, reviewed all portograms and identified all paracardial lymph nodes larger than 8 cm. Results: Enlarged paracardial lymph nodes were found in three of the 30 colorectal carcinoma patients and two of the remaining 15 patients. All three colorectal patients with paracardial lymphadenopathy demonstrated massive metastatic involvement of the anterior segment of the right hepatic lobe (segment 8: Couinaud nomenclature). Additional metastasis in the superior aspect of the liver was seen in two of these patients as well. Both patients without colorectal carcinoma with paracardial lymphadenopathy had metastasis involving the superior aspect of the liver. Paracardial lymphadenopathy was right-sided in all five patients and bilateral in one. By contrast, 48% (19 of 40) of patients without enlarged paracardial lymph nodes had metastasis in the anterior segment of the right lobe. Conclusions: This study suggests that paracardial lymphadenopathy is associated with metastatic disease to specific areas within the liver. This nodal involvement can be attributed to lymphatic drainage from the diaphragmatic surface of the liver.     

Regulation by vascular endothelial growth factor of human colon cancer tumorigenesis in a mouse model of experimental liver metastasis.

To investigate the relationship between angiogenesis and hepatic tumorigenesis, we examined the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in 8 human colon carcinoma cell lines and in 30 human colorectal cancer liver metastases. Abundant message for VEGF was found in all tumors, localized to the malignant cells within each neoplasm. Two receptors for VEGF, KDR and flt1, were also demonstrated in most of the tumors examined. KDR and flt1 mRNA were limited to tumor endothelial cells and were more strongly expressed in the hepatic metastases than in the sinusoidal endothelium of the surrounding liver parenchyma. VEGF monoclonal antibody administration in tumor-bearing athymic mice led to a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of growth of subcutaneous xenografts and to a marked reduction in the number and size of experimental liver metastases. In hepatic metastases of VEGF antibody-treated mice, neither blood vessels nor expression of the mouse KDR homologue flk-1 could be demonstrated. These data indicate that VEGF is a commonly expressed angiogenic factor in human colorectal cancer metastases, that VEGF receptors are up-regulated as a concomitant of hepatic tumorigenesis, and that modulation of VEGF gene expression or activity may represent a potentially effective antineoplastic therapy in colorectal cancer.