Sports nutrition for young athletes.

Nutritional needs for peak athletic performance include sufficient calorie intake, adequate hydration, and attention to timing of meals. Student athletes and their advisors often are misinformed or have misconceptions about sports nutrition. This paper identifies nutritional needs of young athletes, reviews common misconceptions, and examines the nutrition knowledge of athletes and their sources of nutrition information. Topics covered include energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat and micronutrient needs, hydration requirements, timing of meals, and issues related to age, gender, and specific sports. Other issues addressed include "making weight" and ergogenic aids. Proper nutrition for young athletes is critical not only to their athletic success, but more importantly to their growth, development, and overall health. Nutritional recommendations should be based on the most current scientific data; we provide information about appropriate resources for the school nurse when advising student athletes and their coaches and parents.     

Connections among nursing, nutrition and social work, pioneering female careers in the healthcare area

This is a historical-social research about the emergence of the nutrition and social work professions between the 1930's and the mid 20th century. This study analyzes the circumstances involved in the beginning of both courses, nutrition and social work, at Anna Nery School/FURJ and compares the work developed by nurses, nutritionists, and social workers at the time. The primary research sources are found at School of Nursing Anna Nery Archives Center/FURJ and among other documents they include written documents and oral speeches. The secondary sources were articles, books, and theses. The analyses of these texts and documents showed that the school played a decisive role in the emergence of these new professions, which contributed to a better organization and operation of health services and to a more complete care provision to the clients. At the same time, their feminine characteristics appeared to benefit the insertion of women in qualified work positions in the mental health area.     

体育专业学生营养与运动知识态度行为调查

目的：了解体育专业学生对营养与运动知识的认知、态度和行为现状,为今后的营养与运动健康教育提供参考依据。方法抽取肇庆学院体育与健康学院体育专业一、二年级学生共236人作为调查对象,依据营养与运动知识教育程度分为两组：Ⅰ组为未接受营养与运动知识课堂教育的一年级学生108人（全部为男生）;Ⅱ组为学习过《体育保健学》的二年级学生128人。采用匿名自填问卷方式进行营养与运动知识、态度和行为的调查。结果Ⅱ组得分比Ⅰ组高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．01）。Ⅰ组学生的现有营养与运动知识来源主要是书刊报纸,其次是课堂教育;Ⅱ组学生则主要来自于课堂教育。大部分学生营养与运动知识态度端正,行为良好,愿意接受更多的营养与运动方面的知识。结论体育专业学生对营养与运动知识缺乏全面深入的了解,课堂教育对提高体育专业学生的营养与运动知识水平有重要作用,应采用多种形式对体育专业学生营养与运动知识进行宣传教育,以提高体育专业学生的营养与运动知识水平,建立良好的饮食行为。     

Continuity of medical care, health insurance, and nonmedical advice in the first 3 years of life

OBJECTIVES: The study seeks to evaluate whether continuity in medical care provides a mechanism that contributes to increased parental awareness of the importance of dental services, nutrition, and child development and whether health insurance encourages such continuity. METHODS: Data pertaining to medical utilization and dental, child nutrition, and child development counseling were extracted from the National Maternal and Infant Health Survey, 1988 and the 1991 Longitudinal Follow-up. These data permit the investigation of whether having continuity in medical care for a child increases the likelihood that the child's parent receives advice about dental health, nutrition, and child development. Restricting the analyses to Caucasian and African American women and excluding respondents with missing information on the child's health care utilization yielded 7056 participants. We created a set of binomial logit models, with correction for clustering (due to sample design). These models jointly estimate the likelihood that a child was classified as having continuity of care and the likelihood that the child's mother received advice about the 3 areas of interest. RESULTS: Private fee-for-service health insurance was found to increase the likelihood that a child receives continuity of care. When primary care was provided with high continuity of care, the probability that physicians provide mothers with dental, nutritional, and developmental advice was increased. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that continuity of care may have important spillover effects beyond direct medical care by improving maternal information about child dental care, nutrition, and developmental issues.     

Healthy Start: improving maternal, infant and child health

Maternal health during pregnancy and children's nutrition in their early years can affect their future health. This article explains how health professionals can promote the health of future generations by informing low-income, vulnerable and excluded families about the government's Healthy Start scheme and by encouraging breastfeeding and sharing information on how mothers, infants and children can have a healthy diet and lifestyle.     

Nutrition in pregnancy: the facts and fallacies

In addition to state registered dietitians, nurses and other health professionals face the challenge of communicating clear and consistent information about food, health and balanced diets to a wide range of clients. There are many misconceptions surrounding nutrition. Nutrition in pregnancy demands extra attention because the health of the mother and baby is affected. Pregnant women need specific information about nutrition.     

