肾癌囊性改变的CT表现

目的：探讨肾癌囊性改变的CT表现特点,并与病理对照分析,以提高对此类肾癌的鉴别能力。资料与方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的44例囊性改变肾癌,包括多房囊性肾癌10例、透明细胞癌21例、乳头状细胞癌13例,比较3组病例的CT征象。结果10例多房囊性肾癌均呈多房性改变,囊液平均CT值为（15.8±5.6) HU,囊壁及分隔较薄,4例壁结节直径>5 mm,8例囊壁及间隔呈早期中度强化。21例透明细胞癌中,9例呈多房性改变,囊液平均CT值为（32.5±6.7）HU,囊壁及间隔较厚,19例壁结节直径>5 mm,20例呈“快进快出”明显强化。13例乳头状细胞癌中,4例呈多房性改变,囊液平均CT值为（26.1±5.6）HU,囊壁及间隔较厚,12例壁结节直径>5 mm,12例呈轻至中度延迟强化。结论肾癌囊性改变的CT表现具有特征性,肿瘤有无假包膜、囊液CT值、囊壁及分隔厚度、附壁结节大小、边界及强化方式均有利于其鉴别诊断。     

CT在不同病理亚型肾细胞癌诊断中的价值

目的 探讨WHO病理分类中不同亚型肾细胞癌（renal cee carcinoma,RCC）的CT特征,旨在加深对RCC的认识,提高影像诊断准确率.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月～2013年9月72例经病理证实的RCC患者的临床资料及CT检查结果,其中透明细胞癌58例,乳头状细胞癌7例,嫌色细胞癌4例,多房囊性肾癌3例.结果 透明细胞癌平扫病灶呈等或低密度,增强扫描皮质期肿瘤多呈不均性明显强化,实质期、分泌期强化减退.乳头状细胞癌多呈等密度或囊实性,增强扫描皮质期实性部分轻度强化,实质期、分泌期延迟强化.嫌色细胞癌多位于肾髓质内,密度均匀,增强扫描强化均匀,坏死、囊变少见.多房囊性肾癌位于肾皮质区,由多个囊腔和分隔构成,囊壁及间隔菲薄,无附壁结节,平扫病灶呈低密度,增强扫描囊壁、间隔延迟强化.结论 不同病理亚型肾细胞癌CT特征、手术方案、预后均不同,术前影像学检查准确诊断能够为临床医师选择合理手术方案提供可靠依据.     

肾透明细胞癌的MSCT表现

目的 :探讨肾透明细胞癌的MSCT表现,以提高其诊断水平。方法 :回顾性分析我院经手术病理证实的23例肾透明细胞癌的MSCT表现,所有患者均行平扫、皮髓交界期、实质期和排泄期增强扫描。结果:23例中,单发21例,多发2例(1例为单侧2个病灶,1例为双侧7个病灶)。23例共30个病灶,左侧10个,右侧20个。肿瘤呈圆形或类圆形,直径1~12 cm,平均4.6cm,其中≤3 cm 12个。CT平扫病灶呈等密度4个,囊性低密度3个,混杂密度23个;钙化6个。增强扫描:除2个较小肿瘤呈均匀强化外,28个强化不均匀;皮髓质期25个病灶明显强化,强化最明显区高于邻近皮质者15个,相似或略低于邻近皮质者10个;实质期肿瘤强化程度降低;排泄期肿瘤与肾实质相比呈明显低密度,病灶边界更清楚;25个病灶内见不同程度坏死、囊变。13个有假包膜。3个囊性肾透明细胞癌,平扫病灶呈囊状,2个表现如单纯性肾囊肿,1个可见网格状分隔;增强扫描1个肾透明细胞癌明显囊变,囊壁及分隔明显不规则强化;2个多房囊性肾透明细胞癌分隔不规则强化。结论:肾透明细胞癌血供丰富,瘤内可有出血、坏死、囊性变、钙化及假包膜,CT表现具有一定特征,大多可准确诊断。     

