骨折后脂肪栓塞综合征的诊断与治疗

目的:探讨骨折后脂肪栓塞综合征的诊断与治疗.方法:将2001年6月～2010年3月收治的股骨干骨折病人208例,对并发FES的12例病人的临床表现、治疗方法与结果进行描述.结果:12例患者中,11例经过5～7天治疗后,临床各项检查指标均恢复正常,生命体征恢复正常.1例因重度休克导致多器官功能衰竭,抢救无效死亡.结论:骨折的早期开放复位固定可降低FES的发生率,而骨折髓内针固定有增加FES发生的危险;呼吸支持和循环维持是治疗FES的关键,早期大剂量激素应用有肯定的治疗效果.     

股骨干骨折接骨板或髓内针固定的局部并发症

目的 探讨股骨干骨折局部并发症发生的影响因素,并比较接骨板和髓内针固定方法在并发症方面的差异。方法 对我院１９８５－１９９４年间３２５例经内固定治疗的股骨干骨折进行分析。结果 ７２例发生局部并发症,发生率为２２％,其中髓内针组４６例;接骨板组２６例。结论髓内针固定股骨干骨折较接骨板有明显的优势,但在股骨下段,粗隆下肌折应用接骨板是较好的选择。     

股骨骨折内固定术后膝关节功能障碍原因及其预防

对采用切开复位内固定术治疗的４８０例股骨干骨折，经平均７．６年随访，有５０例发生不同程度膝关节功能障碍，发生率为１０．４％。认为引起膝关节功能障碍的原因主要与骨折性质、手术时机、切口选择、内固定器械选择、外固定时间等有关。伤后早期内固定，采用后外侧入路，术后早期进行功能锻练，是减少股骨干骨折膝关节功能障碍发生率的主要措施。     

股骨干骨折髓内钉内固定术后感染的治疗对策

目的 研究股骨干骨折髓内钉内固定术后感染的治疗方法 .方法 收治股骨干骨折髓内钉内固定术后感染15例,二期手术前积极抗感染,4例脓肿、死骨形成者清创后改用外固定支架治疗,二期髓内钉固定;3例感染性骨不连更换髓内钉及自体松质骨植骨;其余病例换药、抗感染治疗;所有患者待骨折愈合后取出髓内钉并彻底清创.结果 平均随访37个月(25～60个月),所有病例骨折愈合,平均LEM评分85.7分,无伤口早期并发症,取出髓内钉后无感染复发、功能障碍、畸形等发生.结论 在感染控制前提下,尽量使用髓内钉固定股骨骨折,骨折愈合后拔除髓内钉,彻底清创,是治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉内固定术后感染的合理方案.     

双膦酸盐相关非典型股骨骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨手术治疗双膦酸盐相关非典型股骨骨折的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2012年12月手术治疗的15例(15侧骨折)双膦酸盐相关非典型股骨骨折患者资料,平均年龄76.0±6. 4岁(65~88岁)。所有病例骨折时髓部骨密度T值平均为–3. 1±0. 7(–1.8~–4.5)。9病例骨折部位位于转子下,6例位于股骨干。12例采用髓内针固定。3例采用钢板螺钉固定。术后观察患者的骨折愈合情况。结果 所有患者术后均获骨性愈合,平均愈合时间为5.9±1.4个月(4~8个月)。无感染、骨折不愈合,内固定物松动或断裂,下肢深静脉血栓等并发症发生。不同固定方式骨折愈合时间无差异(t=1.56,P=0.14)。服药时间与骨折愈合时间无相关性(r=0.034,P=0.904)。结论 手术治疗是双膦酸盐相关非典型股骨骨折的有效方法。     

自锁型带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折

随着现代交通运输事业的发展，创伤性疾病越来越多见。股骨骨折是一种很常见创伤性疾病．其临床发生率报告不一。临床上有多种治疗股骨干骨折的有效方法，梅花髓内钉、加压钢板和近几年的带锁髓内钉等，都是股骨干骨折的有效治疗方法。尤其是带锁髓内钉被认为是目前股骨干骨折的首选内固定方法。本院近年在开展带锁髓内钉治疗股骨骨折的同时，不断探讨分析影响交锁髓内钉治疗长骨干骨折疗效的相关因素，并对股骨干骨折的微创治疗也进行了不断探索。本文对本院近一年来行自锁型带锁髓内钉（ZSD钉）内固定治疗30例股骨干骨折的手术用时和手术中的出血量，与普通带锁髓内钉内固定治疗病例进行对比分析，对股骨下骨折的微创治疗进行初步探讨。     

