Bloodletting Puncture at Hand Twelve Jing-Well Points Relieves Brain Edema after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats via Inhibiting MAPK Signaling Pathway

Objective:To investigate whether blood-brain barrier(BBB)served a key role in the edema-relief effect of bloodletting puncture at hand twelve Jing-well points(HTWP)in traumatic brain injury(TBI)and the potential molecular signaling pathways.Methods:Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to the shamoperated(sham),TBI,and bloodletting puncture(bloodletting)groups(n=24 per group)using a randomized number table.The TBI model rats were induced by cortical contusion and then bloodletting puncture were performed at HTWP twice a day for 2 days.The neurological function and cerebral edema were evaluated by modified neurological severity score(mNSS),cerebral water content,magnetic resonance imaging and hematoxylin and eosin staining.Cerebral blood flow was measured by laser speckles.The protein levels of aquaporin 4(AQP4),matrix metalloproteinases 9(MMP9)and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway(MAPK)signaling were detected by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot.Results:Compared with TBI group,bloodletting puncture improved neurological function at 24 and 48 h,alleviated cerebral edema at 48 h,and reduced the permeability of BBB induced by TBI(all P<0.05).The AQP4 and MMP9 which would disrupt the integrity of BBB were downregulated by bloodletting puncture(P<0.05 or P<0.01).In addition,the extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)and p38 signaling pathways were inhibited by bloodletting puncture(P<0.05).Conclusions:Bloodletting puncture at HTWP might play a significant role in protecting BBB through regulating the expressions of MMP9 and AQP4 as well as corresponding regulatory upstream ERK and p38 signaling pathways.Therefore,bloodletting puncture at HTWP may be a promising therapeutic strategy for TBI-induced cerebral edema.     

如何学好药理学

药理学是研究药物与机体相互作用、作用机制及规律的科学,是连接基础医学与临床医学、医学与药学的一门重要课程.许多学生在初次学习药理学时,认为药理学不好学,内容复杂、抽象,药物种类较多,抓不住重点,难以记忆,不知道怎样学习药理学,现就这些问题谈谈学习药理学的方法.     

Sternal Reconstruction of Deep Sternal Wound Infections Following Median Sternotomy by Single-stage Muscle Flaps Transposition

Objective To assess clinical effectiveness of using bilateral pectoralis major or plus rectus abdominis muscle flaps in treating deep sternal wound infection （DSWI） following median sternotomy. Methods Between January 2009 and December 2013, 19 patients with DSWI after median sternotomy for cardiac surgery were admitted to our hospital, including 14 males （73.7%） and 5 females （26.3%）, aged 55±13 （18-78） years. According to the Pairolero classification of infected median sternotomies, 3 （15.8%） patients were type II, and the other 16 （84.2%） were type III. Surgical procedure consisted of adequate debridement of infected sternum, costal cartilage, granulation, steel wires, suture residues and other foreign substances. Sternal reconstruction used the bilateral pectoralis major or plus rectus abdominis muscle flaps to obliterate dead space. The drainage tubes were placed and connected to a negative pressure generator for adequate drainage. Results There were no intraoperative deaths. In 15 patients （78.9%）, bilateral pectoral muscle flaps were mobilized sufficiently to cover and stabilize the defect created by wound debridement. 4 patients （21.0%） needed bilateral pectoral muscle flaps plus rectus abdominis muscle flaps because their pectoralis major muscle flaps could not reach the lowest portion of the wound. 2 patients （10.5%） presented with subcutaneous infection, and 3 patients （15.8%） had hematoma. They recovered following local debridement and medication. 17 patients （89.5%） were examined at follow-up 12 months later, all healed and having stable sternum. No patients showed infection recurrence during the follow-up period over 12 months. Conclusion DSWI following median sternotomy may be effectively managed with adequate debridement of infected tissues and reconstruction with bilateral pectoralis major muscle or plus rectus abdominis muscle flap transposition.     