乏脂性肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤与非透明细胞肾癌的多层CT鉴别诊断

目的 探讨多层CT(MDCT)对乏脂性肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(AMLmf)与非透明细胞肾癌的鉴别诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析108例患者的临床及影像资料,其中AMLmf 19例,乳头状肾细胞癌(PRcc) 43例,嫌色细胞肾癌(ChRcc) 46例,均在术前行MDCT平扫及增强扫描.由两名放射科医师盲法分析肿瘤形态学特征和平扫强化特点,采用独立样本t检验、x2检验及秩和检验进行分析.利用多因素Logistic回归分析法评价CT征象的预测价值,受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线用于鉴别AMLmf与非透明细胞肾癌.结果 AMLmf较PRcc及ChRcc有更高的女性患病率.AMLmf在肿瘤大小、钙化、假包膜、肿瘤内血管、囊变坏死方面与PRcc及ChRcc相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).PRcc较AMLmf及ChRcc晚期强化发生率更高.多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明肿瘤内血管和囊变坏死是区分AMLmf与非透明细胞肾癌最有价值的预测变量.AMLmf平扫CT值、皮髓期△H值及廓清率均高于PRcc及ChRcc(P＜0.05).ROC曲线分析肿瘤平扫CT值、皮髓期△H值和廓清率鉴别AMLmf与非透明细胞肾癌的曲线下面积分别为0.808、0.739和0.772.当肿瘤平扫CT值为41.15 HU时,鉴别AMLmf与非透明细胞肾癌的敏感性为78.9％,特异性为77.5％;当皮髓期△H值为39.35 HU时,鉴别AMLmf与非透明细胞肾癌敏感性为78.9％,特异性为68.5％;当廓清率为-7.26％时,鉴别AMLmf与非透明细胞肾癌的敏感性为63.2％,特异性为84.3％.结论 肿瘤内部血管和囊变坏死是鉴别AMLmf与非透明细胞肾癌最有价值的预测变量.肿瘤平扫CT值、皮髓期△H值和廓清率有助于鉴别AMLmf与非透明细胞肾癌.     

螺旋CT双期增强扫描在肾细胞癌亚型诊断中的价值

目的:评价多层螺旋CT动态双期增强扫描在肾细胞癌亚型鉴别诊断中的作用.方法:回顾性分析106例经手术和病理证实的肾细胞癌患者行多层螺旋CT平扫加皮髓期、实质期双期扫描的影像资料,重点分析CT动态强化方式及类型在各种亚型之间的异同.结果:皮髓期时88.6%(62/70)透明细胞癌、80%(4/5)多房囊性细胞癌及83.3%(5/6)混合型癌呈明显强化;84.6%(11/13)乳头状癌、100%(9/9)嫌色细胞癌、66.7%(2/3)集合管癌轻度强化;91.5%(64/70)透明细胞癌、69.2%(9/13)乳头状癌、80%(4/5)多房囊性细胞癌、83.3%(5/6)混合性癌及100%(3/3)集合管癌呈不均匀或周边强化;而88.9%(8/9)嫌色细胞癌呈均匀强化.皮髓期与实质期两期动态分析示88.6%(62/70)透明细胞癌呈典型"快进快出"表现;84.6%(11/13)乳头状癌呈"延迟强化"的特点.结论:肾细胞癌皮髓期的强化程度在各亚型的鉴别诊断中具有重要的价值,而CT双期扫描中肿瘤的动态强化方式及类型是鉴别各亚型的重要补充依据.     

肾脏混合性上皮间质肿瘤家族的临床及MRI征象分析

目的探讨肾脏混合性上皮间质肿瘤家族(MESTF)的临床及MRI征象。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2021年9月解放军总医院第一医学中心经病理确诊的42例MESTF患者的临床、MRI和病理资料。根据2019版Bosniak分类系统, 分为囊性MESTF(36例)和囊实性MESTF(6例)。记录囊性和囊实性MESTF的R.E.N.A.L.肾肿瘤评分、病灶最大径、侧别、位置、边界、病变形状、生长方式、突向肾盂生长、出血、强化特点。分别应用2005版及2019版Bosniak分类标准对囊性MESTF进行分类, 并分为低级别(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、ⅡF类)或高级别(Ⅲ、Ⅳ类)。采用独立样本t检验或Mann-WhitneyU检验比较囊性和囊实性MESTF患者的年龄、R.E.N.A.L.肾肿瘤评分和病灶最大径, 采用Pearson χ2检验、连续性校正χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法比较临床特征、MRI征象及囊性MESTF在2005和2019版Bosniak分类系统中的分布差异。结果 42例MESTF均为单发病灶, 男25例、女17例, 年龄(41±13)岁。相较于囊实性MESTF, 囊性MESTF的生长方式更...     

