Avascular necrosis of femoral head after gamma-nailing for unstable intertrochanteric fractures

We reported on 7 cases of avascular necrosis ¶of the femoral head after treatment of an unstable intertrochanteric fracture with the Asian Pacific gamma-nail. The incidence was about 1.16% (7 of 604) in our series. Good reduction and good implant position were achieved in all 7 men. Avascular necrosis was found about 6 months to 3 years after the initial operation, and all the fractures were solidly united at the final diagnosis. The possible etiologies were initial high energy trauma and combining basal neck fracture and iatrogenic damage of the blood supply to the femoral head.     

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head after femoral neck fracture

Trauma-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head represents the most common femoral head aseptic necrosis. An alteration in blood supply to the femoral head is the cause of the vascular necrosis. Another mechanism in the genesis of femoral head necrosis is the tamponade effect. Femoral head necrosis may be asymptomatic for a long time, even in patients in whom late segmental collapse already is present. Radiography does not allow diagnostic reliability until 6 months after fracture. The presence of a low signal intensity band away from the fracture line on magnetic resonance images clearly delimits the necrotic area. Once segmental collapse has developed, the diagnosis becomes simple using plain radiographs. The treatment of established femoral necrosis complicating fractures of the upper end of the femur is approached as a therapeutic problem lacking an optimal solution. The main therapeutic options are femoral head-preserving procedures and joint reconstruction. Among the procedures that preserve the femoral head are joint unloading, femoral head core decompression, electric stimulation, osteotomy, and bone grafting. Joint reconstruction procedures including cup arthroplasty, hemiresurfacing, total hip resurfacing, femoral head replacement, femoral head endoprosthesis, and total arthroplasty will be reviewed.     

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head after hip arthroscopy

We report a case of a 61-year-old woman who underwent hip arthroscopy for a labral tear. The acetabular labrum was resected arthroscopically. Three months later, magnetic resonance imaging showed avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Theoretically, avascular necrosis following hip arthroscopy may result from traction on vessels supplying the femoral head, direct injury to such vessels during portal entrance, raised intra-articular pressure, prolonged operating time and damage to vessels during bony resection or osteochondroplasty for femoroacetabular impingement. We presume that avascular necrosis in our case was a result of a traction injury and increased intra-articular pressure.     

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head after osteosynthesis of femoral neck fracture

The reported incidence of avascular necrosis after femoral neck fracture fixation varies widely, and there is no consensus regarding its risk factors. We evaluated the incidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head with the use of contemporary techniques for femoral neck fracture fixation. We then sought to determine what potential risk factors influenced the development of avascular necrosis.Between 1990 and 2005, one hundred sixty-three intracapsular femoral neck fractures in 163 patients were treated with internal fixation at our level-I trauma center. All patients were monitored until conversion to total hip arthroplasty or for a minimum of 2 years postoperatively. Ten patients (10 hips) died and 7 patients (7 hips) were lost to follow-up. The remaining 146 patients (146 hips) had a mean 5.2 years of follow-up (range, 3 months to 17 years). The incidence of avascular necrosis was 25.3% (37 hips). The average time to diagnosis of avascular necrosis was 18.8 months (range, 3-47 months). Patient sex, age, interval from injury to surgery, and mechanism of injury were statistically not associated with the development of avascular necrosis. The quality of fracture reduction, adequacy of fixation, degree of displacement, and comminution of the posterior cortex were significantly associated. After we controlled for patient and radiographic characteristics, multivariate analyses indicated that the important predictors for avascular necrosis are poor reduction (odds ratio=13.889) and initial displacement of the fracture (odds ratio=4.693).     

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head after single steroid intra-articular injection

European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology - Femoral head avascular bone necrosis (AVN) is the loss of blood supply to the bone tissue of femoral head that results in cellular...     

Avascular femoral head necrosis following fracture fixation

A prospective, randomized trial of 104 consecutive patients with displaced fractures of the femoral neck treated with either a sliding screw plate or four AO cancellous bone screws was performed to study the influence of the fixation device and the fixation procedure on the vascularity of the femoral head. The vitality of the femoral head was determined by 99mTc-MDP scintigraphy performed 2-3 months after the operation. Eighty-seven patients (84 per cent) were available for assessment. The two treatment groups were comparable with regard to age, degree of primary displacement and quality of reduction. There were significantly more (P less than 0.01) avascular femoral heads or femoral heads with reduced vascularity in the sliding screw plate group (14/40, 35 per cent) than in the four AO cancellous bone screw group (5/47, 11 per cent).     

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head following trochanteric fractures in adults: A systematic review

IntroductionAvascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) following trochanteric fractures (TFx) is infrequent. The causal relationship between ANFH and TFx remains controversial. Although several major risk factors for ANFH have been proposed, most of them remain under discussion. In this study we undertook a systematic review of the literature to investigate the incidence of AVN, risk factors and outcomes following Tfx fixation.Materials and methodsA comprehensive review of the literature was undertaken using the PRISMA guidelines with no language restriction. Case reports of ANFH and series of TFx with or without cases of ANFH published between inception of journals to December 2013 were eligible for inclusion. Relevant information was divided in two sections. Part I: included the analysis of detailed case reports of ANFH, either published isolated or included in series of TFx, with the objective of establishing potential risk factors, clinical and radiological presentation, time to development, treatment and outcome of this complication. Part II: analyzed series of TFx, which included cases of ANFH with or without details of aetiology, treatment modalities and outcomes, with the objective of assessing the incidence of ANFH in TFx.ResultsOverall 80 articles with 192 cases of ANFH after TFx met the inclusion criteria. The most probable developmental pathway appears to be a disruption of the extra osseous arterial blood supply to the femoral head. Suggested risk factors included high-energy trauma with fracture comminution and displacement, and an atypical course of the fracture line, more proximal, at the base of the neck. Most cases were diagnosed within the first two years after fracture. The clinical and radiological features appear to be similar to those of idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The incidence of AVFH with a minimum of 1-year follow-up was calculated 0.95%, and with a minimum 2-year follow-up it was 1.37%. Total hip replacement was the mainstay of treatment.ConclusionThe incidence of AVFH after Tfx fixation is small 1.37% within the first 2 years of injury. Risk factors for the development of this complication are related to the severity of trauma, fragment geometry and fracture displacement. Optimum surgery of these fractures cannot guarantee prevention of ANFH.     

