煎煮时间对四物汤某些成分含量的影响

测定了不同煎煮时间的四物汤煎膏煎出率和还原糖、磷脂含量.当煎煮时间达到30min时煎出率、还原糖、磷脂含量达最高,分别为33.1%、54.4mg/ml、42.06μg/ml.     

四物汤传统汤剂中5-羟甲基糠醛的含量测定

目的建立紫外分光光度法测定四物汤传统汤剂中5-羟甲基糠醛含量的方法。方法通过测定吸光度,建立标准曲线法,建立浓度和吸光度值关系方程式,计算得不同煎煮时间时5-羟甲基糠醛的浓度。结果 5-羟甲基糠醛在5.262~26.310μg/ml呈良好的线性关系,γ=0.9998(n=5)。测得5-羟甲基糠醛浓度分别为:23.6480μg/ml、25.9654μg/ml、24.6716μg/ml。结论 5-羟甲基糠醛的含量在一定煎煮时间范围内随时间的延长而增加,在80 min时达到最大值。     

正交试验优选蕲蛇煎煮工艺

目的:对蕲蛇的水煎煮工艺进行优化。方法:采用柱前衍生化反相高效液相色谱法。以蕲蛇中4种主要氨基酸的总含量为指标,对蕲蛇的水煎煮工艺(煎煮次数、加热时间、加水量、药材粉碎粒度)进行正交试验优化并进行验证。结果:蕲蛇水煎煮的最优工艺为煎煮次数3次、加热时间60 min、0.90 g药材加水量50 ml、粉末过6号筛。验证试验结果表明,该工艺条件下4种氨基酸的总提取量为72.68 mg/g(RSD=3.77%,n=3)。结论:该工艺稳定、可行,可用于蕲蛇的煎煮。     

用回滴法比较不同入药部位和煎煮时间对钩藤有效成分煎出量的影响

1 实验方法 1.1 制备汤液: 取180ml蒸馏水于500ml烧杯中加热至沸,投入钩藤茎枝20克,煎煮10分钟、冷水浴迅速冷却至常温,以纱布过滤.药清以适量蒸馏水冲洗三次,使共成200ml汤液.备用.同潜制备煎煮20、30、40、50分钟的汤液.     

枳香和胃胶囊制备工艺的研究

目的介绍枳香和胃胶囊的制备,并建立其有效成分含量测定的方法。方法根据枳香和胃胶囊处方中不同药材的提取特点,选用水煎的方式进行提取,并采用正交设计方法对提取工艺进行了优化。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC),色谱柱:ODS柱(6.0mm×150mm);柱温:常温;流动相为乙腈-0.025ml/L磷酸溶液(1∶4);流速:1ml/min。结果水煎煮的最佳提取条件为加14倍量水,煎煮2次,3h。芍药苷进样量在0.087～1.131μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好。回归方程为:y=909172x+47290,R2=0.9837。结论该工艺科学、合理、可行。     

心脉舒胶囊制备工艺的优选研究

目的:优选心脉舒胶囊最佳制备工艺.方法:以芍药苷提取率和干浸膏得率为考察指标,应用正交试验设计筛选心脉舒胶囊最佳制备工艺条件.结果:处方药材加水煎煮提取2次:第一次加10倍量水,煎煮1.5小时;第二次加8倍量水,煎煮1.5小时,提取液滤过,合并,浓缩至1.0g生药/ml,加95%乙醇调节含醇量至80%,充分搅拌,静置12小时.结论:优选的最佳制备工艺稳定可行.     

口服洋金花煎剂致儿童精神异常

1例11岁女性患儿因口腔溃疡,口服家人自行用3朵洋金花煎煮的汤剂约300 ml,2 h后出现兴奋躁动,易惊醒症状持续一整夜。体格检查发现幻觉、自知力缺乏、定向障碍等症状。心电图检查示窦性心动过速。其症状可能和洋金花所含莨菪碱有关。给予葡萄糖氯化钠500 ml,1次/d静脉滴注,地西泮2.5 mg,2次/d口服。治疗第3天患儿症状消失。     

小柴胡汤瓦锅煎煮与机器煎煮质量的多维度评价

目的:从HPLC指纹图谱、指标性成分含量、出膏率、密度及pH值方面,多维度评价传统瓦锅煎煮与现代机器煎煮所得小柴胡汤的质量。方法:分别采用传统瓦锅煎煮法、机器常压一煎法和机器常压两煎法制备汤液。HPLC色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX SB-C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),检测波长为205 nm,流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液,柱温为30 ℃,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测的指标性成分有甘草苷、甘草酸铵、黄芩苷、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1、柴胡皂苷a和柴胡皂苷d。结果:3种方法制备的小柴胡汤HPLC指纹图谱相似度大于99%;机器两煎法中甘草苷、柴胡皂苷d的含量高于瓦锅煎煮(P<0.05),其余成分的含量、出膏率、密度与瓦锅煎煮无统计学差异(P>0.05);机器一煎法中人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1、柴胡皂苷a的含量低于瓦锅煎煮(P<0.05),其余成分的含量与瓦锅煎煮无统计学差异,机器一煎的出膏率和密度虽低于瓦锅煎煮,但均达到了瓦锅煎煮的90%以上。结论:小柴胡汤现代机器煎煮与传统瓦锅煎煮的质量无明显差异。     

正交试验法优选肺炎颗粒水提取工艺

目的: 优选肺炎颗粒水提取的工艺条件.方法: 以干浸膏得率和盐酸麻黄碱含量为指标,采用正交试验法考察不同因素和水平对水煎煮工艺的影响.结果: 影响工艺的次序为煎煮时间＞煎煮次数＞浓缩程度＞醇沉浓度.结论: 优选工艺为:煎煮2次,每次2 h,浓缩到每 ml含 1.5 g生药,醇沉浓度为60%.     

归芎颗粒剂提取工艺正交试验研究

<正> 归芎颗粒剂处方是由当归、川芎、木香等五味药材组成,主治冠心病、心绞痛等症。为了筛选其水提取工艺最佳试验条件,采用正交试验,对提取时间、次数及加水量,以川芎、当归药材水溶性成分阿魏酸为含量指标成分进行考察。根据处方称取1/3份药材,每份川芎20g、当归20g、木香30g等五味药材,按工艺制备方法,加水煎煮提取,水煎煮液合并,浓缩,得浓缩液250ml。精密量取浓缩液50ml,以5％Na_2CO_3     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.