肾脏混合性上皮间质肿瘤的影像表现及文献回顾

目的：探讨肾脏混合性上皮间质肿瘤（MESTK ）的影像及病理特点。方法：结合文献,回顾性分析经手术病理证实的4例肾脏混合性上皮间质肿瘤（MESTK）患者的CT和 MRI资料。结果：4例患者的主要CT和 MRI表现：肾实质内囊实性肿块,边界清楚,可突入肾盂内,增强扫描呈轻度强化。病理检查：肿瘤均由上皮和间质成分共同构成,上皮细胞呈立方状、柱状和鞋钉样,可见明确的胃肠道上皮细胞分化;间质成分主要由梭形细胞构成,可见特征性的呈束状分布的平滑肌组织。结论：肾脏混合性上皮间质肿瘤的主要表现为肾实质内囊实性肿块,其影像表现无明显特征性,与其它肾脏良恶性肿瘤的鉴别比较困难。     

囊性肾细胞癌13例CT报道并文献复习

目的 探讨囊性肾细胞癌的CT影像特征,旨在提高其诊断与鉴别诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析13例经手术病理证实的囊性肾细胞癌的CT表现特征.结果 8例囊性肾癌其囊液呈水样密度,5例囊液密度增高,不均匀;6例伴位置不同、程度不一的斑点状钙化;10例囊壁增厚或厚薄不均,4例伴囊内厚薄不均分隔,5例伴大小不一的软组织结节;增强扫描10例囊壁及间隔软组织轻中度强化,3例肿瘤实性成分明显强化.结论 CT对囊性肾细胞癌的诊断和鉴别诊断具有一定的临床实用价值.     

肾癌不同亚型CT表现的对照研究

目的探讨肾癌亚型的影像学特征,提高诊断的准确率。方法回顾性分析48例经手术和病理证实的肾细胞癌,其中透明细胞癌28例,乳头状癌12例,嫌色细胞癌8例,均行多层螺旋CT平扫及增强检查,比较平扫、皮髓质期、实质期和排泄期各肾癌亚型坏死、囊变发生率及肿瘤的强化形式及强化幅度。结果透明细胞癌与乳头状癌、嫌色细胞癌在强化幅度上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而乳头状癌与嫌色细胞癌强化幅度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。透明细胞癌的坏死、囊变发生率显著高于其他两种亚型。动态增强各期透明细胞癌强化程度最高,强化形式呈"快进快出"表现,乳头状癌轻至中度强化,嫌色细胞癌强化最轻,两者均呈渐进性延迟强化;85%透明细胞癌显示不均匀强化或主要周边强化,而41%乳头状癌、87%嫌色细胞癌显示较均匀的强化,三者之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论不同的肾癌亚型影像学表现具有一定的特征性,螺旋CT动态增强扫描对诊断有帮助。     

螺旋CT对肾细胞癌亚型的鉴别诊断价值

目的:探讨CT动态增强扫描对肾细胞癌病理亚型的鉴别诊断价值。方法:87例经手术病理证实的肾细胞癌患者,包括50例透明细胞癌、17例乳头状癌、8例嫌色细胞癌和2例集合管癌,术前行CT平扫和双期动态增强扫描(肾皮髓期和肾实质期),测量肿瘤、腹主动脉及邻近正常肾实质的CT值,并计算肿瘤与主动脉、肾实质的强化比值,同时评价肿瘤的强化方式,对不同病理亚型肿瘤的各项指标进行统计学分析。结果:透明细胞癌在皮髓期和实质期增强扫描时肿瘤与主动脉、肾实质的强化比值均高于乳头状癌和嫌色细胞癌(P<0.01),而乳头状癌和嫌色细胞癌间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不均匀强化常见于透明细胞癌(92%)、乳头状癌(82.4%)和集合管癌(100%);而均匀强化常见于嫌色细胞癌(62.5%),其与透明细胞癌(P=0.010)和乳头状癌(P=0.017)间差异有显著性意义。结论:CT增强扫描时分析肿瘤与主动脉和肾实质的强化比值及强化的均匀度对肾癌病理亚型的鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

Renal angiomyolipoma: comparison of MRI and CT results for diagnosis

The aim of this study was to compare the potentials of MRI and CT for characterising renal angiomyolipomas. MRI and CT examinations of 13 adult patients with renal angiomyolipoma were reviewed. Pathological correlation was available for ten patients who underwent nephrectomy or tumourectomy. Negative CT density numbers were demonstrated in 10 cases. MRI depicted high signal intensity areas suggesting fat in 11 cases. A haemorrhagic component was by both CT and MRI in 4 cases and was confirmed by surgery. Fat suppression imaging was performed in 3 cases and confirmed the presence of fat. We conclude that identification of angiomyolipomas can be achieved by MRI, but compared with CT, MRI is more expensive and less available. Therefore MRI should be performed when CT results are equivocal and when direct multiplanar images are necessary for a precise tumour localisation of multiple angiomyolipomas. Correspondence to: M. F. Bellin     

Congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction with calcified renal pelvis and superimposed spindle cell urothelial carcinoma

A case of congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction with calcification of the walls of the renal pelvis and with a superimposed urothelial tumor is described and illustrated.     