Prevention and treatment of overweight in children and adolescents

Overweight in childhood and adolescence is an important public health issue because of its rapidly increasing prevalence and associated adverse medical and social consequences. Recent studies have estimated that 15 percent of children in the United States are at risk for overweight, and an additional 15 percent are overweight. Important predictors of overweight include age, sex, race/ethnicity, and parental weight status. Generally, school-based prevention programs are not successful in reducing the prevalence of obesity. Treatment interventions include behavioral therapy, reduction in sedentary behavior, and nutrition and physical activity education. These interventions are moderately successful but may not be generalized to the primary care setting. Family physicians should focus on identifying at-risk and overweight children and adolescents at an early stage and educating families about the health consequences of being overweight. Interventions should be tailored to the patient and involve the entire family.     

Health practices of adult Hispanic women

The purpose of this focused ethnography was to discover the patterns and variability of health practices used by Hispanic women aged 20-40 years. Seven adult Hispanic women from an urban New Mexico county were interviewed four to seven times each about their health practices. The women described their views of good health. They were aware of current health promotion practices such as good nutrition and exercise. They also practised safety measures for themselves and their families. These women did not report any information on specific cultural disease prevention behaviours and described few practices related to their Hispanic culture. A theme that also emerged from the data was an emphasis on the importance of spirituality and the integration of the spiritual dimension as important to healthy living. Implications for health care providers include knowing that urban adult Hispanic women are versed in contemporary health literature and take better care of their families than of themselves.     

Beliefs about AIDS, health, and illness among low-income Latina women.

The purposes of this study were to describe (a) the health beliefs of Latina women about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); and (b) the relationship of these beliefs to the subjects' traditional beliefs about illness and its treatment. The sample consisted of 59 low-income Latina women attending nutrition programs in Los Angeles. A qualitative approach was used to gather the data in semi-structured focus group interviews. Content analysis was used to classify data according to causes of AIDS and prevention and treatment of AIDS. Causes of AIDS included all of the current biomedical and public health explanations of transmission, current popular beliefs and misconceptions about transmission, and long-standing traditional beliefs about the causes of illness. Prevention and treatment of AIDS reflected these same three perspectives. The women's beliefs consisted of accurate, inaccurate, and incomplete information about AIDS. Implications were drawn from the findings for AIDS education and prevention programs which are congruent with the participants' cultural beliefs, values, attitudes, and expectations.     

Pregnancy following bariatric surgery

Gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity is considered an appropriate intervention when other weight-loss measures have proven unsuccessful. Weight loss often brings about improvement in overall health by lessening the effects of obesity-related comorbidities such as chronic hypertension and diabetes. In fact, the ability to become pregnant is enhanced, as weight loss often allows for a normalization of sex hormones. However, the nutrition challenges brought about by the surgery may have a profound impact on maternal health and pregnancy outcome. Surgical procedures for morbid obesity may be classified according to the digestive aftereffects brought about by the particular procedure. These categories include the "restrictive" procedures, "restrictive-malabsorptive" procedures, and the less common "malabsorptive" procedures. Deficiencies in iron, vitamin B12, folate, and calcium can result in maternal complications, such as severe anemia, and in fetal complications, such as neural tube defect, intrauterine growth restriction, and failure to thrive. Nutrient supplementation following bariatric surgery and close supervision before, during, and after pregnancy can help prevent nutrition-related complications and improve maternal and fetal health.     

Management of Habitual Abortion

Examination of the habitual aborter should include, in addition to routine studies, a hysterogram, determination of basal metabolic rate, body temperature charting, and endometrial biopsy. Study of the husband is also recommended. Preconceptional management is aimed at improving health and nutrition, eliminating gynecologic abnormalities, and supporting an inadequate secretory endometrium. When pregnancy occurs, management calls for adequate rest, good nutrition, administration of progestogens, and frequent examination.     

SARS期间医护人员心理状况调查分析

目的了解SARS期间医护人员的心理压力状况,探讨有效的缓解压力的措施。方法采用便利抽样法调查2所三级甲等医院参加过SARS治疗护理的52名医护人员。结果80.8%的医护人员认为从事SARS相关工作是有压力的,63.5%的人员认为SARS工作比自身所适应的工作强度要大,相关的压力来源有SARS的传染性强(88.5%),家庭和亲友对自己的担心(88.5%),社会对医护人员的理解不够(78.9%),缺乏治疗SARS的有效方法(55.7%),患者不能理解和配合医护人员(51.9%)等。结论医护人员在SARS期间的心理压力大。应重视医护人员的心理状况,采取有针对性的预防措施,包括强化培训力度,明确防护程序;合理安排人力,加强个体间沟通;营造良好环境,保证营养需要。     

Health-care delivery in Cuba: nursing's role in achievement of the goal of 'Health for All'

The findings of a study of the delivery of nursing care in noninstitutionalized settings in Cuba are presented. The study investigated factors associated with change in health status and the role of nursing in the community to bring about that change since the time of the 1959 revolution. Recommendations of the World Health Organization's 'Goal of Health For All by the Year 2000' provided guidelines for the study. In the pursuit of Health for All, the World Health Organization specifically called for universal coverage with primary health care to include the following essential elements: education covering the prevention and control of major health problems; adequate food, safe water and nutrition; maternal and child health including family planning; immunization against infectious disease; prevention and control of endemic diseases; and treatment of diseases and injuries. Findings of the study suggest that nursing can play an important role in the delivery of health care that meets the World Health Organization's goal of Health for All through universal coverage of primary health care to the defined population.     

