超声心动图对妊娠期糖尿病胎儿心脏功能的评价

目的:探讨超声心动图在评价妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)胎儿心脏构型和功能变化中的价值。方法:对31例GDM胎儿(观察组)和35例健康孕妇胎儿(对照组)进行心脏结构和功能相关指标测定,并行组间比较。结果:观察组胎儿左心室厚度、右心室舒张末期内径、右室收缩末期内径、右心室壁的厚度、室间隔收缩末期厚度、左室射血分数、左室及右室短轴缩短率测定值均大于对照组,二尖瓣、三尖瓣E峰和A峰的速度比值均小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组胎儿左室舒张、收缩末期内径及室间隔舒张末期厚度测定值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组胎儿左右心室Tei指数均明显大于对照组(P0.05)。结论:GDM胎儿心脏构型和功能多发生变化,多普勒超声是评价这种变化的有效方法。     

超声心动图评价妊娠期糖尿病胎儿心脏功能

目的 应用超声心动图评价妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)胎儿心脏构型及功能变化.资料与方法 48例GDM孕妇按照母体血糖水平分为GDM 1组和GDM 2组,应用超声心动图测量胎儿心脏二尖瓣环内径(MVA)、三尖瓣环内径(TVA)、主动脉瓣环内径(AVA)、肺动脉瓣环内径(PVA)、左/右室舒张末期内径(LVDd、RVDd)、左/右室收缩末期内径(LVDs、RVDs)、左/右室壁厚度(LVWT、RVWT)、室间隔舒张末期厚度(IVSd)、室间隔收缩末期厚度(IVSs)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、左/右室短轴缩短率(LVFS、RVFS)、二、三尖瓣E、A峰值速度比值(E/AMV、E/ATV)、左/右室Tei指数(LVMPI、RVMPI).选择同期96例正常妊娠孕妇作对照.结果 GDM 2组胎儿MVA、TVA、PVA、LV MPI、RV MPI均大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).GDM 1组胎儿MVA、TVA、AVA、PVA和RV MPI均小于GDM2组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).GDM1组各瓣环内径与对照组差异无统计学意义(P＜0.05);LV MPI、RV MPI较对照组增大,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 母体血糖水平越高,胎儿心脏构型及功能改变越明显.超声心动图是评价妊娠期糖尿病胎儿心脏功能的重要方法.     

重度子痫前期母体心脏形态及功能的TTE研究

目的探讨重度子痫前期(severe preeclampsia,SPE)与正常孕妇心脏形态及功能的差异。方法回顾分析37例重度子痫前期患者及31例正常妊娠孕妇的经胸超声心动图(TTE)及临床资料,比较两组心脏形态、心功能指数的差异。结果与正常妊娠比较,SPE组收缩末期左心房内径(LAD)、舒张末期左心室内径(LVDD)及室间隔厚度(IVSTD)明显增大(P0.05);舒张末期右心室内径(RVDD)、收缩末期右心房内径(RAD)两组无明显差异(P0.05)。SPE组舒张末期收缩功能参数LVFS(左心室短轴缩短率)、LVEF(左心室射血分数)较正常妊娠下降(P0.05),舒张功能参数E/A比值显著下降(P0.01),其中21例E/A1。两组心输出量(CO)无显著差异(P0.05)。SPE组心包积液发病率较正常妊娠明显升高(χ~2=7.67,P0.01)。结论 SPE患者心脏形态改变以左心增大、IVSTD增厚为主,心脏舒张功能及收缩功能均下降。     

全方位M型超声Tei指数测量对早期酒精性心肌损害左室功能的评价

目的:采用全方位M型(free angle motion mode,FAM)超声测量左心室Tei指数及等容收缩指数(心室等容收缩时间/射血时间,ICT/ET)、等容舒张指数(心室等容舒张时间/射血时间,IRT/ET)等相关参数,评价早期酒精性心肌损害左室功能的变化。方法:收集45例不饮酒健康男性作为A组(正常对照组);另收集91例饮酒者分为3组:B组36例,每日饮白酒80~150g或啤酒1 000~1 500mL,每周3~5d,饮酒史10年;C组30例,饮酒史10年,其他条件同B组;D组25例,每日饮白酒≥150g或啤酒≥2 000mL,每周3~5d,饮酒史10年,饮酒量符合酒精性心肌病诊断标准。对4组行常规超声检查,测定左室舒张末期内径(LVDd)、左室收缩末期内径(LVDs)、舒张末期室间隔厚度(IVSTd)、舒张末期左室后壁厚度(LVPWTd)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、舒张早期血流峰值速度(E)与舒张晚期血流峰值速度(A)比值(E/A)及FAM参数,获得左室Tei指数及ICT/ET、IRT/ET等相关参数。结果:各常规超声参数A组与B组间差异无统计学意义(P均0.05);C组LVDd、LVDs、IVSTd、LVPWTd、LVEF与A、B组比较差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05);C组E/A与A、B组比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01);D组各常规超声参数与A、B、C组比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01)。Tei指数在A组及B、C组间差异有统计学意义(P均0.05),在D组与A、B组间差异有统计学意义(P均0.01),在D组与C组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。除A、B组间ICT/ET差异无统计学意义外(P0.05),C、D组ICT/ET、IRT/ET值均大于A、B组(P均0.05),同时D组ICT/ET、IRT/ET值亦大于C组(P均0.05)。结论:应用FAM技术测量左室Tei指数并结合ICT/ET、IRT/ET等相关参数可作为全面评价早期酒精性心肌损害左室功能变化的手段之一。     

