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??Objective??To study the current status of common blood purification therapy for childhood-onset severe systemic lupus erythematosus??SLE?? in China. Methods??The questionnaire was discussed and set by Pediatric Blood Purification Specialist Committee??the data of 127 hospitalized children with blood purification therapy in 22 units were collected and analyzed from January 1??2012 to December 31??2017. Results????1??Among the 127 cases??including 28 males and 99 females??between 4 to 16 years old. 63 cases were treated by plasma exchange??PE?? for 180 times??41 cases were treated by DNA immunoadsorption??DNA-IAS?? for 106 times??11 cases were treated by hemodialysis??HD?? for 112 times??12 cases were treated by hemoperfusion??HP?? for 32 times. ??2??PE and DNA-IAS can alleviate the clinical symptoms effectively??causing the systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index??SLEDAI????ANA titer??antidouble-stranded DNA antibodies??immunoglobulin to decrease and complement to increase significantly. HD for children with renal insufficiency was effective??HP can eliminate inflammatory factors and relieve clinical symptoms of children. The remission rates of PE??DNA-IAS??HD and HP were 87.30%??87.80%??72.73% and 75.00% respectively. Conclusion??PE and DNA-IAS therapy can remove the immune substances in the blood of children with severe SLE quickly and relieve the disease??HD therapy is mainly used for children with severe edema and renal insufficiency??HP therapy can eliminate inflammatory factors effectively and improve clinical symptoms. For children with severe SLE??different blood purification mode should be selected according to the difference of the children’s condition.     

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??Objective??To investigate the current rate of Helicobacter pylori infection in asymptomatic children residing in Beijing urban area and to discuss the risk factors that predispose children to such infection. Methods??A total of 1196 asymptomatic children aged from 1 month to 18 years were selected from urban schools in Beijing areas. A face to face interview was conducted with a specially designed standard questionnaire. We performed enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay ??ELISA?? for H.pylori stool antigen test to determine H.pylori infection status. Results??The overall prevalance of H.pylori was 10.6%. On univariate analysis??risk factors for H.pylori infection included age??poor hygienic habits??lower socioeconomic status??and positive family history of gastrointestinal diseases. Multivariate logitstic regression identified that age??poor hygienic habits??economic status??number of people in the same house??house area??and positive family history of gastrointestinal diseases were the independent risk factors of H.pylori infection. Conclusion??H.pylori infection rate among these children is high??and increases with age. H.pylori infection clusters within families and is closely associated with personal and familial hygienic habits.     

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??Abstract??Objective To summarize the epidemiology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae??MP?? infection in children with acute respiratory tract infection??ARI????and to explore the changes of the epidemiological characteristics in the recent five years. Methods MP was detected using microparticle agglutination method in 183??841 children with ARI. We analyse distribution characteristics of MP by age?? season and gender. Results Among the 183??841 samples??the positive rate was 30.8%. There was significant difference in the infection rate between boys and girls??P??0.01????girls ??35.5%??higher than boys ??27.4%??. MP infection rate from 2006 to 2010 was 22.4%??16.8%??25.8%??29.9% and 39.2%??respectively. In 0-to-3-year-old-group??the positive rate for MP was 19.8%??while in 3-to-6-year-old-group and above 6-year-old-group?? 38.3% and 48.1% were positive?? respectively??Which showed a significant difference in the infection rate between the 3 groups. There were epidemiological differences in infection incidences by MP in different seasons??spring 26.9% ??summer 31.7%?? autumn 33.5% and winter 31.2%??. The MP infection incidences showed seasonal differences??P??0.01??. Conclusion The incidence of MP infection in the recent 5 years increased year by year??with 2010 as the highest. MP infection can occur through the whole year?? especially in autumn. School age children are still the vulnerable infected group with high incidence in girls than boys.     

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??Abstracts?? Objective To explore the prevalence and risk factors of asthma in children aged 0??14 years old in Changle rural area?? providing data for prevention and treatment of childhood asthma in rural area. Methods Multi-stage?? stratified and random cluster sampling was used to recruit children. The same screening questionnaires for the national epidemiological survey of children’s asthma were distributed among parents of children aged 0??14 years old at schools??kindergartens and communities. Asthmatic children were picked among the screening-positive children based on on-the-spot inquiries??physical examinations??medical records and supporting test results??Further survey of asthmatics was carried out to investigate the diagnosis and treatment status of childhood asthma and other associated allergic diseases. Results Among a total of 6000 questionnaires?? 5860 were completed with a response rate of 96.67%; and 135 ??2.3%??children were recognized as asthma??typical asthma??n=119??2.03%???? cough variant asthma??n=13??0.22%?? and suspected asthma??n=3??0.05%????. The prevalence of asthma was higher in boys??n=81??2.51%?? than in girls??n=38?? 1.44%?? ??χ2=8.27??P??0.05??. Conclusions The prevalence of asthma is 2.03% in children under 14 years old in Changle rural area and it varies in children with different genders and ages??Taking the age of onset into account?? the asthma prevalence was lowest in the children aged 0??1 years old??0.37%??2/533???? and highest??5.32%??20/376????in those aged 3??4 years old??The main cause of asthma in children is upper respiratory tract infection?? and the important risks include individual allergic history?? family history and genders.     