Cystic renal tumors: US and CT findings

Cystic renal tumors represent a variety of lesions in which both solid and liquid components coexist. These lesions may be either benign or malignant and include the multilocular cystic nephroma (MCN), the renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and the papillary adenocarcinoma (PAC). The MCN is a rare neoplasm formed of multiple loculated cystic masses divided by septa. The tumor is benign, although there are some rare reports of malignant cases. The RCC and the PAC may appear with cystic patterns. This is rather uncommon for the RCC, which inside has a unilocular or multilocular cystic appearance, if the necrotic component is large. PAC is an infrequent renal tumor, which has a greater tendency to appear as a large mass with a unilocular large cystic space. The ultrasonography (US) and computed tomographic (CT) features of 27 cystic tumors are presented. Both US and CT allowed the recognition of the cystic components, the septa, and the vegetations. The two imaging techniques made it possible to distinguish the tumors into “unilocular” and “multilocular” masses: the former correspond to RCC and PAC, the latter to MCN and RCC. CT added some information on calcified or partially calcified tumors. CT more than US enabled the differentiation between the malignant RCC and the benign MCN for which conservative surgery may be indicated. The two techniques did not allow the differentiation between RCC and PAC, which has different prognostic behavior.     

MRI evaluation of acute renal trauma

We describe the MR findings in a patient with acute renal injury after blunt abdominal trauma associated with perinephric hematoma and urinoma. Both CT and MR findings are described. Active urine extravasation into a perinephric urinoma is demonstrated by serial post-contrast imaging with CT and MRI showing progressively increased attenuation/signal intensity fluid in communication with the collecting system, commencing 2 minutes after contrast administration.     

0.5 T MRI of small renal masses: value of T2-weighted and Gd-DOTA-enhanced images

We compared the value of T2-weighted and Gd-DOTA-enhanced T1-weighted images for the detection and characterisation of 33 small renal masses (14 clear cell carcinomas, 6 angiomyolipomas, 3 angiomyomas, 4 adenomas, 3 papillary carcinomas, 3 oncocytomas, 1 haemorrhagic cyst). Dynamic enhanced MRI was performed to study the tumoral vascular supply (19 cases). MRI depicted all the masses more than 1 cm in diameter, but missed all the lesions less than 1 cm (4 false-negative). The results of T2-weighted images and Gd-DOTA-enhanced images were similar as regards detection; however, Gd-DOTA-enhanced images depicted more clearly the tumours smaller than 2 cm (11 cases). MRI enabled the characterisation of only 3 masses (2 angiomyolipomas, 1 haemorrhagic cyst). New MRI features are described for oncocytomas (low signal intensity on T1-weighted images, high signal intensity on T2-weighted images, early and marked enhancement on dynamic enhanced MRI). Dynamic enhanced MRI did not contribute to the differentiation of benign from malignant tumours. Correspondence to: O. Hélénon     

CT and US Findings of Multilocular Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma

Objective

Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma (MCRCC) is a recently described variety of renal cell carcinoma with characteristic pathologic and clinical features. The purpose of this study was to analyze the imaging findings of MCRCCs.

Materials and Methods

Ten adult patients with pathologically proven unilateral MCRCC who underwent renal US and CT were included in this study. The radiologic findings were retrospectively evaluated for cystic content, wall, septum, nodularity, calcification and solid portion by three radiologists who established a consensus. Imaging and postnephrectomy pathologic findings were compared.

Results

All patients were adults (six males and four females) and their ages ranged from 33 to 68 years (mean, 46). On US and CT images, all tumors appeared as well-defined multilocular cystic masses composed of serous or complicated fluid. In all patients, unenhanced CT scans revealed hypodense cystic portions, and in four tumors, due to the presence of hemorrhage or gelatinous fluid, some hyperdense areas were also noted. In no tumor was an expansile solid nodule seen in the thin septa, and in only one was there dystrophic calcification in a septum. Small areas of solid portion constituting less than 10% of the entire lesion were found in six of the ten tumors, and these areas were slightly enhanced on enhanced CT scans. In all patients, imaging and pathologic findings correlated closely.