双源CTA评价非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征

目的:探讨双源CT血管成像(DSCTA)评价非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征(NSTE-ACS)的价值.方法:搜集临床疑似NSTE ASC且经DSCTA判断为左冠状动脉前降支管腔临界狭窄(狭窄程度为50％～70％)的患者57例,1周内行冠脉造影(CAG)证实狭窄程度,并行导管法测量血流储备分数(FFR),以FFR 0.80为临界值将57例患者分为A组(FFR＜0.80)和B组(FFR≥0.80),测量左室前壁、侧壁心肌、左心室腔CT值及舒张末期、收缩末期节段室壁厚度,比较两组间前壁与侧壁相对CT值、舒张末期心肌厚度及室壁增厚率.结果:A、B两组前壁与侧壁心肌相对CT值及舒张末期心肌厚度差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),A组前壁与侧壁室壁增厚率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),B组前壁与侧壁室壁增厚率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);前壁心肌相对CT值及室壁增厚率A、B两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而舒张末期心肌厚度A、B两组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:DSCTA评价左冠状动脉前降支管腔临界狭窄联合节段心肌CT值、舒张末期心肌厚度及室壁增厚率分析,可为NSTE-ACS的诊断及治疗提供依据.     

健康成年人左心室形态和功能的磁共振成像研究

目的:探讨磁共振成像测量左心室形态及功能的方法和准确性。方法:应用磁共振成像仪对40例健康成年人进行图像扫描及后处理分析,分别用短轴位、长轴位、四腔心位测量左心室室壁和室间隔的厚度、心腔大小,屏气电影法测量计算左心室容积和功能。结果:左心室室壁和室间隔的厚度、心腔大小的测量值、舒张末期容积、收缩末期容积及心肌重量男性均大于女性,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);但左心室短径的收缩末期径线男女无显著性差异(P>0.05);左心室心肌重量与身高的比值、射血分数与年龄无关;经身高的调整,各测量值仍是男性大于女性(P<0.02);经体表面积的调整,心室容积(包括舒张末期和收缩末期)、心肌重量的测量值男性大于女性(P<0.05),女性左心室心腔大小与体表面积的比值增加,而且舒张末期横径与体表面积的比值女性大于男性(P<0.05)。结论:左心室的室壁厚度、心腔的大小、心室的功能,均与性别、个体大小有关,磁共振成像能准确测量左心室的室壁厚度、心腔的大小,且能计算心室功能,是一种临床实用价值很高的技术。     

速度向量成像技术评估妊娠高血压综合征胎儿心肌节段功能

目的探讨速度向量成像技术检测妊娠高血压综合征(PIH)胎儿左、右心室心肌节段功能的临床意义。资料与方法采集81例PIH胎儿,包括妊娠高血压组(GH组)24例、轻度子痫前期组(MPE组)25例、重度子痫前期组(SPE组)32例,以及136例正常胎儿(对照组)的心脏四腔观超声心动图,测量左、右心室各节段收缩期峰值运动速度(Vs)、舒张期峰值运动速度(Vd)、峰值应变(S)、收缩期峰值应变率(SRs)和舒张期峰值应变率(SRd)。结果 217例胎儿中成功采集图像192例。PIH各组左、右心室壁Vs和Vd均由基底段至心尖段逐渐减低(P<0.01),S、SRs和SRd在基底段、中间段和心尖段差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。GH组左、右心室壁Vs、Vd、S、SRs和SRd与对照组相应节段心肌比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);MPE组右心室壁S、SRs和SRd较对照组降低(P<0.05);SPE组左、右心室壁S、SRs和SRd较对照组、GH组和MPE组均降低(P<0.05),右心室壁Vd较对照组及GH组降低(P<0.05)。结论速度向量成像技术可以检测PIH胎儿左、右心室心肌节段功能的变化,PIH对子痫前期胎儿左、右心室功能均有影响,以右心功能损害首先发生。     