对症喝汤好处多

夏季多喝汤不仅能调节口味,补充体液,增强食欲,而且能防病抗病,对健康有益. 日常人们常喝的汤有荤、素两大类.荤汤有鸡汤、肉汤、骨头汤、鱼汤、蛋花汤等,素汤有海带汤、豆腐汤、紫菜汤、番茄汤、冬瓜汤和米汤等.无论是荤汤还是素汤,都应根据各人的喜好与口味来选料烹制,加之"对症喝汤",就可达到抗衰治病、清热解毒的"汤疗"效果.     

植皮区域局限性皮肤松弛症1例

病人,女,81岁.40年前在工作时双上肢不慎被火烧伤,当年在大连化工厂医院烧伤科给予取自体腹部皮肤行前臂植皮术,术后植皮区域皮肤成活修复良好.4年前无明显诱因双侧前臂植皮区域肤色逐渐变深,无意中发现皮肤明显松弛,无不适感.近3个月自觉植皮区域疼痛不适,局部无红肿等,轻微牵拉皮肤时疼痛明显.自发病起4年皮损未见扩大.患者既往体健,否认家族有类似病患者.     

POCT的信息管理

POCT是在医疗条件下,由非实验室的卫生保健人员,在实验室的质控指导下,于病人身边进行的检验。它广泛适用于医院(如外科,儿科)、监护病房、急救单位、保险公司、社区医疗、家庭保健网络等领域。当今,POCT在全球方兴未艾,据调查,现今已有10%的诊断实验是在POCT仪器上完成的,究其原因,无非是POCT兼具医学上的有效性及经济两个方面的优势。当然,随着POCT设备的投放不断增加,使用范围不断拓展,POCT的管理问题也日益凸现,本文将对POCT实施中的信息管理的若干问题进行初步探讨。     

第16届欧洲呼吸学会年会会议纪要

第16届欧洲呼吸学会年会(The European Respiratory Society 16th Annual Congress)于2006年9月1日～6日在德国慕尼黑市国际会议中心(ICM)召开,来自100多个国家和地区的16 888名代表参加了会议,大会共收到论文5277篇,接收论文4221篇,其中来自中国(包括香港、澳门和台湾)84篇(图1).现将会议内容扼要介绍如下.     

维生素B1和维生素B12肌注致过敏性休克1例报告

1 临床资料 患者,男,23岁,因左下肢疼痛20 d来医院就诊.询问病史:患者2 d前在上级医院诊断为坐骨神经痛.既往健康,无药物过敏史.门诊当日给予维生素B1 100 mg,维生素B12 250靏肌注,用药约5 min时患者感到头晕、胸闷、呼吸困难、寒战,面色苍白,脉搏105次·min-1,血压80/50 mmHg,考虑为药物所致过敏性休克,立即给予平卧,氧气吸入,肾上腺素1 mg肌注,地塞米松10 mg静注,5 min后患者恢复正常.     

Efficacy of Getong Tongluo Capsule(葛酮通络胶嚢)for Convalescent-Phase of Ischemic Stroke and Primary Hypertension:A Multicenter,Randomized,Double-Blind,Controlled Trial

