鼻窦曲霉菌病的MRI诊断

目的　探讨鼻窦曲霉菌病的MRI表现特征。方法　回顾分析 2 5例手术和病理证实的鼻窦曲霉菌病的MRI表现。结果　 (1)经手术和病理证实的鼻窦曲霉菌病 2 5例 ,其中上颌窦 2 0例 ,鼻腔上颌窦筛窦 4例 ,蝶窦 1例。 (2 )MRI表现 :T1加权像表现为中等信号 6例、偏高信号 10例、高信号 4例 ,T2 加权像均表现为低或极低信号改变。结论　磁共振T1加权像高信号钙化为鼻窦曲霉菌病较为特征性的MRI表现 ,此特征对正确诊断具有重要意义     

Non-invasive aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses: CT and MRI findings

Aspergillosis is the most common fungal infection of the paranasal sinuses, and needs to be recognized because it requires surgical removal. Twenty proven cases of aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses are reported here. CT was performed in all the cases and MRI in 2 cases. The maxillary sinus was affected in 19 patients and the sphenoid sinus in 1. Mycosis was unilateral in all but 1 of the cases. Foci of increased attenuation at CT were observed in 18 cases, with calcification in 10 cases and/or dental material in 13 cases. An increased bony wall thickness was observed in 16 cases. All the patients but 1 had at least one of the signs. At MRI the fungal mass displayed a hypointense signal on T1- and T2-weighted images. No enhancement was noted on post-contrast T1-weighted images. The diagnosis of paranasal sinus aspergillosis is suggested by the CT findings, when a hyperdense mass with calcifications and/or dental material is noted with thickening of the sinus wall. MRI may have a complementary diagnostic role in doubtful cases. Correspondence to: Y. Robert     

鼻咽癌侵犯鼻窦的MRI表现(附86例病例分析)

目的：分析鼻咽癌侵犯鼻窦的磁共振（MRI）表现,探讨MRI在诊断鼻咽癌侵犯鼻窦中的作用。方法：回顾分析鼻咽癌并鼻窦侵犯的86例患者的MRI表现。结果：MRI表现为窦壁破坏100%,窦壁黏膜增厚52.3%,窦腔内软组织肿块65.1%,鼻窦内侵犯病灶与鼻咽肿瘤相连97.7%,合并积液25.6%。横断面T1WI、T2WI、CE-T1WI所示病灶三者间差异无显著性意义,矢状面T1WI、冠状面FSIR和冠状面CE-T1WI示肿瘤侵犯蝶窦为100%,横断面T2WI和CE-T1WI对显示筛窦、上颌窦受侵最佳。结论：窦壁骨质破坏、连续性中断;窦壁黏膜不均匀性增厚;窦腔内肿块与鼻咽肿瘤主体相连,且有相同程度的强化;T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI为等或稍高信号;增强扫描明显强化,是诊断鼻窦受侵犯的要点。因此,MRI的横断面T2WI、矢状面T1WI、冠状面FSIR及增强扫描在鼻咽癌鼻窦受侵犯的诊断中作用较大。     

MRI of the nasal cavity, the paranasal sinuses and orbits in Wegener's granulomatosis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate diagnostic MRI criteria in Wegener's granulomatosis of the nasal cavity, the paranasal sinuses and orbits. Between March 1991 and January 1996, 62 patients with biopsy-proven Wegener's granulomatosis were studied with T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo (SE) sequences. In 32 patients coronal postcontrast T1-weighted images were obtained. Mucosal thickening of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses was demonstrated as high-intensity lesions on T2-weighted SE sequences in 57 patients (92 %). Of this group, inflammatory granulomatous tissue was found on biopsy in 30 patients (48 %) in the nasal cavity and in 4 patients (6 %) in the paranasal sinuses. In 23 patients (37 %) biopsy revealed unspecific inflammatory changes without evidence of granulomatous tissue. In 14 patients (23 %) granulomas were depicted as low-signal intensity lesions on T1- and T2-weighted SE sequences in the paranasal sinuses and orbits. In 5 patients (8 %) osseous destruction was found. After gadolinium injection, 12 of 14 granulomas showed inhomogeneous signal enhancement. In two granulomas no enhancement was found. The MRI technique is helpful in the diagnosis of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. In the initial inflammatory process of Wegener's granulomatosis, it is not possible to differentiate between mucosal inflammation and granulomatous tissue in MRI. In the later stage of granulomatous transformation, granulomas can be depicted as low-signal-intensity lesions. Therefore, Wegener's granulomatosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with low-signal-intensity lesions on T1- and T2-weighted SE sequences of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and orbits. Received 10 June 1996; Revision received 26 August 1996; Accepted 24 September 1996     