Conclusion

On US and CT images, MCRCC appeared as a well-defined multilocular cystic mass with serous, proteinaceous or hemorrhagic fluid, with no expansile solid nodules in the thin septa, and sometimes with small slightly enhanced solid areas. Where radiologic examinations demonstrate a cystic renal mass of this kind in adult males, MCRCC should be included in the differential diagnosis.     

Large egg-shell-like calcified cyst in a case of renal cell carcinoma

A serendipitous case is reported of a large egg-shell-like calsified renal mass woithout irregularities covering a solid nodule suggestive of a renal cell carcinoma on CT. This was confirmed after radical nephrectomy. Correspondence to: R. Oyen     

Comparison of CT-guided sclerotherapy with using 95% ethanol and 20% hypertonic saline for managing simple renal cyst.

OBJECTIVE: We wanted to compare the efficacies of 95% ethanol and 20% hypertonic saline (HS) sclerotherapies that were performed in a single session under CT guidance for the management of simple renal cysts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective series of 74 consecutive patients (average age: 57.6 +/- 8.1 years) with simple renal cysts were enrolled in this study. They were randomized into two groups and 95% ethanol or 20% HS, respectively, corresponding to 25% of the aspiration volume, was injected. Treatment success was determined six months later with follow-up clinical evaluation and performing ultrasonography. RESULTS: The sclerotherapy was accepted as technically successful without major complications in all except two patients who were excluded because of a communication between the simple renal cyst and the pelvicalyceal collecting system. Thirty-six patients in the ethanol group received sclerotherapy with 95% ethanol and 36 patients in the HS group underwent sclerotherapy with 20% HS. The complete regression ratio of the ethanol group was significantly higher (94% versus 72%, respectively) than that of the HS group. There was one patient with partial regression in each group. The failure ratio of the ethanol group was significantly lower (3% versus 25%, respectively) than that of the HS group. CONCLUSION: Ethanol sclerotherapy under CT guidance is a successful and safe procedure and it can be used for the treatment of simple renal cysts. Sclerotherapy with 95% ethanol is more effective than 20% HS sclerotherapy. Sclerotherapy with HS may be an option for patients preferring to undergo a less painful treatment procedure.     

Tumours of the genito-urinary tract in renal transplant recipients: clinical and radiographic findings

In order to study the clinical and radiological manifestations of post-transplantation malignant genito-urinary tumours in kidney recipients, we reviewed nine cases of genito-urinary neoplasms among 65 malignancies which developed in 61 of 620 kidney recipients. Ultrasound (US) and CT examinations were available in all the cases and MRI imaging in three. For each patient we reviewed the date of transplantation, immunosuppressive therapy, pathology and surgical reports and relevant radiographic studies. We determined tumour volume, the presence of necrosis and tumour extension. The malignant tumours included B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the native kidney (2) and urinary bladder (1), renal cell carcinoma (1), urotheliomas of the renal pelvis (1), ureter (1) and bladder (1), epidermoid carcinoma of the renal pelvis (1) and embryonal testicular carcinoma (1). Two of the three lymphomas developed in cyclosporine-treated recipients and regressed after reduction of the cyclosporine dose. The lymphomas presented as solid masses with necrosis visible on T2-weigthed MRI images. Other non-lymphomatous neoplasms were characterised by a large tumour volume and advanced local and regional extension. Five patients died within 2 years after diagnosis. It is concluded that the high incidence of malignancies (9.8 %), especially of the genito-urinary tract (1.4 %), and their advanced stage warrant radiographic follow-up studies. Correspondence to: M.-F. Bellin     

Ablation of Symptomatic Cysts Using Absolute Ethanol in 11 Patients with Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Objective

To evaluate the effects of cyst ablation with absolute ethanol in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients with symptomatic cysts.

Materials and Methods

Using absolute ethanol, cyst ablation was performed in 11 patients with documented ADPKD who suffered cyst pain refractory to medical treatment. An ethanol solution was instilled into the largest symptomatic cysts through a catheter. We assessed the therapeutic efficacy of the procedure by tracking subjective pain relief during a 3 to 24-month follow-up period after ablation.

Results

At follow-up, we found that the duration of subjective pain relief was 12 to 24 months in seven patients, 4 to11 months in one, and less than 3 months in three.

Conclusion

Selective ablation of a symptomatic cyst may be a valid option in managing chronic pain caused by one or a few large cysts in ADPKD patients.