Reducing AIDS risk among port workers in Santos, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the impact of worksite-based AIDS prevention program among port workers in Santos, Brazil, on sexual risk behavior for HIV infection. METHODS: Male port workers (n = 226) were followed in a 3-wave prospective cohort study. A multifaceted intervention costing US $90,000 for 20,000 workers was conducted between waves 2 and 3. RESULTS: Heterosexual risk behavior showed no decline between waves 1 and 2 (before the intervention) but decreased substantially between waves 2 and 3 (after the intervention). This decrease resulted from both a decrease in nonprimary partners and an increase in condom use. CONCLUSIONS: This worksite-based AIDS program produced marked behavior change at modest cost.     

上海市金山区青少年健康危险行为现况调查分析

目的了解青少年健康危险行为的现况,为制定促进青少年健康成长的相关政策、策略提供理论依据。方法采用《中国青少年健康危险行为调查研究方案》确定的调查表对金山区4所学校359名学生进行问卷调查。统计学处理采用SPSS 17.0统计软件,率的比较采用χ2检验,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果在过去1个月内有步行乱穿马路行为和骑车违反交通规则行为的学生分别占61.57%和31.20%;在过去1年中有打架行为的学生占28.13%,初中生比例较高;66.57%的学生在1年中感觉到过孤独,高中生比例最高;在过去1年中有13.37%的学生有过自杀意图,有6.41%的学生有过自杀计划,有1.39%的学生尝试过自杀;在过去1年中有20.33%的学生有过出走意念,有4.74%的学生尝试过出走;有吸烟史、喝酒史的学生分别占26.46%和42.90%。结论青少年健康危险行为现状问题突出,不容忽视。中学生心理健康教育工作亟待加强,健康危险行为干预急需进行。     

常州市2013年青少年健康危险行为监测结果

了解常州市青少年健康危险行为流行特征,为卫生与教育部门制定相关干预措施提供依据.方法 采用“中国青少年健康危险行为调查问卷”,对多阶段分层整群抽取的17所常州市大、中学校3 645名学生进行问卷调查.结果 男生喝碳酸饮料、锻炼、玩电子游戏、吸烟、饮酒比例高于女生,女生认为体重过重、不健康减肥行为比例高于男生(P值均<0.05).高中生偏食率高(44.3%).职中、大学生玩电子游戏、现在吸烟、现在饮酒报告率较高,职中男生分别为24.7%,35.7%,45.1%,职中女生分别为14.9%,16.4%,33.7%;大学男生分别为10.5%,27.9%,61.3%,大学女生分别为6.9%,0.6%,26.2%,性别间差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).结论 常州市青少年各类健康危险行为存在性别和年龄差异.在制定预防青少年危险行为措施时,要充分考虑年龄、性别和心理特点,重点干预高危人群.     

Contextual factors associated with sexual behavior among Brazilian adolescents

PurposeThere are few studies about the influence of the context on sexual behavior among adolescents in developing countries, such as Brazil. Adolescent pregnancy and the high incidence of sexually transmitted disease (STDs) among Brazilian youngsters are a public health problem. The object of this study was to investigate whether factors from family and school contexts are associated with sexual behavior among Brazilian adolescents.MethodsThis study used data from 60,973 adolescent participants in the National Survey of School Health. The response variable was sexual behavior, described in three categories (never had sexual intercourse, had protected sexual intercourse, had unprotected sexual intercourse). The explanatory variables were grouped into sociodemographic characteristics, number of risk behavior factors (regular use of alcohol, smoking, and experimenting with illicit drugs), and family and school context. Variables associated with having protected and unprotected sexual relations in each context were identified by means of multinomial logistic regression. The reference was "never had sexual intercourse."ResultsApproximately one fourth of adolescents have already had sexual intercourse, most frequently boys. Among the adolescents who declared sexual initiation, the most part had their first sexual relation with age of 13 years or younger. Almost 21% did not use protection the last time they had sex. The greater the number of risk factors involved, the higher the incidence of protected and unprotected sex. In the family context, living with only one or with neither parent and low parental supervision increased the frequency of protected and unprotected sex. Never eating meals with the parents augmented the incidence of unprotected sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.60). In the school context, students from private schools were less likely to have had protected and unprotected sex (OR, 0.58 and 0.68). Not receiving instructions at school about pregnancy prevention increased the frequency of protected and unprotected sex (OR, 1.33 and 1.74, respectively).ConclusionsFamily and school context factors are associated with sexual behavior. These associations are generally stronger for unprotected sex. Information about the prevention of pregnancy and STDs/AIDS has to be disseminated very early owing to the young age of sexual initiation.     