弹性髓内钉固定与钢板固定治疗儿童股骨干骨折疗效比较

目的 探讨对儿童股骨干骨折进行钢板或弹性髓内钉固定手术治疗的效果,并总结其经验.方法 193例儿童股骨干骨折,其中106例行钢板固定,87例行弹性髓内钉固定.结果 106例钢板固定组,术后发生感染6例;骨折愈合时间平均4个月,骨不连2例,钢板断裂1例,再骨折2例;术后出现肢体短缩7例,肢体过长24例.87例弹性髓内钉固定组,术后发生感染3例.骨折愈合时间平均3.5个月,无骨不连、髓内钉断裂及再骨折病例.术后出现肢体不同程度过长15例,短缩3例.结论 弹性髓内钉固定具有操作简便,损伤少,不累及骨骺,复位良好,恢复快,便于早期康复及并发症少的优点,是一种微创、安全、简便的骨折治疗方法 .对于13岁以上开放性股骨骨折,粉碎性骨折,靠近股骨上、下端骨折,多主张采用钢板固定.     

股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折诊治体会

目的 探讨股骨骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折的诊断及治疗方法。方法 对10例股骨干骨折采用加压钢板固定，9例股骨颈骨折分别采用加压螺纹钉，三刃钉，骨圆针和松质骨螺钉固定。结果 随访10个月-5年。结论 全面体检，影像学检查可作出正确诊断，早期宜给予牢靠有效的内固定治疗。     

股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折的手术治疗

目的：探讨单结构和双结构治疗股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折的疗效及其适应证。方法：2015年6月至2020年12月收治同侧股骨干合并股骨颈骨折患者21例,男14例,女7例,年龄23～69 (38.1±12.9)岁。根据不同股骨干骨折部位分别采用InterTan或PFNAⅡ固定（单结构）,以及逆行髓内钉+空心钉固定（双结构）。术后定期随访功能及并发症情况。单结构固定10例,股骨颈骨折均为基底型,股骨干骨折位于峡部近端;双结构固定11例,9例为股骨颈基底型,2例经颈型,股骨干骨折位于峡部及其远端。结果：所有患者获得随访,时间12～27个月。所有单结构固定患者未发生股骨头坏死、畸形、延迟和不愈合,股骨干骨折未发生延迟愈合、不愈合;末次随访Harris评分（91.8±4.1）分,优8例,良2例。所有双结构固定患者股骨颈骨折获得了良好的愈合,未发生股骨头坏死,1例股骨干骨折延迟愈合;末次随访Harris评分（92.4±5.9）分,优7例,良3例,一般1例。结论：良好的复位和固定是治疗这类骨折的关键。单结构和双结构固定均是良好选择,应根据股骨干和股骨颈骨折部位选择适合的固定方式。对于股骨干骨折位于峡...     

经膝关节逆行穿钉治疗股骨干骨折

目的探讨经膝关节逆行穿钉治疗股骨干骨折适应证及手术方法,丰富股骨干骨折的治疗手段。方法12例病人均在能透视的普通手术台进行,膝关节屈曲30°～40°于髌韧带内侧缘做5cm的切口,经股骨髁间窝逆行穿入带锁钉。闭合复位7例,开放复位5例。结果经平均1年的随访,所有病人均骨性愈合,膝关节功能良好。结论经膝关节逆行穿钉治疗股骨骨折是可行的,具有操作简单,固定牢固,能早期进行膝关节功能锻炼等特点,早期对膝关节功能无影响,但远期影响有待长期随访。     

Occult hypoperfusion is associated with increased morbidity in patients undergoing early femur fracture fixation