Objective:To evaluate whether the efficacy of Getong Tongluo Capsule(葛酮通络胶囊,GTC,consisted of total flavone of Radix Puerariae)on improving patients'quality of life and lowering blood pressure are superior to the extract of Ginkgo biloba(EGB)for patients with convalescent-phase ischemic stroke and primary hypertension.Methods:This randomized,positive-drug-and placebo-controlled,double-blind trial was conducted from September 2015 to October 2017.Totally 477 eligible patients from 18 hospitals in China were randomly assigned in a 2:1:1 ratio to the following interventions,twice a day for 12 weeks:(1)GTC 250 mg plus EGB-matching placebo 40 mg(237 cases,GTC group),(2)EGB 40 mg plus GTC-matching placebo 250 mg(120 cases,EGB group)or(3)GTC-matching placebo 250 mg plus EGB-matching placebo 40 mg(120 cases,placebo group).Moreover,all patients were orally administered aspirin enteric-coated tablets 100 mg,once a day fo r 12 weeks.The primary outcome was the Barthel Index(Bl).The secondary outcomes included the control rate of blood pressure and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS)scores.The incidence and severity of adverse events(AEs)were calculated and assessed.Results:The Bl relative independence rates,the clinical recovery rates of NIHSS,and the total effective rates of NIHSS in the GTC and EGB groups were significantly higher than the placebo group at 12 weeks after treatment(P<0.05),and no statistical significance was found between the GTC and EGB groups(P>0.05).The control rate of blood pressure in the GTC group was significantly higher than the EGB and placebo groups at 12,18 and 24 weeks after treatment(P<0.01).There were no statistically significant differences in the incidences of AEs,adverse drug reactions,or serious AEs among the 3 groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:GTC exhibited significant efficacy in improving patients'quality of life as well as neurological function and controlling hypertension.     

Clinical analysis of neurological system complications in AIDS and HIV positive patients

Objective：To report the clinical manifestations of AIDS with nervous system complications. Methods：We collected the clinical material of AIDS and HIV positive patients who were admitted to our hospital from January 1998 to July 2006, and retrospectively analyzed the 39 cases having nervous system complications, among 146 cases in total. Results：Among 39 cases, there were 3 cases of HIV dementia, 1 case of vacuolar myelopathy, 3 cases of Gullain-barre syndrome, 3 cases of myopathy and 26 cases of secondary opportunistic infection of CNS,including 9 cases of tuberculosis, 6 cases of cryptococcus, 5 cases of toxoplasma, 3 cases of herpes zoster virus, 2 cases of herpes simples virus, 1 case of cytomegalovirus, 1 case of progressive multifocal leukoencencephalitis. 2 cases with central nervous system lymphoma.Among them 12 patients gave up treatment, other patients received anti-HIV treatment and antimicroorganism treatment. 5 patients died of respiratory failure, 2 patients died of multiple organs failure. Conclusion：Up to now, AIDS still has not very good management. So prevention is very important.     

上颌前牙宽度、前牙弓周长与前牙弓深度的相关性研究

目的:分析上颌前牙近远中宽度在上颌前牙弓周长中所占的比例关系,分析上颌前牙弓宽度不变时,前牙近远中宽度以及前牙弓周长随前牙弓深度改变而变化的规律,为前牙数字化、个性化美学分析提供可靠依据。方法:在北京大学口腔医院修复科完成修复的寄存模型中选择上颌前牙牙列完整且排列整齐的模型61副,其中男性模型22副,女性模型39副。使用单反相机固定放大比例从牙合面拍摄模型,利用Photoshop软件测量照片中前牙近远中宽度、前牙弓宽度、前牙弓深度,计算上颌前牙近远中宽度在上颌前牙弓周长中所占的比例。利用Photoshop图层自由变换功能在保持上颌前牙弓宽度不变的情况下,改变上颌前牙弓深度,测量不同凸度下上颌前牙弓的周长,按照原有各个前牙在前牙弓周长中所占的比例计算出不同凸度下各上颌前牙牙冠近远中宽度。用SPSS 23.0统计软件分析上颌前牙近远中宽度在上颌前牙弓周长中所占的比例关系,以及改变上颌前牙弓深度后上颌前牙近远中宽度的变化规律。结果:上颌中切牙、侧切牙、尖牙在上颌前牙弓一半周长所占比例分别为36.2%±1.3%、30.2%±1.5%、33.6%±1.4%,各比例为正态分布,与上颌前牙弓周长不相关。当上颌前牙弓宽度不变,在5 mm范围内,上颌前牙近远中宽度及前牙弓周长变化与前牙弓深度变化呈正相关,前牙弓深度每增加或减少1 mm,中切牙近远中宽度增加或减少约0.18 mm,半侧前牙弓周长增加或减少约0.50 mm。结论:上颌前牙近远中宽度在上颌前牙弓周长中所占比例保持稳定,在一定范围内,当上颌前牙弓宽度不变时,上颌前牙近远中宽度及上颌前牙弓周长与前牙弓深度呈正相关。     

