肝癌螺旋CT双期增强扫描影像学特征及CT假阳性病灶的病理分析

背景与目的:肝细胞癌(简称肝癌)螺旋CT双期增强扫描"快进快出"的特点与其它病变存在交叉重叠的现象,为进一步提高螺旋CT对肝细胞癌诊断的准确性,探讨与肝癌螺旋CT双期扫描特点类似的病变,分析出现假阳性病灶的原因,并阐明它们与病理之间的关系.方法:收集自2000年12月至2002年12月中山大学肿瘤防治中心行螺旋CT双期增强扫描发现肝内病灶,并经手术切除、病理证实的病例52例(男性49例,女性3例),CT扫描共发现56个病灶.分析、总结肝癌病灶动脉期与门脉期增强特点,螺旋CT所见假阳性(false positive)病灶与病理结果对照分析.结果:本组52例的56个病灶中,癌灶51个,其中49个为肝细胞癌病灶,另有2例为肝细胞与胆管细胞的混合癌;假阳性灶5个.全部肝癌病灶动脉期明显不均匀强化;门脉期不均匀低密度;巨块型肝癌癌灶内可见不同程度坏死,小肝癌与结节性肝癌病灶内坏死较少见.病灶大部分边缘清楚,可见包膜.另外5个为CT扫描的假阳性病灶(8.9%),假阳性病灶病理诊断包括肝硬化结节增生、再生结节,肝硬化合并胆管增生、胆管结石合并胆管壁的炎性反应、纤维增生.假阳性病灶的螺旋CT征象与肝癌灶类似.结论:螺旋CT双期增强扫描对肝癌典型病灶可以明确诊断.假阳性病灶与典型的肝癌病灶双期螺旋扫描的CT征象差别不大,应结合临床资料进行分析,行随诊观察或病理活检证实.     

经肝动脉和门静脉插管螺旋CT扫描对肝癌的诊断价值

CT经动脉门静脉造影(CT during arterial portography, CTAP) 和 CT经肝动脉造影(CT hepatic arteriography, CTHA) 都是肝癌的侵入性检查方法,各有优缺点 . 本文将 CTAP与 CTHA相结合,旨在观察两者对肝癌的诊断价值 .     

肝细胞肝癌CT全肿瘤灌注测量值与MVD及其与病理分化程度的相关性

目的 探讨肝细胞肝癌320排CT全肿瘤灌注测量值与MVD的关系,分析肝细胞肝癌不同病理分级与MVD的相关性.方法 收集56例行320排容积CT灌注成像的肝细胞肝癌患者,采用全肿瘤测量法计算瘤体的肝动脉灌注量(HAP)、门静脉灌注量(PVP)及肝动脉灌注指数(HAPI).根据Edmondson-Steiner分级法行病理分级.不同分级肝细胞肝癌各灌注参数值相比采用单因素方差分析或非参数检验分析.采用Spearman等级相关的分析方法 对不同分化程度肝细胞肝癌的各灌注参数值、肿瘤微血管密度以及病理分级的相关性进行分析.结果 56例患者中,高分化肝癌15例,中分化肝癌29例,低分化肝癌12例.MVD值分别为48.61个/mm2、64.37个/mm2、86.31个/mm2.不同病理分级的肝细胞肝癌全肿瘤灌注测量值存在差异,低分化肝癌的HAP和HAPI最高,PVP最低,高分化肝癌的HAP和HAPI最低,PVP最高,中分化肝癌介于两者之间.不同病理分级肝细胞肝癌与肿瘤的MVD值呈正相关关系.高MVD计数组肝细胞肝癌的HAP、HAPI均高于低MVD计数组,差异有统计学意义.高MVD计数组肝细胞肝癌的PVP小于低MVD计数组,差异有统计学意义.结论 全肿瘤灌注测量值能够定量反映不同病理分级肝细胞肝癌的血流动力学及肿瘤血管状况,可作为活体无创性评估肿瘤病理分级及肿瘤血管生成的一种新的测量方法 .MVD与肝细胞肝癌的病理分级存在一定的相关性,可在全肿瘤灌注测量值的变化中得到反映.     