MR imaging in paranasal and intracranial aspergillosis

The MR findings in three patients with paranasal and intracranial aspergillosis were analyzed. Two patients had sphenoid sinus aspergillosis with mucocele, and one had aspergillosis in the maxillary sinus and pachymeningitis in the posterior fossa. In all patients with aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses, a markedly hypointense area was present within the lesion on T2-weighted images. In the patient with pachymeningitis, contrast-enhanced MR images clearly demonstrated the extent of the lesion.     

Mucoceles of the paranasal sinuses: MR imaging with CT correlation

The MR findings in six cases of paranasal sinus mucoceles are described. Two basic MR appearances were encountered: either moderate to marked signal hypointensity in the expanded sinuses on T1- and T2-weighted images (four patients) or moderate to marked signal hyperintensity on T1- and T2-weighted images (two patients). These patterns appear to represent inspissated or hydrated sinus contents, respectively. CT correlation revealed hyperdense mucoceles in the decreased MR signal group and hypo- or isodense mucoceles in the increased MR signal group. Superimposed allergic Aspergillus sinusitis was also present in two patients with hypointense mucoceles on MR.     

鼻窦真菌球的 CT 及磁共振成像表现

目的：探讨鼻窦真菌球的CT、磁共振成像（MRI）特征性表现及诊断价值。方法回顾性分析35例经手术、组织病理学证实的鼻窦真菌球的影像学资料,35例患者均做CT平扫,其中4例做MRI平扫加增强扫描。结果鼻窦真菌球的主要CT表现为：①病变为单侧性（100%）;②病变部位以上颌窦为主（80%）,部分突入同侧鼻腔;其次为蝶窦（14%）;③病变窦腔内不均匀软组织密度影充填,其内可见呈斑点状、云絮状或条带状高密度钙化影（89%）;④局限性骨质增生（74%）及破坏（9%）。 MRI表现为：病变中心T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈低信号,周围增厚黏膜T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号,增强扫描病变中心不强化,周围增厚黏膜明显强化。结论病变内钙化影是本病特征性的CT征象,是诊断该病较为可靠的依据,CT检查是诊断本病的重要手段;MRI能显示病变内真菌球的范围,有助于诊断。     

CT and MRI features in Bipolaris fungal sinusitis

Bipolaris is an increasingly recognized cause of fungal sinusitis. Reports of imaging features are sparse. Our purpose was to review the imaging features in patients with Bipolaris fungal sinusitis. A review of our data showed seven patients with culture-proven Bipolaris fungal sinusitis. Computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses in all the patients and MRI in five patients were analysed for the location, nature, extent of the disease and density/signal characteristics on CT/MRI. The sphenoid and posterior ethmoid sinuses were most often involved (six of seven), followed by the anterior ethmoid sinus (five of seven), frontal sinus (four of seven) and maxillary sinus (three of seven) involvement. Five of seven cases had bilateral disease. Secretions were seen to fill the sinus and were expansile in nature in six of seven cases. Bony erosion was noted in all the patients. Air-fluid levels and bony sclerosis were rarely seen. Computed tomography showed central hyperdensity in all the cases. In the corresponding MR images (n = 5), the sinus contents appeared hyperintense on T1-weighted images and hypointense on T2-weighted images. Extension into the nasal cavity was found in six of seven cases. Five of seven cases had intracranial (extradural) spread. Intraorbital extension was seen in three of seven cases, with associated optic nerve compression in two. All the patients responded to surgical debridement, and systemic antifungal therapy was not required. Bipolaris fungal sinusitis typically presents with an allergic fungal sinusitis picture with expansile sinus opacification and bony erosions. There is central hyperdensity on CT scan, which appears hyperintense on T1-weighted and hypointense on T2-weighted MR images.     