Persist in and Carry Forward the Integrative Medical Research——Speech at the 6th National General Congress of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine by Academician CHEN Zhu,Minister of Ministry of Health

The 6th National General Congress of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine （CALM） was convened at 19-20, April 2008 in Beijing. Academician CHEN Zhu, the minister of Ministry of Health indicated at the congress that the integration of Chinese and Western medicine is very well in keeping with the situation of our country and the general rule of development in medical science; and as a good integration of Chinese medicine and Western medicine, it is mutually beneficial and advantageous to both of them. Seeing the creativity shown in integrative medical investigation in theoretic and methodological sides, we should and must persist in and develop it.     

INTRATHYMIC INOCULATION OF LIVER SPECIFIC ANTIGEN ALLEVIATES LIVER TRANSPLANT REJECTION

Objective To study the effects of liver specific antigen (LSA) on liver allotransplantation rejection. Methods Orthotopic liver transplantation was performed in this study. Group Ⅰ: syngeneic control (Wistar-to-Wistar); Group Ⅱ: acute rejection (SD-to-Wistar). Group Ⅲ: thymic inoculation of SD rat LSA day 7 before transplantation. The observation of general condition and survival time, rejection grades and the NF-κB activity of splenocytes were used to analyze severity of acute rejection and immune state of animals in different groups. Results The general condition of group Ⅰ was fair post transplantation with no sign of rejection. All recipients of group Ⅱ died within days 9 to 13 post transplantation with median survival time of 10.7 ±1.37 days. As for group Ⅲ, 5 out of 6 recipients survived for a long period with remarkably better general condition than that of group Ⅱ. Its rejection grades were significantly lower than group Ⅱ (P＜ 0.05).NF-κB activity was only detected in group Ⅰ between days 5 and 7 after transplantation, whereas high activity of NF-κB was detected at all points in group Ⅱ and low NF-κB activity was detected in group Ⅲ which was significantly lower than that of group Ⅱ (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions LSA is an important transplantation antigen directly involved in the immunorejection of liver transplantation. Intrathymic inoculation of LSA can alleviate the rejection of liver allotransplantation,grafts survive for a period of time thereby, allowing a novel way to liver transplantation immunotolerance.     

NP方案与XD方案治疗应用蒽环类药物治疗失败的乳腺癌的疗效观察

目的 观察诺维本联合顺铂(NP方案)与多西紫杉醇联合希罗达(XD方案)治疗应用蒽环类药物治疗失败的乳腺癌的疗效及不良反应.方法 将64例应用蒽环类药物治疗失败的乳腺癌患者随机分为两组,NP组34例,治疗方法:NVB25 mg/m2,静脉输注,第1、8天;DDP25 mg/m2,静脉输注,第2、3、4天.每21 d为1个治疗周期.XD组30例,治疗方法:DOC 75 mg/m2,静脉输注,第1天;XELODA 1275 mg/m2,口服,每日2次,第1～14天.两组均以21 d为1个治疗周期,每例至少完成2个周期.结果 NP方案总有效率(41.2%)与XD方案总有效率(50.0%)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组不良反应均以粒细胞减少、恶心呕吐为主,经对症处理后可耐受.结论 NP方案与XD方案对治疗应用蒽环类药物治疗失败的乳腺癌患者均有较好疗效,可选择应用.     