索拉非尼联合经导管动脉栓塞化疗治疗不可手术切除的原发性肝癌患者的临床疗效及安全性

目的 探讨索拉非尼联合经导管动脉栓塞化疗(TACE)治疗不可手术切除的原发性肝癌患者的临床疗效及安全性.方法 选取120例不可切除原发性肝癌患者,依据治疗方法分为联合组(n=55)和对照组(n=65),其中对照组患者给予单纯TACE治疗,联合组患者给予索拉非尼联合TACE治疗.比较两组患者的近期疗效、血清肿瘤标志物[甲...     

混合型肝癌超声造影检查的研究

目的 探讨混合型肝癌的临床特点,研究超声造影检测混合型肝癌的准确率及有效性.方法 回顾性分析经超声造影检查且经手术切除病理证实为混合型肝患者50例的临床资料.结果 50例患者中54％的小型肝细胞癌可以切除,而且手术后并发症少.亚临床期没有症状的患者预后较好,可以认为是早期混合型肝癌.68％病人血清AFP＜ 200 ng/ml,且AFP值与混合型肝癌大小没有平行关系.在高发生率地区,对AFP持续微量超高者,应高度怀疑混合型肝癌,并进一步检查.混合型肝癌没有一定的回音模式,不过肿瘤越小越趋向于低回音性,直径＜2 cm的肝细胞癌,76.5％呈低回音性,3 cm以上者84.6％为高回音性病灶.结论 CT扫描对混合型肝癌(＜3 cm)诊断率比超声扫描稍差,对于混合型肝癌而言,超声造影检查敏感性最高,特异性最佳,对肿瘤的生长情况也能够完全把握.     

动脉性门脉造影与肝动脉造影性螺旋CT扫描对多血管性肝细胞癌的检出

螺旋CT扫描的问世使人们可以获得高质量的动脉性门脉造影CT(CTAP)与肝动脉造影CT(CTHA)图像,CTAP与CTHA的联合使用增加了肝细胞肝癌(HCC)的检出与特征显示。动脉内经动脉导管化疗中     

氧化铁增强MRI术前检出肝细胞癌与联合动脉性门脉造影CT及肝动脉造影CT的比较

应用接收者操作特性曲线 (ＲＯＣ)比较氧化铁增强ＭＲＩ、联合动脉性门脉造影ＣＴ(ＣＴＡＰ)及肝动脉造影ＣＴ(ＣＴＡ)检出肝细胞癌 (ＨＣＣ)的能力。共 2 0例病人 ,男18例 ,女 2例 ,3 5～ 66岁。手术 18例 :肝段切除 4例 ,肝叶切除 12例 ,扩大肝右叶切除 1例 ,肝移植 1例。另 2例在活检后做了术中超声与射频热切除。ＨＣＣ大小为 0 .3ｃｍ～ 14.0ｃｍ ,平均 4 .1ｃｍ。乙肝表面抗原阳性16例 ,丙肝抗体阳性 2例。 16例肝切除标本检查证明有肝硬化。肝脏手术在影像学检查后 3周内进行。所有病人无ＨＣＣ的肝段由术中超声 ( 7例 )及ＣＴ至少随…     

肝双期增强螺旋CT最佳参数设置

螺旋CT全肝动脉期、门脉期动态扫描,对肝细胞肝癌有较高的鉴别诊断价值.普通CT机作常规增强扫描,由于扫描和成像速度慢,所获取图像多为门脉相或肝实质相,不能充分反映肝细胞癌血供特点,不利于病灶性质的鉴别.近年来,我们对154例原发性肝细胞性肝癌作双期增强扫描,探讨获得最佳的动脉期、门脉期显像参数,现将资料完整的病例统计分析如下.     

经导管动脉栓塞化疗联合射频消融术治疗原发性肝细胞肝癌的效果观察

目的 探讨选择性经导管动脉栓塞化疗(TACE)联合射频消融术(RFA)治疗原发性肝细胞肝癌的疗效及对患者生存的影响.方法 将78例原发性肝细胞肝癌患者按治疗方式不同分为对照组(TACE治疗,n=37)和研究组(TACE联合RFA治疗,n=41).对比两组患者的临床疗效、并发症发生情况及生存情况.结果 研究组患者总有效率...     