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??In the third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock??sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. This new definition is similar to severe sepsis in the past. This article describes the epidemiological characteristics of this disease??including etiology??underlying diseases??organ dysfunctions??prevalence and prognosis.     

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??Objective??To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of human bocavirus??HBoV?? infection in children with respiratory tract diseases??and to provide scientific basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods??Sputum specimens and clinical informations of 16 913 cases of hospitalized children with respiratory tract diseases from January 2009 to December 2016 in Children’s Hospital of Soochow University were collected. HBoV DNA was detected by fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction at real time to analyze the detections. Results??The HBoV detection rate was 5.16%??873/16 913 cases?? in 16 913 children. The HBoV detection rate of boys was 5.42%??573/10 566 cases????which was significantly higher than that of girls??4.73%??300/6 347 cases????χ2??3.928??P??0.047??. The HBoV detection rate of children at the age of less than 1 year old??-3 years old??-7 years old and older than 7 years old were 4.03%??8.75%??3.99% and 1.29%??respectively??the difference of which had statistical significance??χ2??182.075??P??0.01??. The HBoV detection rate in spring, summer??autumn and winter were 3.36%??146/4341 cases????6.92%??295/4261 cases????6.88%??287/4172 cases?? and 3.50%??145/4139 cases????respectively. The HBoV detection rate in summer and autumn was significantly higher than that in spring and winter??χ2??93.801??P??0.01??. Conclusions??The HBoV detection rate in children with respiratory tract diseases is 5.16% in Suzhou area from Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2016. The highest HBoV detection rate is high in infant??especially in boys. Epidemical seasons of HBoV infection in Suzhou are summer and autumn.     

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??In 2014??a total of 359 000 cases of tuberculosis??0-14 years old?? in children were reported worldwide??accounting for 6.5 percent of the registered TB cases. According to China’s research data in 2013??the PPD positive??≥10 mm??rate of children aged 5 to 15 in different TB epidemic areas was 8.09% to 21.26%. In 2015??6 861 cases of tuberculosis in children were reported nationwide??with a incidence of 3.03/100 000. In 2014??the national TB mortality rate among children aged 0 to 14 was 0.12/100 000. The diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis should be based on a comprehensive assessment of evidence such as contact history??clinical examination and related examinations. The principles of childhood TB treatment are the same as those of adults. At present the state council issued a national tuberculosis control program??put forward to improve the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis in children??to provide technical training to pediatricians on TB control??and to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of childhood tuberculosis.     

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??Abstract??Wheezing is common clinical symptoms in early childhood with respiratory diseases.In this paper,epidemidogy,risk factors and trend in development will be described.     

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??The occurrence of Helicobacter pylori??H.pylori?? infection is significantly higher in developing countries when compared to developed nations. It is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections in China and significant geographic differences among regions are likely to present. The rates of
H.pylori infection and related diseases have been declining yearly in both developed and rapidly developing countries. A prospective??multicenter study performed recently in China indicates that H.pylori infection rate among Chinese asymptomatic children increases with age and is high after the age of ten. There is no overall regional difference among different cities. H.pylori infection rate in children has declined in Beijing in recent 20 years since 1991??which indicates that improvement in socioeconomic conditions might have helped to reduce the infection rate in children.     