上海市虹口区青少年健康危险行为现状

了解虹口区青少年群体中各类健康危险行为的流行现状,为针对性地开展健康教育及行为干预提供科学依据.方法 采用分层多阶段整群抽样方法,抽取上海市虹口区3所初中、2所高中、1所职校共计1 413名在校学生,采用“上海市青少年健康相关行为调查问卷”(初、高中问卷)进行自填式匿名调查.结果 仅54.99%的学生每天喝牛奶,35.67%的学生吃油炸食品≥2次/周,20.03%的学生吃甜食≥1次/d.48.97%的学生存在不健康减肥行为.22.43%的学生有过自杀倾向,但仅有16.4%的学生寻求过帮助,其中53.85%的学生寻求同学帮助.结论 青少年健康危险行为不容忽视.应加强学生及家长相关健康知识宣教,共同关注青少年的健康与心理问题.     

武陵民族地区中学生健康危险行为现状及影响因素分析

了解武陵民族地区中学生健康危险行为流行情况及其相关影响因素,为开展有效干预提供参考.方法 按照多阶段分层整群随机抽样原则,于2015年11-12月从地处武陵民族地区腹地的湘西土家族苗族自治州抽取4个县8所城乡中学2 360名土家族和苗族中学生,进行健康危险行为现状调查,对可能的影响因素进行非条件Logistic回归分析.结果 武陵民族地区中学生偏食、缺乏锻炼、自杀意念、吸烟、饮酒和网络成瘾报告率分别为29.11%,58.94%,19.49%,20.04%,26.36%,6.02%.Logistic回归分析显示,偏食的危险因素有独生子女、网络成瘾,保护因素有男生(OR值分别为1.562,2.219,0.695,P值均<0.01);缺乏锻炼的危险因素有高中、住宿、自杀意念(OR值分别为1.452,1.291,1.494),保护因素有男生(OR=0.513)、学习成绩(中等OR=0.750,中等偏上或好OR=0.689)(P值均<0.01);自杀意念的危险因素有高中(OR=1.419)、吸烟(OR=1.857)、孤独(很少或有时OR=1.529,经常或总是OR=2.366)、抑郁(OR=2.694)、上下学感到不安全(很少或有时OR=1.381、经常或总是OR=1.974)、打架(OR=1.744),保护因素有男生(OR=0.542)(P值均<0.05);吸烟的危险因素有男生、留守、饮酒、打架、自杀意念(OR值分别为6.984,1.372,5.810,1.687,1.837),保护因素有学习成绩(中等OR=0.580,中偏上或好OR=0.467)(P值均<0.05);饮酒的危险因素有土家族(0R=1.708)、母亲文化程度(初中或高中OR=1.319,大专及以上OR=2.600)、吸烟(OR=6.678)、抑郁(OR=1.524)、打架(OR=1.878),保护因素有学习成绩(中等偏上或好OR=0.666)(P值均<0.05);网络成瘾的危险因素有男生(OR=1.970)、偏食(OR=2.013)、失眠(很少或有时OR=1.949,经常或总是OR=2.322)、吸烟(OR=1.525)、自杀意念(OR=2.471)、上网以玩游戏为主(OR=3.071),保护因素有学习成绩(中等OR=0.624,中等偏上或好OR=0.395)(P值均<0.05).结论 自感学习成绩差的中学生易发生多种健康危险行为.应加强学校、家庭、社会联合行动,确定预防和控制工作重点.     

Teenage pregnancy and associated risk behaviors among sexually abused adolescents

CONTEXT: Previous research suggests a link between adolescent pregnancy and sexual abuse history, but most studies have used clinical samples of females only and single measures of abuse. METHODS: Associations between pregnancy involvement, risk behaviors and sexual abuse were examined in sexually experienced teenagers from the Minnesota Student Surveys of 1992 (N=29,187) and 1998 (N=25,002). Chi-square tests assessed differences in pregnancy involvement and related risk behaviors among four groups of adolescents, categorized by type of abuse experienced: none, incest only, nonfamilial only or both. Odds ratios for pregnancy involvement and risk behaviors, adjusted for grade level and race, were calculated for each gender by using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Sexual abuse was reported by 6% of males and 27% of females in 1992, and by 9% and 22% in 1998. Reports of pregnancy involvement were significantly more common among abused adolescents (13-26% of females and 22-61% of males, depending on type of abuse) than among nonabused adolescents (8-10%). Abused adolescents were more likely than others to report risk behaviors, and teenagers reporting both abuse types had the highest odds of pregnancy involvement and risk behaviors. The differential in the odds of pregnancy involvement and most behaviors was larger between nonabused and abused males than between nonabused and abused females. CONCLUSIONS: Teenage pregnancy risk is strongly linked to sexual abuse, especially for males and those who have experienced both incest and nonfamilial abuse. To further reduce the U.S. teenage pregnancy rate, the pregnancy prevention needs of these groups must be adequately addressed.     