交联葡聚糖凝胶微珠的制备——Ⅰ.微珠表面形态的影响因素与控制

葡聚糖凝胶微珠表面形态存在粒子凝集和表面粗糙两种不良情况。粒子凝集的原因是分散剂聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVAc)在碱性条件下水解导致亲水性增强,以及交联反应的中间产物具有絮凝作用。另外,交联后粒子粘度增大也可导致凝集。葡聚糖微珠表面粗糙是由于后处理时PVAc的微小附着物没有从微珠表面完全除去而造成的。作者采取低温分散、交联,分步加入交联剂和调节搅拌速度等控制手段,有效地解决了上述问题。     

SIGNIFICANCE OF MMP-2 AND TIMP-2 mRNA EXPRESSIONS ON GLOMERULAR CELLS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS

Objective To study the expressions of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA on cultured rat mesangial cells (MsC) and in human diseased glomeruli, and to explore their significance in the development of glomerulosclerosis.Methods The expressions ofMMP-2, TIMP-2, and Col Ⅳ mRNA on cultured rat MsC stimulated by IL-1 or/and TGF-β1were investigated through Northern blot analysis. The levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA expressions and immunoreactivity of PCNA and Col Ⅳ in human diseased glomeruli from renal biopsies of lupus nephritis (LN) patients were examined by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively.Results The levels of MMP-2, TIMP-2, and Col Ⅳ mRNA expressions were markedly increased on cultured rat MsC stimulated by IL-1 or/and TGF-β1. Meanwhile, upregulation of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA expressions was confirmed in diseased glomeruli from patients with various subtypes of LN, and was closely related to the positive cell number of PCNA presentation and deposition of Col Ⅳ in glomeruli.Conclusion The results suggest that the over-expressions of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA on glomerular cells might play a critical role in the development of glomerulosclerosis.     

氧惊厥大鼠一些脑区内生长抑素含量的变化

用放射免疫分析技术测定大鼠在６００ｋＰａ高压氧暴露下海马、纹状体和额叶皮质中生长抑制素含量的变化，并在７００ｋＰａ高压氧暴露下，观察腹腔内注射半胱胺及侧脑室内注射ＳＳ抗血清对大鼠氧惊厥始发时间、惊厥严重程度和氧厥大鼠存活时间的影响。     

结核分枝杆菌潜伏性感染及预防性治疗评价分析

结核病是一种全球十分流行的传染性疾病,其主要是由于结核分枝杆菌侵入患者体内而导致患者发病.结核病不仅给患者带来了生理上的痛苦,还给了患者心理上的压力.由于结核分枝杆菌潜伏性感染的患者人数在我国逐年增多,因此结核分枝杆菌潜伏性感染的预防性治疗便变得尤为重要.目前,我国每年新发病的结核病患者多达100万例,而目前已经确认发病的肺结核病患者就已经超过750万例.但由于我国结核病的治疗手段在不断提高,我国近几年的结核病发病率也在不断降低.我国结核分枝杆菌潜伏性感染的预防性治疗方案多种多样,其中较为常规的治疗方法为疗程九个月的异烟肼治疗.我国结核分枝杆菌潜伏性感染的患病人数极为巨大,并且我国患者的耐药性问题也在逐渐扩大,因此,在我国大力开展结核分枝杆菌潜伏性感染的预防性治疗是有十分重大的意义的.     

人参总皂甙对急性脑缺血的保护作用

静脉注射人参总皂甙(SPG 100mg/kg),三七总皂甙(SPNG100mg/kg)及单体皂甙 Rb_1(25mg/kg)对大鼠不完全性脑缺血损伤有保护作用,能明显减轻急性脑缺血30min 时,脑电图(EEG)的抑制程度,显著降低血浆中丙二醛(MDA)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、磷酸肌酸激酶(CPK)的含量,而人参皂甙单体 Rg_1的作用不明显。表明人参皂甙有保护急性脑缺血作用,其主要成分为人参二醇甙(Rb)。