CT and MR imaging of the paranasal sinuses in cystic fibrosis. Correlation with microbiological and histopathological results

PURPOSE: To compare CT and MR findings of the paranasal sinuses in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) with microbiology and histopathology. Further, to compare microbiology from the maxillary sinuses, nasopharynx and sputum. MATERIAL AND METHODS: CT and MR imaging of the paranasal sinuses were performed in 10 CF patients. Endoscopy and maxillary sinus aspirates were obtained (guided by the MR findings) and analyzed microbiologically and histologically. Samples from the nasopharynx and sputum were analyzed microbiologically. RESULTS: CT and MR were equal in displaying the extent of soft tissue masses, which at CT were homogeneous, while MR showed heterogeneous signals. MR images also demonstrated circumscribed areas with signal void at the STIR sequence with corresponding high to intermediate signal at the T1-weighted sequence. P. aeruginosa was frequently cultured from these areas which we named the "black hole sign". Maxillary sinus cultures revealed the same bacteria as nasopharynx and sputum cultures combined. CONCLUSION: MR images were superior to CT in differentiating soft tissue masses in the paranasal sinuses in CF patients. Bacteria with potential for specialized iron uptake mechanisms were present in areas with signal void at the STIR sequence. Our hypothesis is that the MR "black hole sign" can be explained by paramagnetic properties related to bacterial agents.     

Rhinoscleroma with orbital extension: CT and MRI

We describe the MRI features of a rhinoscleroma with orbital extension. This benign bacterial and granulomatous lesion of the paranasal sinuses gave homogeneous low intensity on T2-weighted images and enhanced with gadolinium. It could simulate a malignant sinonasal tumour or a fungal sinusitis; the diagnosis must be considered in patients from endemic areas.     

MRI appearances of the sphenoid sinus at the late follow-up of trans-sphenoidal surgery for pituitary macroadenoma

We aimed to demonstrate the appearances of the sphenoid sinus on MRI performed later than 2 years post- transsphenoidal surgery (TSS). We retrospectively reviewed 47 patients in whom follow-up MRI scans had been performed at least 2 years post-TSS. We specifically reviewed the clinical and imaging of those patients in whom the sphenoid sinus was filled with signal abnormality or masses were present arising from the sinus roof and classified them as tumour or indeterminate abnormalities on imaging criteria. We documented other clinicoradiological details. Twelve of 47 patients demonstrated sphenoid sinus filling or sinus roof masses and in six of 12 patients it was possible to classify them as tumourous using imaging and clinical criteria. The indeterminate and non-tumourous sphenoid sinus abnormalities most frequently had a T1-weighted signal similar to subsellar tumour and displayed rim enhancement and thus could not be reliably distinguished from tumourous abnormality on the basis of signal or enhancement characteristics. The presence of a well-defined surgical defect in the sella floor was associated with resolution of abnormality on MRI follow-up. We concluded MRI findings of sphenoid sinus filling or sinus roof masses are present in approximately 26% of scans performed longer than 2 years post-TSS. Half of these are of indeterminate origin and follow-up is required to discriminate tumour from non- tumour with certainty. A well-defined surgical defect in the sella floor is, however, suggestive of a non-tumourous abnormality.     

鼻腔鼻窦原发恶性黑色素瘤的影像学表现

目的：分析鼻腔鼻窦原发恶性黑色素瘤CT及 MR 表现,探讨其诊断要点。方法回顾性分析经活检或手术病理及免疫组化证实的16例鼻腔鼻窦恶性黑色素瘤的CT、MR特征及临床资料,均行 CT 平扫及增强,其中9例行 MR 平扫及增强。结果16例CT表现均为单侧发病;肿瘤位于鼻腔8例,鼻窦4例,同时累及鼻腔、鼻窦4例;形态欠规整,呈软组织密度,其内未见钙化和囊变;周围组织均受侵;增强后不均匀中-重度强化。9例 MR表现均为单侧发病;肿瘤位于鼻腔4例,鼻窦3例,同时受累鼻腔、鼻窦2例;形态欠规则,1例呈T1 WI高信号,T2 WI低信号,3例呈T1 WI等信号,T2 WI等/稍高信号,5例呈混杂信号。增强后不均匀轻-中度强化;周围组织均有侵犯。结论鼻腔鼻窦原发恶性黑色素瘤 CT表现缺乏特异性;典型恶性黑色素瘤有 MR 特征性表现,但罕见,以非色素及混合型常见。CT联合 MRI能准确显示肿瘤部位及与周围组织、邻近骨质的关系。     