肝脏肿瘤的CT诊断与鉴别

目的　探讨肝脏肿瘤的CT表现及鉴别诊断。方法　收集病理或临床证实的 10 0例肝脏肿瘤的螺旋CT平扫及增强资料。结果　 10 0例肝脏肿瘤中 ,3 9例肝细胞肝癌 ,3 1例肝血管瘤 ,2 0例肝转移瘤 ,10例肝胆管细胞癌。定性总准确率 94%。结论　肝细胞肝癌、肝血管瘤、肝转移瘤、肝胆管细胞癌各自具有特征性CT表现 ,CT检查具有诊断和鉴别诊断价值。     

多层螺旋CT血管成像在肝癌化疗栓塞中的临床指导作用

背景与目的：多层螺旋CT血管成像具有扫描速度快、覆盖范围大、肝脏血管图像清晰．多角度三维显示等特点,对肝脏病变的诊断和治疗已显示出重要价值。目前对于多层螺旋CT肝脏血管三维成像的研究主要集中在肝脏肿瘤、肝移植术前评价及肝脏血管系统解剖,对于指导肝癌动脉化疗栓塞的研究仍然有限。本研究通过对比分析肝癌患者肝脏多层螺旋CT血管成像（muhislice CT angiography,MSCTA）与数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography,DSA）图像．探讨MSCTA在肝癌肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗中的临床指导作用。方法：本组50例肝癌患者行多层螺旋CT肝脏双期增强扫描。采用最大密度投影（maximal intensitypmjection,MIP）和容积再现（volume rendering technique,VRT）重建技术行肝动脉、门静脉血管成像,再经股动脉插管分别行腹腔动脉、肠系膜上动脉、肾动脉、膈动脉DSA造影及TACE治疗,对比分析肝癌MSCTA与DSA图像。结果：肝动脉解剖分型和肿瘤供血动脉来源的DSA与MSCT的MIP、VRT血管成像显示符合率达到100％,χ^2检验,两者间差异无统计学意义（P=1．00）,而对肝动门脉瘘及门脉癌栓的显示MSCTA比DSA更有优势。结论：MSCTA检查无创、简单易行,其图像的三维重建立体感强,可准确提供肝动脉、门静脉及肿瘤供血来源等信息,对指导肝癌经肝动脉化疗栓塞有很好的临床指导作用。     

Highly enhanced hepatic masses seen on CT during arterial portography: early hepatocellular carcinoma and adenomatous hyperplasia

BACKGROUND: To describe computed tomographic (CT) features of highly enhanced hepatic masses as seen on CT during arterial portography (CTAP) and to survey the varieties of hepatic lesions associated with such findings. METHODS: CTAP files for 400 patients were reviewed, on the basis of which six patients with highly enhanced hepatic masses were selected. These six patients also subsequently underwent CT during hepatic arteriography (CTHA) on the same day. All the patients had chronic liver damage, which was cirrhotic in five cases. Five had a current diagnosis and one had a history of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). RESULTS: Solitary highly enhanced masses were observed on CTAP in three patients, three masses were seen in one patient and multiple (10-12) masses in the other two patients. All the CTAP-enhanced masses except one were round in shape and homogeneous in attenuation. The size of the mass ranged from 6 to 25 mm in diameter. In all except two nodules in one patient, the masses were hypoattenuated on CTHA. On histopathological examination of five nodules in three patients, the nodular lesions were consistent with so-called early HCC (well-differentiated HCC of Edmondson I) in four nodules and adenomatous hyperplasia in the other nodule. CONCLUSIONS: Highly enhanced hepatic masses relative to the surrounding liver parenchyma have been sporadically noted on CTAP, especially in patients with liver cirrhosis. When present, such nodules are typically hypoattenuated on CTHA and histological features are consistent with early HCC and adenomatous hyperplasia.     