超声心动图对不同主动脉瓣病变患者主动脉瓣置换前后左室功能变化评估价值研究

目的 探讨超声心动图对不同主动脉瓣病变患者主动脉瓣置换(AVR)前后左室功能变化的评估价值。方法 选取北部战区总医院2019年1—12月收治的行单独AVR的主动脉瓣疾病患者61例为研究对象,其中,主动脉瓣狭窄(AS)28例(AS组),主动脉瓣关闭不全(AI)33例(AI组)。比较AS组和AI组术前、术后1周、术后1年的超声心动图指标,包括左房前后径、室间隔厚度、左室舒张末期内径、左室后壁厚度、二尖瓣舒张早期峰速(E)/二尖瓣瓣环侧壁舒张早期峰速(e’)、左室射血分数及肺动脉收缩压。结果 (1)AS组：与术前比较,术后1周的室间隔厚度、左室舒张末期内径、左室后壁厚度、肺动脉收缩压降低,术后1年的左房前后径、室间隔厚度、左室舒张末期内径、左室后壁厚度、E/e’、肺动脉收缩压降低且左室射血分数升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与术后1周比较,术后1年的左房前后径、左室后壁厚度、肺动脉收缩压降低且左室射血分数升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)AI组：与术前比较,术后1周、术后1年的左房前后径、室间隔厚度、左室舒张末期内径、左室后壁厚度、E/e’、肺动脉收缩压降低且...     

X-Strain技术在评估肺高压患者右心室收缩功能中的作用

目的探讨速度矢量成像(X-Strain)技术评价不同程度肺高压(PH)患者的右心室收缩功能及临床意义。方法选取60例PH患者(sPAP≥40mmHg,1mmHg=0.133KPa),根据肺动脉收缩压(sPAP)严重程度将其分为轻度PH组及中重度PH组,同期选取年龄、性别与之相匹配的健康体检者30例作为对照组。获得舒张末期右心室前壁厚度(RVAW)、右心室横径(RVD)、右心房横径(RAD)、收缩末期肺动脉主干内径(MPA),右心室室壁各节段纵向收缩期峰值应变(LS)、应变率(LSR),将各参数行组间比较,统计学方法采用单因素方差分析。结果中重度PH组RVAW、RVED、RAD、MPA较对照组及轻度PH组均减低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),轻度PH组与对照组之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),轻度及中重度PH组右心室室壁各节段LS较对照组均减低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),中重度PH组右心室室壁各节段LS较轻度组减低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),中重度PH组右心室室壁各节段LSR较对照组及轻度PH组均减低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),轻度PH组仅右心室游离壁及室间隔心尖段LSR较对照组减低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),轻度PH组右室壁基底段、中间段LSR较对照组均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论PH患者右心室室壁各节段收缩功能依照PH分级有不同程度的损害,X-Strain技术可定量评价右心室局部收缩功能,在整体右心室功能出现改变之前敏感反映右心室各节段收缩功能的变化,为临床早期干预治疗提供准确的依据。     

超声心动图检查在评价乳腺癌化疗后左心功能中的价值研究

目的探讨超声心动图检查在评价乳腺癌化疗后左心功能中的价值。方法选取2019年7月至2021年6月在我院接受4个周期(T₁~T₄)以阿霉素为主化疗方案治疗的60例乳腺癌患者为研究对象,每个化疗周期后进行超声心动图检查,对比T₁~T₄后二维超声心动图参数[左心室收缩末期内径(LVDs)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVDd)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、二尖瓣舒张早期最大血流速度/二尖瓣舒张晚期最大血流速度(E/A)、左心室后壁舒张末期厚度(LVPWT)、室间隔舒张末期厚度(IVST)]及左心房三维参数[左心房收缩末期容积(LAVmin)、左心房舒张末期容积(LAVmax)、左心房主动收缩前容积(LAVprep)]。结果化疗T₁~T₄后的LVDs、LVDd、LVEF、E/A、LVPWT、IVST相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。化疗T₂~T₄后的LAVmin、LAVmax、LAVprep均高于T₁后,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论实时三维超声心动图可早期发现乳腺癌化疗药物引发的左心功能变化,有助于为临床及时调整用药方案提供参考。     

Stress MR imaging for evaluation of popliteal artery entrapment

The popliteal artery entrapment (PAE) syndrome has been recognized as a cause of arterial occlusion in young people. It is the result of an anomaly of the relationship between the popliteal artery and the gastrocnemius muscle. Eight young healthy volunteers (16 legs) and six patients (10 legs) with suspected PAE underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Gradient-echo images were obtained in axial planes with the leg at rest and during active plantar flexion against resistance. Imaging at rest allowed identification of PAE signs in only one leg, which had an anomalous medial course of the popliteal artery. In the other cases, only the stress technique was able to show signal loss in the popliteal artery due to muscular compression (two legs) or the presence of accessory muscle slip around the vessel (two legs), as confirmed at surgery. MR imaging is therefore a useful technique for the diagnosis of PAE because of its capability of combining information obtainable with other modalities.     

