某市环境电磁辐射水平的分布

目的 通过调查环境电磁辐射水平,了解现阶段我国都市环境电磁辐射状况。方法 按照HJ／T10．2-1996《辐射环境保护管理导则——电磁辐射监测仪器和方法》、Ⅲ／1、24—1998《辐射环境保护管理导则——电磁辐射环境影响评价方法与标准》、GB8～702—88《电磁辐射防护规定》和GB9175—88《环境电磁波卫生标准》的要求和方法,在比例尺为1：25000的某市地图上以一定的间距(500m)划分了64个网格,以网格中心所在位置为测量点,于2000年6—8月,测量电磁辐射水平。结果 该市被调查区域现有环境电磁辐射水平在5-10000MHz频率范围内均未超过相应的国家标准限值,但有个别测量地点的综合场强最大值已接近或达到超短波和微波一级安全区的限值。中心商业区和医疗机构区在5-10000MHz频率范围内的场强明显高于工厂区和生活区,0．009-1MHz频率范围内的磁场强度也是商业区最高。从28-500MHz频率范围选频测量的结果和频率分布概率看,较高场强的频段多见于当地的调频电台频段。结论 都市现有环境电磁辐射水平较以往大大提高,并且高场强区域主要集中在中心商业区和医疗机构区,其对人群潜在的健康影响值得关注。     

重庆市区110 kV高压线电磁辐射监测分析

目的 通过测量重庆市区中110 kV高压线的电磁辐射水平,了解重庆市区110 kV高压线电磁辐射强度及其影响因素.方法 按照<辐射环境保护管理导则>(HJ/T10-1996)、<高压交流架空送电线路、变电站工频电场和磁场测量方法>(DL/T988-2005)的要求,选取高压线附近的居民楼、沿街及其竖直投影点周围不同距离处为监测点,分别监测其距地面1.7 m高度处的电磁辐射强度.结果 在5～1 000 Hz频段,各监测点的电场强度、磁场强度最高值分别为1766.68 V/m、0.49μT,均低于国际非电离辐射防护委员会(ICNIRP)的公众暴露标准(5 kV/m、100μT);临近高压线的居民楼楼顶的电场强度为629.50～635.60 V/m,明显高于其他楼层<5 V/m(P<0.005);在同一高压线下的不同监测点导线离地低处的电磁辐射1 341.01～1 396.02 V/m,明显高于离地高处的188.90～191.20 V/m(P<0.005);邻近的街道个别功率密度值已超标,最大值达22.90μW/c㎡.结论 重庆市区中110 kV高压线的电磁辐射水平对居民健康的影响值得关注.建筑物、高压线的架设方式等对高压线周围的电磁辐射强度有重要影响.     

南京市郊区县环境电磁辐射水平调查

目的 了解南京市郊区县环境电磁辐射水平,保障公众成员的身心健康。方法 根据电磁辐射监测规范的要求,以南京市三区两县中的27个主要乡镇中心为基点,根据乡镇实际地形在其各个方向上布设监测点位,测量距地面1.7m高的综合电场强度。结果 按《电磁辐射防护规定》(GB8702-88)公众照射导出限值中频率范围30~3000MHz电场强度为12V/m作为对照参考标准,87个监测点位全部符合标准要求。结论 南京市郊区县环境电磁辐射水平处于较低水平,在国家相关标准的限值以内。     

重庆市住宅小区环境电磁辐射测量分析

目的通过测量居住环境电磁辐射强度,了解居住环境电磁辐射的水平及特点。方法根据国家相关测量及评价标准,随机选择重庆市某主城区4个居住小区,分别测量各小区内建筑物外、建筑物内各个楼层及建筑物室内的电磁辐射强度。结果100 KHz~3 GHz频率范围内的平均电场强度及平均功率密度均未超过《环境电磁波卫生标准》的要求,但该频率段所测电场强度已接近卫生标准中一级标准的容许场强(5 V/m);在5 Hz~1 KHz和1~100 KHz频率段,当人体同样处于站立状态时,其平均电场强度电器开启时要大于电器未开启时(P0.05);在5 Hz~1 KHz频率段,当客厅内常用电器同样都开启时,其平均电场强度站姿时要大于坐姿时(P0.01)。结论居室外环境中电磁波多为低强度、混合的射频波,而居室内环境中极低频(30~300 Hz)电磁波亦占有重要的地位,其对人体健康的影响不可忽视。     