肝动脉和经动脉门脉造影螺旋CT的应用价值

目的 探讨螺旋ＣＴ扫描在肝动脉造影ＣＴ（ＣＴ ｈｅｐａｔｉｃ ａｒｔｅｒｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＣＴＨＡ）和经动脉门脉造影ＣＴ（ＣＴ ａｒｔｅｒｉａｌ ｐｏｒｔｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＣＴＡＰ）中的应用价值。方法 分析５０例小肝癌灶ＣＴＡＴＰ和ＣＴＨＡ的图像,并与双期增强扫描进行对照。结果 ＣＴＡＰ病灶检出 ９２．２％,ＣＴＨＡ病灶检出率为９０．１％。     

Computed tomography during arteriography and arterial portography in small hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodule: a prospective study.

We studied the relationship between the findings of computed tomography during arteriography (CTA) and computed tomography during arterial portography (CTAP), and pathologic findings of 81 small nodular lesions (3 cm or less in diameter) in resected liver specimens. The 81 lesions consisted of 8 dysplastic nodule (DN) lesions, 23 well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas (early HCCs) and 50 moderately or poorly differentiated HCCs (advanced HCCs). We also performed standard computed tomography (CT), digital subtraction angiography (DSA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasonography, and compared sensitivities with CTA, CTAP, or combination of CTA and CTAP with other imaging methods. Forty-four of the 50 advanced HCCs, 12 of the 23 early HCCs, and none of 8 DNs hyperattenuated with CTA and hypoattenuated with CTAP. The sensitivity for the early HCCs was significantly higher for CTA and CTAP in combination as compared with DSA or standard CT. The sensitivity for the advanced HCCs was significantly higher for CTA and CTAP in combination than with DSA. The sequential changes of the blood supply from the portal vein to the hepatic artery during the development of the HCCs were observed. Although CTA and CTAP in combination were useful for the distinction of advanced HCC from early HCC or DN, CTA and CTAP used in combination were not superior to CTA alone in the detection of such lesions.     

不能手术的原发性肝癌介入治疗与介入加放疗的疗效比较

目的：观察不能手术的原发性肝癌患者,单纯肝动脉栓塞化疗（TACE）与肝动脉栓塞化疗联合直线加速器放射治疗的疗效及不良反应。方法：116例不能手术的原发性肝癌患者,63例行肝动脉栓塞化疗（介入组）,53例行TACE联合放疗（联合组）。TACE灌注化疗药物为：丝裂霉素（MMC）10-20mg,氟尿嘧啶（5-Fu）1000-1500mg,表阿霉素（E-ADM）30-50mg,栓塞剂为40%超液态碘化油5-20ml。直线加速器治疗用10MV-X,95%等剂量线包绕PTV,40-60Gy/8-25F,3-5F/wk。结果：介入组及联合组2年局部控制率分别为30.2%、43.6%,3年局部控制率分别为24.4%、37.9%,两组比较有显著的统计学意义（P〈0.05）;2年生存率分别为30.1%、42.9%,3年生存率分别为21.5%、32.6%,2年总生存率比较两组差异无统计学意义（P=0.056）,3年总生存率比较两组差异有统计学意义（P=0.034）。联合组发现2例放射诱发的肝病。结论：不能手术的原发性肝癌介入治疗加放疗比单纯放疗疗效好。     

Computed Tomography during Arteriography and Arterial Portography in Small Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Dysplastic Nodule: A Prospective Study

We studied the relationship between the findings of computed tomography during arteriography (CTA) and computed tomography during arterial portography (CTAP), and pathologic findings of 81 small nodular lesions (3 cm or less in diameter) in resected liver specimens. The 81 lesions consisted of 8 dysplastic nodule (DN) lesions, 23 well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas (early HCCs) and 50 moderately or poorly differentiated HCCs (advanced HCCs). We also performed standard computed tomography (CT), digital subtraction angiography (DSA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasonography, and compared sensitivities with CTA, CTAP, or combination of CTA and CTAP with other imaging methods. Forty-four of the 50 advanced HCCs, 12 of the 23 early HCCs, and none of 8 DNs hyperattenuated with CTA and hypoattenuated with CTAP. The sensitivity for the early HCCs was significantly higher for CTA and CTAP in combination as compared with DSA or standard CT. The sensitivity for the advanced HCCs was significantly higher for CTA and CTAP in combination than with DSA. The sequential changes of the blood supply from the portal vein to the hepatic artery during the development of the HCCs were observed. Although CTA and CTAP in combination were useful for the distinction of advanced HCC from early HCC or DN, CTA and CTAP used in combination were not superior to CTA alone in the detection of such lesions.     