MR imaging of muscle and tender points in fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a syndrome manifested by chronic, diffuse muscu-loskeletal aching and soreness, palpable muscle tender points, and other symptoms. Standardized clinical diagnostic criteria have recently been developed. Skeletal muscle has been postulated as the end organ in this disease. Biochemical, histologic, electromyographic, and conventional radiographic studies have demonstrated no definitive abnormality. This study sought to establish whether magnetic resonance (MR) imaging could demonstrate any abnormality in these patients. Eighteen patients were entered in the study, 14 of whom were able to complete their examinations. T1 -weighted, T2-weighted, gradient-echo, and STIR (short-tau inversion-recovery) sequences were performed in all patients, with selected patients examined with T1weighted, gadopentetate dimeglu-mine-enhanced sequences. The trapezius and suboccipital regions were imaged in patients who, clinically, had active fibro-myalgia. No abnormalities could be detected. The authors conclude that the conventional MR imaging used in this study was unable to depict any primary skeletal muscle abnormality in fibromyalgia.     

MR angiography of congenital heart disease: Value of segmented two-dimensional inflow technique and maximum-intensity-projection display

Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography of the cardiovascular system was evaluated in 41 patients with congenital heart disease by using a two-dimensional (2D) inflow technique based on a magnetization-prepared gradient-echo pulse sequence with segmented k-space data acquisition and electrocardiographic gating at 0.5 T. Inversion and saturation prepulses were used to suppress stationary tissue and enhance intravascular signal. Presaturation slabs were applied where certain vascular structures had to be suppressed. Sequence parameters were optimized by evaluating signal intensity and contrast characteristics for various flip angles and inversion and saturation delay times. The heart and intrathoracic vasculature were encompassed with 40–50 overlapping sections. Both 2D angiograms and maximum-intensity-projection images were evaluated. Combining data sets acquired in the sagittal and transverse orientations provided the most satisfactory information about the pulmonary arteries. The highest signal-to-noise ratios were obtained with a flip angle of 65° and short prepulse delay times. Two-dimensional MR angiography can provide useful diagnostic information but requires a thorough understanding of in-plane and hemodynamically induced signal intensity changes.     

MR imaging of disorders of the brachial plexus

The authors evaluated 64 consecutive patients with suspected brachial plexus (BP) abnormalities of diverse cause with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, using the body coil and a standardized protocol. Of the 43 patients for whom follow-up was available, 25 were suspected of having neoplastic involvement of the BP, nine had sustained injuries, and nine presented with BP symptoms of uncertain cause. MR imaging was 63% sensitive, 100% specific, and 77% accurate in demonstrating the abnormality in this diverse patient population. When patients with neoplastic and traumatic disorders were considered separately, sensitivity increased to 81%, accuracy to 88%, and specificity remained unchanged. In the patients with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic or viral plexitis, the MR imaging findings were normal, serving to exclude other structural abnormalities. It is concluded that MR imaging is valuable in the assessment of a wide range of BP disorders.     

MR imaging characteristics of noncancerous lesions of the prostate.

Radical prostatectomy specimens from 53 men with clinical stage A or B prostate cancer were retrospectively reviewed and compared with correlative axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained just before surgery. Non-cancerous lesions were evaluated for signal intensity and location. Focal high-signal-intensity areas (n = 72) were present in 81% of patients. The 26% of lesions seen in the central gland all correlated with cystic atrophy. Of the 53 lesions seen in the peripheral prostate, 47 (89%) were cystic atrophy without associated cancer, four (7.5%) cystic atrophy with cancer, and two (3.8%) focal inflammation. Focal low-signal-intensity areas (n = 42) were present in 60% of patients. Of the 31% of lesions in the central prostate, one-fifth correlated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and four-fifths with fibrous tissue. Of the 69% of peripheral lesions, 83% corresponded to fibrous tissue, 10% to BPH, and 7% to normal tissue. Mixed lesions (n = 42) were present in 64% of patients; 86% of these were located centrally and 14% peripherally. All mixed central lesions were BPH; the peripheral lesions were areas of combined cystic atrophy and fibrosis. BPH of low or mixed signal intensity can extend into the peripheral prostate and mimic cancer. High-intensity cystic atrophy associated with cancer can mimic normal tissue.     