Prevalence and risk and protective factors related to disordered eating behaviors among adolescents: relationship to gender and ethnicity.

PURPOSE: To examine the current prevalence of disordered eating behaviors in a large sample of adolescents, by gender and ethnicity, and to identify gender and ethnic-specific risk and protective factors. METHODS: The study population included 81,247 9th- and 12th-graders who completed the 1998 Minnesota Student Survey, a self-report, school-based survey which included questions about disordered eating behaviors and a variety of psychosocial characteristics. RESULTS: Fifty-six percent of 9th-grade females and 28% of 9th-grade males report disordered eating behaviors (i.e. one or more of the following to lose or control weight: fasting or skipping meals, diet pills, vomiting, laxatives or smoking cigarettes; and binge-eating), with slightly higher rates among 12th-grade females and males, 57% and 31%, respectively. Among both genders, Hispanic and American Indian youth reported the highest prevalence of disordered eating. Risk factors for disordered eating among both males and females included cigarette smoking, appearance concerns, and alcohol use. Protective factors for both males and females were positive self-esteem, emotional well-being, school achievement, and family connectedness. While risk and protective factors were similar across gender, they differed across ethnicity particularly among females. CONCLUSIONS: Health professionals working with youth need to be aware of the high prevalence of these subclinical disordered eating behaviors, ask appropriate screening questions, and provide resources and referral, if necessary, for youth reporting these behaviors. Knowledge of risk and protective factors can serve to guide intervention and prevention efforts, particularly as they apply across ethnicity.     

Tobacco use among American Indian adolescents: protective and risk factors

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of, and identify protective and risk factors for, current tobacco use among American Indian adolescents.

Methods: Data from the Voices of Indian Teens Project were used to determine the prevalence of cigarette and smokeless tobacco (ST) use among a sample of 2390 American Indian adolescents, aged 13 to 20 years. Approximately 49% of the sample were female. Data were collected in Fall 1993 among participants from 10 high schools located in five western American Indian communities. The instrument consisted of scales that assessed psychosocial beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors as well as tobacco use. Logistic regression was used to identify protective and risk factors for tobacco use. A replication subsample was used to test the final models.

Results: Approximately 50% of American Indian adolescents in this sample reported some type of cigarette use, and approximately 21% reported using smokeless tobacco. Academic orientation was the only protective factor for cigarette use that replicated in both subsamples. Death/loss and other stressful life events were the risk factors for cigarette and/or ST use that replicated in both subsamples.

Conclusions: The prevalence of tobacco use was high in this sample of American Indian adolescents. Several risk and protective factors were identified, the knowledge of which may inform preventive interventions in this population.     

浙江省青少年健康危险行为因素分析

了解浙江省青少年各类健康危险行为的流行现状,为制定学生危险行为干预措施提供依据.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,对浙江省内63所学校(初中、高中、大学)的在校学生12 508名进行问卷调查.结果 不同学段学生摄入油炸食品、吃路边摊的比例均在50%左右;每天活动1h的比例均低于30%;过马路不走人行道的比例在30%~60%之间;过去30 d有过饮酒行为的比例在23%~62%之间.大学和高中男生性行为的发生比例均超过13%.男生在摄入饮料、体育锻炼、骑车违规、打架斗殴、网络成瘾、吸烟、饮酒以及曾经有过性行为的比例高于女生,而女生在摄入新鲜瓜果蔬菜、静态休闲活动、想过离家出走、接受过艾滋病或青春期教育的比例高于男生(P值均<0.05).结论 浙江省青少年健康危险行为不容忽视,迫切需要开展各种健康促进活动.     