奥曲肽联合碘油经肝动脉灌注治疗不可切除肝癌疗效观察

目的：观察奥曲肽联合碘油经肝动脉灌注治疗不可切除肝癌的临床疗效。方法：分组比较奥曲肽联合化疗栓塞（实验组20例）与单纯化疗栓塞（对照组20例）对症状改善、肿瘤退缩及血生化指标的影响。结果：实验组与对照组在治疗前后近期癌灶疗效和症状体征疗效上有统计学意义。奥曲肽对患者肝肾功能、造血系统及胃肠道系统无明显影响。结论：与常规TACE术相比,以奥曲肽作为灌注药物,对肝癌病人进行TA—CE术能一定程度上提高疗效和安全性,并能提高患者的生存质量。     

胃肠道癌肝转移DSA表现与肝动脉化疗栓塞近期疗效的关系

目的 探讨胃肠道癌肝转移数字减影血管造影（DSA）表现与肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）近期疗效的关系。方法 胃肠道癌肝转移患者255例,经病理组织学检查确诊为腺癌,原发灶均被切除,所有患者在TACE中均先进行肝动脉DSA,根据肝内转移瘤的动脉供血情况、瘤体的染色程度,将转移瘤的血供类型分为3种：富血供、中等血供和乏血供,并判定肝转移瘤的DSA表现及其与TACE近期疗效的关系。结果 255例患者中富血供者34例、中等血供者69例、乏血供者152例;富血供者中有效者（CR+PR）25例,中等血供中有效者（CR+PR）17例,乏血供者中有效者（CR+PR）31例;富血供型与中等血供型、乏血供型组间近期疗效的差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,而中等血供型与乏血供型近期疗效的差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。所有患者行TACE后均出现不同程度的恶心、呕吐、肝区不适或疼痛,未出现肝功能衰竭,未见相关的严重并发症发生。结论 胃肠道癌肝转移瘤的血供类型以乏血供型为主;TACE对胃肠道癌肝转移瘤富血供者的疗效明显优于中等血供和乏血供者,对于中等血供型和乏血供型肿瘤应结合非血管性介入治疗的方法,以提高疗效。     

CT及MR多期动态增强扫描对肝细胞肝癌介入治疗后随诊的对比分析

目的比较多排螺旋CT与MR多期动态增强扫描对肝细胞肝癌（HCC）经肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）后肿瘤局灶复发或残存的诊断价值。方法18例结节型HCC患者共38个病灶,TACE介入后22天-11个月分别行多排螺旋CT增强扫描及MRLAVA多期增强扫描,检查平均间隔9天（1～21天）。2位影像诊断医师分别读片,评价肿瘤复发或残存。所有病灶经血管造影、碘油CT、随诊等方法证实。通过计算2种诊断方法的ROC曲线下面积（Az）,比较两者诊断的准确性,并评价CT及MR诊断的敏感性差异。结果38个病灶中24个有肿瘤复发或存活,Az值分别为0．948±0．035和0．762±0．074（P〈0．05）,MRLAVA诊断的准确性显著高于CT扫描。根据诊断复发的评分标准,MRLAVA诊断存活肿瘤组织的敏感性为87．5％（21／24）,CT的敏感性为45．8％（11／24）,MRLAVA多期增强扫描的敏感性显著高于CT增强扫描（P〈0．05）。结论在评估肝细胞肝癌TACE治疗后肿瘤残存或复发方面,MR多期增强扫描优于CT增强扫描。     

肝细胞癌放疗现状与进展

放疗是无手术指征肝细胞肝癌（HCC）患者的主要治疗方法,包括内放疗、三维适形放疗、三维调强放疗（IMRT）、立体定向放疗及放疗联合肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）等。对于微小病灶、外照射后残存或复发的病灶,内放疗可有目的性地放置放射性核素以提高靶器官辐射量,减少正常组织的辐射量。对于肿瘤边界不清,有癌栓、淋巴结转移或局部复发的患者,三维适形放疗、IMRT及放疗联合TACE则可以更好地使高剂量分布形状与靶区形状在三维空间上一致,提高局部控制率。