Health problems of Asian and Latino immigrants.

Many different circumstances influence Asian and Latino immigration to the United States, including poverty, war, educational opportunities, and protection of financial assets. Such varying circumstances point clearly to a different set of expected health problems. Immigrants often lack resources necessary to acquire quality health care. These resources involve language skills, knowledge of US health care and social services, and insurance. Risk factors to which immigrants may have been exposed include poor nutrition, lack of immunizations and vaccinations, inadequate or inappropriate treatment, and inadequate or inaccurate beliefs about illness and treatment. Frequent health problems among Latino and Asian immigrants are tuberculosis, hepatitis B, sexually transmitted diseases, cancer, diabetes, and substance abuse. The nursing care of immigrants involves not only attention to reducing risk and treating illness, but also attention to the provision of resources. Nurses face several ethical dilemmas in the health care of immigrants including a public anti-immigrant sentiment, and political attempts to limit health care and education to immigrants.     

护士营养健康教育现状的调查分析与对策

目的了解护士对营养健康教育认识的态度和影响护士实施营养健康教育的原因。方法采用自行设计调查表,对297名护士进行调查,调查内容为护士对营养健康教育认识的态度和影响护士实施营养健康教育的原因。结果影响护士实施营养健康教育的主要原因为缺乏营养知识和缺乏营养知识的相关培训,分别占了73.7%和64.6%。97.3%护士认为营养健康教育工作重要;94.9%认为对护士进行营养知识培训是必须的,并希望由营养师进行培训;有72.7%护士当不能回答患者营养问题时,会采用查阅书籍或向专业人士请教后再告知患者的方法。结论护士营养健康教育态度和行为较好,但其营养知识较欠缺,需进一步加强营养知识培训,提高护士营养健康教育水平和知识,以满足患者营养健康知识的需求。     

Physical Activity,Obesity, Nutritional Health and Quality of Life in Low-Income Hispanic Adults With Diabetes

The study examined relationships among age, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, nutritional health, quality of life, and health-related quality of life in Hispanic adults with diabetes (N = 59) using the PRECEDE-PROCEED planning model as a framework. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews at clinics and communities. A regression model with predisposing factors (age, BMI), and behavior (nutritional health and physical activity) significantly predicted quality of life (R ² = 0.21, F = 3.63, p < .05) explaining 21% of variance. Physical activity and nutrition were the strongest predictors. Culturally competent intervention strategies must include factors that improve and enhance quality of life.     

老年肌少症患者营养管理的最佳证据总结

目的 提取、评价和综合老年肌少症患者营养管理的相关证据,为制订科学、有效的老年肌少症患者营养管理方案提供循证依据。方法 计算机检索乔安娜布里格斯研究所循证卫生保健中心数据库、Cochrane Library、DynaMed循证医学临床决策网站、英国卫生与临床优化研究所指南网、国际实践指南图书馆、加拿大安大略注册护士协会指南网、WHO指南网、苏格兰校际间指南网、美国临床实践指南网、加拿大临床实践指南信息库、UpToDate临床决策、中国医脉通临床指南网、Web of Science、PubMed、中国知网、中华医学会期刊全文数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库中关于老年肌少症患者营养管理措施的所有证据,检索文献类型包括指南、专家共识、临床决策、证据总结、系统评价或Meta分析,检索时间为建库至2022年1月20日。结果 共纳入18篇文献,包括1篇指南、1篇临床决策、6篇专家共识、10篇系统评价。总结了包含营养筛查和评估、营养素摄入、营养监测和健康教育4个类别的32条证据。结论 该研究总结了老年肌少症患者营养管理的最佳证据,证据总结过程科学、严谨和全面。医护人员应结合实际情境和患者个体因素选择最佳证据,指导老年肌少症患者安全有效地改善机体营养状况,提高生活质量。     

Supporting food literacy among children and adolescents: Undergraduate students apply public health nursing principles in clinical practice

Effective public health nurses excel in partnership building and program planning to address priority health concerns, such as childhood obesity and disordered eating. Worldwide, children are at risk for low food and nutrition literacy with associated patterns of low fruit and vegetable consumption. This report focuses on the application of public health nursing principles by undergraduate nursing student teams in the design and delivery of food literacy interventions among a population of children and adolescents. Over a four-year time period, the cumulative intervention reach was 640 children/adolescents. Over 75 nursing students implemented the public health nursing process in support of food literacy, gaining skills across multiple practice domains. Lessons learned from academic-community partnerships to promote food literacy among children and adolescents have direct implications for undergraduate nursing education. Chief among these implications include the growing significance of integrating nutrition in the nursing curriculum and the need for scaffolding to support clinical application of interventions beyond health teaching to address broad determinants of health.