鼻腔及鼻旁窦神经鞘瘤的影像学表现

目的 分析鼻腔和鼻旁窦神经鞘瘤的CT与MRI表现,提高诊断及鉴别水平.资料与方法 经病理证实的鼻腔、鼻旁窦神经鞘瘤8例,均行CT平扫,其中4例行增强扫描;MRI检查2例,同时行平扫和增强扫描.结果 良性4例,恶性4例.肿瘤原发于鼻腔4例,上颌窦3例,筛窦1例,无一例发生颈淋巴结转移.肿块在CT上多呈较均匀中等密度,3例密度不均;MRI T1WI呈中等信号,T2WI示中等或不均匀稍高信号,增强扫描肿瘤呈轻至中度强化或边缘强化.结论 鼻腔、鼻旁窦神经鞘瘤的CT与MRI表现无显著特异性,均能很好地显示肿瘤侵犯范围及骨质破坏情况.     

鼻腔鼻窦肉芽肿性血管炎的 CT 和 MRI 表现

目的：探讨鼻腔、鼻窦肉芽肿性血管炎(GPA)的 CT 和 MRI 表现。方法回顾性分析8例经手术病理证实的鼻腔、鼻窦GPA 的 CT 和 MRI 征象。其中8例均行 CT 平扫,7例行 MRI 常规平扫,3例同时行 MRI 动态增强扫描,后处理得到时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)及半定量参数增强前信号强度(SIpre ),最大信号强度(SImax ),峰值信号强度(SIpeak ),峰值时间(Tpeak ),最大上升斜率(MSI)。结果 CT 表现：8例双侧中鼻甲、钩突、部分鼻中隔缺失,双侧上颌窦内侧壁骨质破坏、余上颌窦窦壁骨质增生硬化;6例上颌窦体积减小;6例筛骨迷路缺如;4例鼻骨扁平、鼻背塌陷;2例鼻咽软组织增厚,1例眼眶受累;8例鼻窦黏膜增厚。MRI 表现：7例平扫示病变区周围黏膜呈等、稍长 T1及稍短 T2信号;3例动态增强示病变周围黏膜明显不均匀强化,TIC 整体呈平缓型,于第1~4期有1段缓升。SIpre 平均为1030;SImax 平均为2500;SIpeak 平均为2353;Tpeak 平均为100 s;MSI 平均为1.28%。结论鼻腔、鼻窦GPA 具有典型的影像学征象,总结其 CT 和 MRI 表现,有助于本病诊断。     

Incidence of non-tumor anomalies of the facial sinuses on x-ray computed tomography of the brain of asymptomatic patients. Clinical and radiologic correlations between involvements of ethmoid cells and other sinus cavities

Two hundred ninety five consecutive brain CT examinations of asymptomatic adults were studied prospectively for detection of nontumoral paranasal sinus abnormalities. CT alterations were found in 104 cases (35.3%), localized to the ethmoid cells in 83 cases, the maxillary sinuses in 56 cases, the sphenoid sinuses in 19 cases, and the frontal sinuses in 18 cases. The relationships between ethmoid cells disease and alterations of the large paranasal cavities are analysed, and the association with previous sinusitis or rhinitis is evaluated. Frontal sinus disease is associated in more than two-thirds of the cases with pathologic meatic and/or unciform ethmoid cells, but such an association could not be demonstrated for the other cavities.     

筛蝶窦囊肿的临床和影像学诊断

目的:分析总结筛蝶窦囊肿的临床表现和影像学特点,探讨影像学检查在筛蝶窦囊肿诊断中的意义.材料和方法:回顾性分析20例手术证实的筛蝶窦囊肿病例(男16例,女4例;年龄10～68岁,中位数为44岁),病理显示均合并囊肿壁黏膜慢性炎症,其中伴胆固醇肉芽肿2例和内翻性乳头状瘤样改变1例.影像学检查包括CT检查14例、MRI检查16例,其中3例完成了CT增强检查.结果:临床表现以头痛(14例)和眼部症状(7例)(包括视力下降、复视、突眼、上睑下垂等)为主,其他还有鼻部症状4例(鼻塞、鼻出血等)以及短暂意识丧失、性功能障碍、泌乳、月经减少、面部麻木等.病程1～48个月,中位数17个月.CT显示囊肿为窦腔内膨胀性占位,CT值15～57Hu,部分有骨质吸收,边缘清晰;MRI显示囊肿为T1WI上信号强度不一,T2WI高信号.3例CT增强有环形或结节状强化,对应病理为合并肉芽肿形成或乳头状瘤样变.结论:筛蝶窦囊肿的临床表现结合影像学表现有一定特点,影像学检查在其诊断中有重要作用.     