Avascular necrosis and the blood supply of the femoral head

Postmortem femoral artery perfusion revealed abnormalities in the femoral head pattern of vessels in steroid-treated renal transplant patients as compared with controls. Degenerative changes were found in some of the arteries and arterioles of the hip capsule and femoral head in the renal transplant patients. Two of these patients' femoral heads showed microfocal avascular necrosis. Although high-dose steroids were used in these patients, none had suffered clinically from hip disease while alive. These findings suggest the possibility that local arterial disease may be involved in the pathogenesis of avascular necrosis.     

临床病例讨论——股骨颈骨折术后股骨头缺血坏死

病历摘要 患者,男性,13岁,因"机动车撞伤致右髋部疼痛1 h"于2007年4月30日至本院骨科就诊.急诊查体:患者痛苦面容,右侧髋关节和膝关节轻度屈曲,右下肢轻度外旋,局部无明显肿胀,右侧腹股沟韧带中点压痛明显,右髋关节主动运动丧失,被动活动疼痛加重,触诊检查大转子,大转子位于髂-坐骨结节连线之上,大转子与髂前上棘之间的距离右侧较左侧短缩约1.5 cm.急诊摄双侧股骨上段正位X线片示右侧股骨颈基底骨折(Garden Ⅳ型),移位明显(图1).急诊诊断:右侧股骨颈基底骨折.收治入院后,经完善术前常规检查,在与患者家属讨论治疗方案后,即日在硬膜外麻醉下急诊行"右侧股骨颈骨折闭合复位3枚空心钉固定术".     

儿童股骨颈骨折后股骨头缺血性坏死的相关因素分析

目的 探讨儿奄股骨颈骨折后股骨头缺血性坏死的影响因素.方法 回顾1994年6月至2006年4月收治的33例儿童股骨颈骨折患者资料,其中Delbet Ⅰ型1例、Ⅱ型15例、Ⅲ型14例、Ⅳ型2例.平均受伤年龄10.7岁(3.7-14.1岁).所有患儿均随访至骨折愈合后,平均随访时间为3.4年(1.0-12.2年).16例发生股骨头缺血性坏死,其中Ratliff Ⅰ型犁8例、Ⅱ型3例、Ⅲ璎4例、分型不详1例.将受伤年龄、骨折类型、骨折移位程度、复位质量及内固定物类型等影响凶素分别与股骨头缺血性坏死进行计算和统计分析.结果年龄＜10岁组(11例)有4例、年龄≥10岁组(22例)有12例发生股骨头缺血性坏死(P=0.465).骨折Delbet Ⅱ型组(15例)有8例、Ⅲ型组(14例)有6例发生股骨头缺血性坏死,发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.715).无移位骨折组(4例)有1例、移位骨折组(26例)有14例发生股骨头缺血性坏死,发牛率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.598).复位满意组(20例)有10例、复位不满意组(9例)有6例发生股骨头缺血性坏死,发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.454).非坚强内固定组(27例)有13例、坚强内固定组(4例)有2例发生股骨头缺血性坏死,发牛率比较差异无统计学意义(P=1.000).结论 骨折类型、骨折移位程度、复位质量及受伤年龄等因素均可以影响儿童股骨颈骨折后股骨头缺血性坏死的发牛率.     

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head--an unusual complication of an intertrochanteric fracture.

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head is an uncommon complication after intertrochanteric fracture. We report six patients with this unusual complication 1-5 years after intertrochanteric fracture. The possible etiologies of this complication include a more proximal intertrochanteric fracture, a high-energy injury with fracture displacement resulting in vascular damage, and adverse influences of the operative procedures on the vascularity of the femoral head.     

Avascular necrosis associated with fractures of the femoral neck in children: histological evaluation of core biopsies of the femoral head

There is no well-documented effective treatment for avascular necrosis following fractures of the femoral neck in children. Six children who suffered avascular necrosis following these fractures were treated with a long period of non-weight bearing. We tried to predict the advisable period of non-weight bearing by histological finding on core biopsy taken from the femoral head and present long-term follow-up results. The time interval for the biopsy ranged from 4 to 21 months after injury. Two specimens obtained within 1 year after injury showed total necrosis. The other four specimens taken more than 1 year after injury showed partial repair. Two specimens obtained from patients who had minimally displaced fractures also revealed necrotic tissue. Four patients were initially placed non-weight bearing for over 1 year. Two patients started weight bearing immediately after surgery, and late segmental collapse occurred within 1 year. They were then placed non-weight bearing for a further period in excess of 1 year. All patients, including those who had severely displaced fractures, avoided severe collapse of the femoral head. To avoid severe collapse of the femoral head due to avascular necrosis after pediatric femoral neck fractures, a long period of non-weight bearing of at least 1 year may be recommended treatment.     

Avascular necrosis after first metatarsal head osteotomies

Thirty patients who were surgically treated for hallux valgus by first metatarsal head osteotomies between 1975 and 1980 were reviewed. The average follow-up was 41 months, with the longest being 78 months and the shortest 16 months. Radiographs were obtained to determine if avascular necrosis of the first metatarsal head had occurred. Two cases of avascular necrosis were discovered.