湖南省10个中小型数据机房及周边电磁环境污染状况调查

目的监测与评价中小型数据机房及周边电磁环境污染状况,为判断公众健康影响提供科学依据。方法参照HJ/T 10.2-1996辐射环境保护管理导则电磁辐射监测仪器和方法,2011—2015年对湖南省内10个中小型数据机房内、外电磁环境进行监测和分析。结果中小型数据机房内、外工频电场最大值分别为157.4、160.0 V/m,工频磁感应强度最大值分别为0.069、0.019μT,30~3 000 MHz电场强度最大值分别为0.97、1.20 V/m,30~3 000 MHz功率密度最大值分别为3.680 0、0.382 0μW/cm~2,均低于GB 8702-2014中的公众暴露控制限值。结论中小型数据机房对机房内、外环境电磁场量贡献很小,不会对公众健康造成影响,但建设方应做好公众电磁环境知识普及工作,消除公众"恐辐"心理。     

南京市中波发射台周边电磁辐射水平调查

目的 了解南京市中波发射台周边电磁辐射水平,为更好地解决这方面的电磁辐射投诉与咨询作准备。方法 根据电磁辐射监测技术规范的要求,结合现场情况在中波发射台周边进行布点测量,测量离地1.7 m高的综合电场强度。结果 按《电磁辐射防护规定》(GB8702-88)公众照射导出限值中频率范围0.1~3MHz电场强度为40V/m作为对照参考标准,有8个测点超标,其余均符合要求。结论 距中波发射台围墙30 m范围内综合场强值较高,是超标点位集中的区域,随着距中波发射台距离的增加,综合场强值呈下降趋势。     

南京市地表环境中的电磁辐射水平分析

目的 了解南京市地表环境中的电磁辐射水平现状,保护公众人员的身心健康,为动态观察南京市电磁辐射水平的变化积累数据。方法 选择南京城区和五个区县为调查对象,按照规定的方法进行测点布设,应用意大利PMM公司生产的PMM8053B型电磁辐射分析仪对各测点的电磁辐射综合场强进行测量。结果 南京市地表环境中的电磁辐射综合场强在0.04~13.36V/m之间,五区县地表环境中的电磁辐射综合场强之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.01),但与城区地表环境中的电磁辐射综合场强之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 南京市绝大部分地区的电磁辐射综合场强在较低水平,但南京城区的电磁辐射总体水平要高于其他五个县市。     

某基站所在部队营区电磁辐射水平调查

目的 对某基站所在部队营区电磁辐射水平进行调查。方法 在该基站20 m范围内共设10个监测点,按照HJ/T 10.2-1996的要求使用电磁辐射分析仪对每个监测点连续测量5次。所测结果按GB 8702-1988规定的限值进行分析。结果 该营区基站天线轴向20 m处的功率密度贡献值可以满足0.08 W/m²环境管理目标值和0.4 W/m²环境标准限值的要求。结论 该营区基地电磁辐射场强在较低水平。     

某城市中心城区电磁辐射水平监测结果分析

目的调查某城市中心城区电磁辐射污染水平,评估电磁辐射污染的暴露水平,研究城市中心城区射频电磁辐射强度及分布情况,分析评价电磁辐射对健康的影响,为电磁辐射污染调查工作及基础研究提供依据。方法对某城市中心城区112 km2区域进行2 km×2 km网格布点,共监测36个点位,使用频谱电磁场强测量系统在频谱为30 m Hz~3 000 m Hz时,分别对电场强度、磁场强度和功率密度进行测量。结果监测的36个点位中,电场强度为0.135 8 V/m~1.819 4 V/m,磁场强度为0.360 m A/m~4.107 m A/m,功率密度为48.93μW/m2~8 783.8μW/m2。其中电场强度1.2 V/m的点位数占91.7%(33/36),磁场强度3.2 m A/m的点位数占91.7%(33/36),功率密度1 000μW/m2的点位数占86.1%(31/36)。结论该城市中心城区电磁辐射强度均低于国际非电离辐射防护委员会剂量参考水平和我国标准剂量限值,电磁辐射总体污染水平较低,处于可接受水平。     

珠海市电磁辐射污染现况调查与对策探讨

目的了解珠海市地表环境中电磁辐射污染现况,为动态观察珠海市电磁辐射污染水平变化积累数据,进一步探讨电磁辐射污染防治对策。方法选择珠海主城区5个片区和1个岛作为调查对象,按照1 km×1 km网格方法进行布点,应用意大利PMM公司生产的PMM8053B型电磁辐射分析仪对各监测点电磁辐射综合电场强度进行测量。结果珠海市地表环境中的电磁辐射综合电场强度在0.04～1.64 V/m之间,市区5个片区与外伶仃岛电磁辐射综合电场强度差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);三类场所电磁辐射综合电场强度比较,居民住宅区域电磁辐射综合电场强度与城市道路、公共场所电磁辐射综合电场强度之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论珠海市绝大部分地区的电磁辐射综合电场强度在较低水平,但主城区的电磁辐射总体水平要高于外伶仃岛;居民住宅区域电磁辐射水平略低于城市道路及公共场所。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.