肾细胞癌的MRI研究进展

肾细胞癌是最常见的成人肾脏恶性肿瘤。近年来，多种功能MRI成像技术（如扩散加权成像、灌注加权成像等）、多参数MRI联合分析以及影像组学等新兴影像处理技术被证实在肾细胞癌的诊断中具有较大的价值。目前，研究热点多集中于良恶性肿瘤的鉴别、组织学亚型的区分、肿瘤分期、预测核分级及判断预后。就MRI新技术及图像处理技术在肾细胞癌中的研究进展予以综述。     

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging assessment of vascularized free fibular grafts

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging may be a noninvasive method for assessing perfusion of vascularized bone grafts placed for treatment of avascular necrosis. One proximal femur of seven beagles was devascularized, with insertion of a vascularized fibular graft. MR imaging at 1 week (seven dogs) and 6 weeks (five dogs) after surgery included pre- and postcontrast spin-echo sequences, unenhanced twodimensional time-of-flight (TOF) vascular imaging, and dynamic gradient-echo imaging during infusion of gadolinium. Relative signal intensity values of selected regions obtained from the dynamic gradientecho images were plotted as percent enhancement versus time. In the operated hip, MR imaging did not show enhancement in six of seven femoral heads and greater trochanters at 1 week after surgery, with similar results after 6 weeks. MR imaging of fibular grafts 6 weeks after surgery showed an initial rapid increase in enhancement and a subsequent slower increase in five of five dogs, although no enhancement was seen in six of seven dogs at 1 week. These findings contrasted with a rapid initial increase in enhancement followed by slow decline in non-operated hips. Two-dimensional TOP imaging did not show the vascular pedicle of the graft in any dog. Findings of radionuclide bone scanning performed 1 week after surgery were consistent with devascularization of the operated femur and fibular graft. However, tetracycline distribution and histologic findings confirmed the viability of five of five grafts within the devascularized femurs 6 weeks after surgery. Thus, dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging at 6 weeks after surgery is valuable for assessing vascular bone graft perfusion, while similar imaging at 1 week may suggest otherwise.     

Influence of in vivo copper on MR images of the liver in rats

To investigate the effects of in vivo copper on magnetic resonance (MR) images, the authors studied Long-Evans cinnamon rats, which develop hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma as a result of abnormal copper metabolism. The livers of the rats were imaged before hepatitis developed; the absence of hepatic disease was confirmed histopathologically. The copper that accumulated in the liver of the rats was thought to exist in the form of divalent ions, which were suspected of reducing the T1 and T2 of neighboring protons. However, the signal intensities of the liver on T1- and T2*-weighted images did not change, suggesting that in vivo copper, even when accumulated abnormally, does not influence the signal intensity of MR images.     

Techniques for high-resolution MR imaging of atherosclerotic plaque

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in the United States. Investigation of atherosclerotic plaque morphology and composition is important because the findings may be useful in predicting prognosis or response to therapy. This study presents high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques developed on a 1.5-T whole-body imager with a custom-built surface coil, for characterizing the composition and morphology of plaque removed at carotid endarterectomy. The initial comparison of MR imaging and histologic results showed good correlation. In conjunction with MR angiography, these techniques could be used in in vivo imaging to define the size, location, and contents of atherosclerotic plaque at the carotid bifurcation.     

Dynamic MRI of the gallbladder lesions: Differentiation of benign from malignant

Forty-nine pathologically proven gallbladder lesions were evaluated in 45 patients using dynamic MRI with a spoiled gradient pulse sequence (SPGR), to access the ability of this technique to differentiate benign from malignant gallbladder lesions. The studies were reviewed retrospectively. Signal intensity of the lesions were measured. Twenty-one malignant and 28 benign lesions were classified into three categories: polypoid, diffuse wall thickening, and exophytic. Early and delayed enhancement patterns were evaluated. For the polypoid masses, malignant lesions (n = 9) demonstrated early and prolonged enhancements, whereas benign lesions (n = 14) had early enhancement with subsequent washout (P < .05). For diffuse gallbladder wall thickening, malignant lesions (n = 6) demonstrated early and prolonged enhancement and benign lesions (n = 14) showed relatively slow, prolonged enhancement (P < .05). The exophytic masses (n = 6) all were malignant and demonstrated early and prolonged enhancement. Dynamic MRI can help differentiate benign from malignant gallbladder lesions.