建筑劳务输出人群艾滋病相关高危行为及其影响因素研究

目的了解建筑劳务输出人群艾滋病相关高危行为及其影响因素。方法采用横断面研究设计,对出境体检的建筑劳务输出人员进行问卷调查,收集人口学和艾滋病相关行为学指标,用构成比和率对艾滋病相关危险行为进行描述,用非条件Logistic回归分析艾滋病相关高危行为的影响因素。结果招募1825人,实际调查1625人,应答率89．0％。临时性行为和商业性行为是建筑劳务输出人群感染HIV的主要高危行为,报告率为15．8％和14．2％。高危行为影响因素包括：无出国经历（OR=0．745,P=0．043）、已婚状态（OR=0．338,P=0．004）、初次性行为≥22岁（OR=0．437,P〈0．001）、平时性生活频次高（OR=1．298,P=0．043）以及不接受多性伴现象的态度（OR=0．437,P〈0．001）。结论高危行为发生比例高,境外感染艾滋病风险高,要尽快开展适于该职业人群的干预活动。     

Dental and gingival pain and associated factors among Brazilian adolescents: an analysis of the Brazilian Oral Health Survey 2002-2003

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of dental and gingival pain and associated factors among Brazilian adolescents (15-19 years of age). Data from 16,126 adolescents who participated in the Brazilian Oral Health Survey SB-Brazil 2002-2003 were used. The outcome measured was dental and gingival pain in the last six months. Independent variables were per capita income, schooling, school enrollment, gender, skin color, age, area of residence, time since last dental appointment, type of dental service, DMFT index and its components, dental calculus, and Dental Aesthetic Index. Simple and multiple Poisson regression analyses were performed. Prevalence of dental and gingival pain was 35.6% (95%CI: 34.8-36.4). Increased prevalence of pain was associated with: female gender, low income, non-students, students enrolled in public schools, and grade-for-age lag. In addition, adolescents with high levels of dental caries and dental calculus also reported higher prevalence of dental pain. Dental and gingival pain can be considered a relevant public health problem, suggesting the need for preventive measures.     

Health-risk behaviors and protective factors among adolescents with mobility impairments and learning and emotional disabilities

Purpose: To identify the risk involvement of three groups of young people with disabilities relative to a comparison group: mobility impairments, learning disabilities, and emotional disabilities. Protective factors are explored to identify which individual, family, and school factors are associated with diminished risk.

Methods: Analyses are based on the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a nationally representative sample of 20,780 seventh- through 12^th-grade youth in the United States. Five negative health outcomes were studied: suicide attempts, sexual abuse, regular cigarette smoker, alcohol use, and marijuana use. For bivariate analyses Student’s t-test and Chi-square were used, and logistic regressions were performed on all dichotomized dependent variables.

Results: For most risk behaviors studied, youth with disabilities were more involved than peers. Factors that predisposed to risk varied little between those with and without disabilities. Likewise, there was substantial consistency between groups as to protective factors. What distinguished each group of young people with disabilities from peers is that they reported significantly more exposure to risk factors and significantly fewer protective factors.     

Nutrition-related habits and associated factors of Brazilian adolescents

Objectives  

To investigate the nutrition-related habits (NRH) of Brazilian adolescents and evaluate the associations with risk factors.     

呼和浩特市青少年健康危险行为现状

目的了解呼和浩特市青少年健康危险行为的现状,为青少年健康教育提供依据。方法多阶段分层抽取呼和浩特市6 739名大、中学生,采用中国青少年健康相关行为问卷进行调查。结果大、中学生偏食率为38.1%~57.4%;过去1周每天喝汽水饮料1次以上者有8.7%~17.5%,每天吃甜点1次以上者有8.5%~25.2%,每天吃早餐有42.3%~65.6%,每天喝牛奶有10.3%~21.9%;过去1周进行中等强度体育运动3 d以上者有28.5%~41.4%。过去30 d骑自行车违规发生率为62.5%~77.6%;过去30 d受欺侮发生率为7.2%~11.9%,过去12个月里斗殴发生率为17.3%~26.7%,学习压力重报告率为14.3%~28.2%,抑郁报告率为14.6%~19.1%,严重受伤报告率为13.5%~15.4%;目前吸烟率为11.4%~22.0%,重度饮酒率为7.5%~31.4%,醉酒率为9.7%~39.2%;网络成瘾者有2.3%~4.9%,曾参加过赌博报告率为14.5%~23.6%;高中和大学生边缘性行为发生率分别为28.6%和43.7%。各种健康危险行为中,不同性别及不同学习阶段学生之间大都有统计学意义。结论呼和浩特市青少年健康危险行为较为普遍,学校应积极开展健康教育。