Imaging study of ossifying fibroma with associated aneurysmal bone cyst in the paranasal sinus

Objective

To determine the CT and MR imaging features of ossifying fibroma with aneurysmal bone cyst of the paranasal sinus.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively reviewed 15 patients with histopathology-proven ossifying fibromas with aneurysmal bone cysts in the paranasal sinus. All 15 patients underwent CT and MR imaging. The following imaging features were reviewed: location, shape, margin, CT findings, and MR imaging appearances and time-intensity curve of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging.

Results

Ossifying fibromas occurred in the maxillary sinus in one patient, sphenoid sinus in 2, frontal sinus in 3, frontoethmoid sinuses in 3, and ethmoid sinus in 6 patients. Ossifying fibromas showed an elliptic-shape and aneurysmal bone cysts revealed a multicystic appearance, with well-demarcated margins. On unenhanced CT, ossifying fibromas appeared isodense to gray matter with scattered calcifications in nine, ground-glass appearance in 6 patients and aneurysmal bone cysts showed mixed density. Ossifying fibromas appeared isointense to gray matter in 12 and slightly hypointense in three patients on T1-weighted images, and isointense in 4 and hypointense in eleven patients on T2-weighted images, with moderate or marked enhancement after administration of contrast material. The time-intensity curves of eight ossifying fibromas exhibited a rapidly enhancing and rapid washout pattern. The intracystic components of aneurysmal bone cysts showed heterogeneous signal intensity on MR images, with fluid–fluid levels identified clearly by T2-weighted images, without enhancement. The periphery and septa of aneurysmal bone cysts appeared isointense on MR images, with marked enhancement.

Conclusions

Fluid–fluid levels within an elliptic-shape mass with scattered calcifications or ground-glass appearance is highly suggestive of this complicated entity in the paranasal sinus.     

Infrasellar craniopharyngioma

Summary A rare case of infrasellar craniopharyngioma mainly occupying the paranasal sinuses, the infratemporal fossa and the skull base is presented. The patient had been treated by an otolaryngologist as a case of mucocele of the sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses because the biopsy specimens obtained at endonasal surgery failed to confirm the true diagnosis. Computed tomography (CT) showed multilobulated low density cysts in the paranasal sinuses, infratemporal fossa and skull base, and the cyst wall was enhanced. Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed the cysts to have high intensity in both T1-and T2-weighted images, and excellent three-dimensional visualization was obtained. Characteristic motor-oil-like fluid was aspirated during transnasal surgery and the diagnosis of craniopharyngioma was confirmed by histological examination.     

Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary with atypical magnetic resonance imaging findings in a middle-aged woman

We encountered a case of atypical sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary (SST) in a middle-aged woman. This 52-year-old woman presented with a 2-year history of abdominal distention. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a large mass extending from the pelvis to the epigastrium. T2-weighted MRI showed an island-shaped area of slight hyperintensity. Dynamic MRI demonstrated gradual light enhancement of the area in which T2-weighted imaging showed low intensity. The diagnosis of the tumor proved difficult because neither MRI findings nor the age of getting sick were atypical. We report this case with MRI findings and correlated pathology.     

霉菌性鼻窦炎的CT诊断（附8例分析）

目的：旨在认识霉菌性鼻窦炎ＣＴ表现的特征，以便作出准确的定性诊断。材料与方法：搜集经手术病理证实的霉菌性鼻窦炎８例，其中曲霉菌病５例，毛霉菌病２例，隐球菌病１例。对它们的ＣＴ征象结合病理改变进行回顾性分析。同时对本病与一般性炎症、肿瘤之间的鉴别诊断作了讨论。结果：以下ＣＴ征象可作秋诊断该病的重要依据：（１）病变为单侧性，对侧鼻腔鼻窦正常；（２）病变仅位于上颌窦或以上颌窦为主，累及同侧鼻腔及其他鼻窦