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目的研究上海地区不同职业家庭不同年龄组的儿童幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)感染的流行病学情况,以探讨不同经济状况下,儿童感染H.pylori的年龄阶段以及家庭H.pylori人群的分布对儿童H.pylori感染的影响。方法1119名就读于上海地区市中心与郊区学校的学生,男性568名,女性551名,年龄7～l4岁。问卷调查每位学生的居住环境、常住人口、父母职业和受教育程度、家庭的经济收入,有无消化道症状及慢性胃炎、溃疡病史等,同时采用ELISA方法检测血中H.pyloriIgG抗体。结果无症状儿童中7岁年龄组的H.pylori感染率为30.91%,在7～12岁年龄阶段随着年龄的增加H.pylori感染率也逐渐上升,平均年递增3.28%;工人和农民家庭的儿童较小的年龄即有较高的H.pylori感染率;生活在父母感染H.pylori家庭中的儿童更容易感染H.pylori。结论经济水平较低的家庭中,儿童H.pylori感染率高,而且较小年龄即有感染;H.pylori感染有家庭聚集现象。     

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??Abstract?? Hematuria is a common problem in children?? and a high prevalence of asymptomatic haematuria was found in early screening for chronic kidney disease ??CKD??. The causes of disease are complex?? so long-term follow-up and management are very important. Meanwhile?? renal biopsy indication of asymptomatic microscopic haematuria is ancontroversial issue. Epidemiological studies will provide scientific information with guiding roles and application values for asymptomatic haematuria?? especially CKD.     

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??Up to 650 000 deaths annually are associated with respiratory diseases from seasonal influenza??indicating the high burden of influenza and its substantial social cost to the world. The incidence of Influenza is high among children. Vaccine and antiviral medicine can both prevent influenza??and health education is always neglected. Neuraminidase inhibitor remains the main antiviral drug. During the management of influenza infections??doctors should pay great attention to its complications??especially pneumonia and encephalopathy.     

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??Abstract??Objective??To understand the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in hospitalized children. Methods??All results of anti-VCA-IgM and anti-VCA-IgG to Epstein-Barr virus detected by ELISA in Chongqing Children’s Hospital from January to December in 2009 were collected. The data was counted using statistical analysis of Chi-Square Test by gender?? age group and season. Results??The total infection rate of Epstein-Barr virus for hoapitalized children under 18 years old was 35.27% in 2009 and the recent infection rate was 12.66%.The accumulation infection rate gradually increased with ages?? and nearly half of children had been infected by Epstein-Barr virus in pre-school age group. The period from 3 to 5 years old was the peak age of infection. The accumulation rate among 0??3 months?? 3??6 months?? 6??12 months?? 1??2 years?? 3??5 years?? 6??12 years and 13??18 years old was 27.70%?? 10.48%?? 14.13%?? 27.69%?? 44.61%?? 51.99% and 57.34%?? respectively. And the recent infection rate was 1.15%?? 1.25%?? 2.52%?? 12.55%?? 22.21%?? 18.55% and 20.3%?? respectively. The recent infection rates in March?? September and October were higher than those of others in 2009?? and the difference was statistically significant ??P < 0.05??. Except the 1??2 years group ??P < 0.05???? there was no difference in other age groups about the cumulative and the recent infection rate by gender ??P > 0.05??. Conclusion??1. The infection rate of Epstein-Barr virus for childen is lower than that reported before in China. Nearly half of children have been infected by Epstein-Barr virus in pre-school age group?? the peak period of infection being 3??5 years old.2. There is no gender difference of cumulative and recent infection rate in Chongqing in 2009?? the infection rate in March and September-October were higher than those of others.     

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目的研究昆明地区2002~2004年轮状病毒肠炎患儿的病毒分子流行特征。方法收集昆明医学院第一附属医院2002、2003、2004年9~12月儿科住院和门诊轮状病毒肠炎患儿的粪便标本计210份。采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法检测轮状病毒基因组,用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)以及巢式-PCR(net-PCR)对5种主要的VP7的血清型(G1、G2、G3、G4和G9)进行分型,并采用RT-PCR对VP7阳性标本进行NSP4(非结构蛋白4)的基因扩增,选取30份标本用net-PCR法扩增出NSP4CDNA500bp送去测序。结果210份标本中轮状病毒基因阳性143份(68·1%),其中长型143份,未发现短型和混合型。143份阳性标本行RT-PCR扩增VP7全基因,134份获得阳性产物,进一步用net-PCR分型显示G3型73例(73/134,54·5%),G1型38例(28·4%),未分型11例(8·2%),混合型8例(6%),G4型4例(3%),未发现G2和G9型。所有VP7阳性标本均可以扩增出NSP4的全长,其中30份标本送去测序显示有变异。结论A组轮状病毒是目前昆明地区婴幼儿腹泻的主要致病原,在不同的3年中,轮状病毒电泳型以长型为主,血清型以G3、G1型为主,G4型少见,未见G2、G9型。3年监测结果显示NSP4存在变异,但未发现轮状病毒肠炎临床症状与NSP4的变异有关。