BACKGROUND: The presence of persistent occult hypoperfusion (OH) is associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates after trauma. Early femur fracture fixation in trauma patients with multiple injuries is associated with decreased morbidity and mortality. Association of OH and incidence of postoperative complications after intramedullary (IM) fixation in patients with femur fractures was investigated. METHODS: A retrospective study design was used. All patients with femur fractures admitted to the trauma service of a Level I trauma center between January 1, 1995, and August 1, 1998, who were older than 18 years of age and who had IM fracture fixation within 24 hours of admission and serum lactate determinations on admission and at proscribed intervals, were included in the study. Patients with lactic acid levels > or = 2.5 mmol/L were determined to have OH. No patients had clinical signs of shock (hypotension, tachycardia, decreased urine output) on transfer to the operating room. Complete resuscitation was defined as a lactic acid level < 2.5 mmol/L. Patients were divided into two groups based on presence/absence of OH determined from the lactic acid level immediately before surgery. The incidence of all postoperative organ complications was recorded, and complication rates were compared between groups. Total hospital costs were also compared. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-seven patients with femur fractures were admitted to the trauma service during this period. Seventy-nine patients met initial criteria for inclusion in the study. Further review excluded 32 patients. Occult hypoperfusion was present in 20 patients before early IM fixation (group 2). Twenty-seven patients were completely resuscitated before early IM fixation (group 1). Injury Severity Scores were similar in both groups. Group 2 had 35 complications in 20 patients, and group 1 had 11 complications in 27 patients. A significant difference was found in incidence of postoperative complications in group 1 (20%) versus group 2 (50%). Group 2 also had a significantly higher proportion of postoperative infections than group 1 (72% vs. 28%, respectively) and higher total hospital costs ($46,469 vs. $23,139). CONCLUSION: The presence of OH in trauma patients undergoing early IM fixation of a femur fracture is associated with a twofold higher incidence of postoperative complications. Clinical judgment, not surgical dogma, should guide the timing of IM fixation in these patients. Identifying and correcting OH through relatively simple resuscitative measures may be advantageous in reducing morbidity in the patient with multiple injuries.     

The burden of femoral shaft fractures in Tanzania

BackgroundRoad traffic injuries disproportionately affect low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and are associated with femur fractures that lead to long-term disability. Information about these injuries is crucial for appropriate healthcare resource allocation. The purpose of this study is to estimate the incidence of femoral shaft fractures in Tanzania and describe the unmet surgical burden.MethodsStudy sites included six government hospitals across Tanzania. Investigators collected data from hospital admission and procedural logbooks to estimate femoral shaft fracture incidence and their treatment methods. Semi-quantitative interviews were conducted with relevant hospital personnel to validate estimates obtained from hospital records. Investigators gathered road traffic incident (RTI) statistics from national police reports and calculated femur fracture:RTI ratios.ResultsFemoral shaft fracture annual incidence rate ranged from 2.1 to 18.4 per 100,000 people. Median low and high femur fracture:RTI ratio were 0.54 and 0.73, respectively. At smaller hospitals, many patients (5–25%) were treated with traction, and a majority (70–90%) are referred to other centers. Barriers to surgery at each hospital include a lack of surgical implants, equipment, and personnel.ConclusionsThe incidence rate is similar to previous estimations, and it is consistent with an increased femoral shaft fracture incidence in Tanzania when compared to higher income countries. The femur fracture:RTI ratio may be a valid tool for estimating femur fracture incidence rates. There is an unmet orthopaedic surgical burden for femur fractures treatment at rural hospitals in Tanzania, and the barriers to treatment could be targets for future interventions.     

Early postoperative hypoalbuminemia is a risk factor for postoperative acute kidney injury following hip fracture surgery

IntroductionAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious complication after hip fracture surgery in older adults. Hypoalbuminemia is a known independent risk factor for AKI. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between early postoperative hypoalbuminemia and AKI after hip fracture surgery. Therefore, we sought to determine the incidence of and risk factors for AKI and the effects of early postoperative hypoalbuminemia on AKI incidence after surgery for hip fractures, especially intertrochanteric fractures of the proximal femur.Patients and methodsIn this retrospective cohort study from a single center, we reviewed the medical records of 481 consecutive patients (>60 years) who underwent surgery for intertrochanteric fracture of the proximal femur. Multiple logistic regression was performed to identify independent risk factors for AKI. After determining the cut-off value of the minimal level of postoperative serum albumin during the first two postoperative days, we divided the patients into two groups: group 1 included 251 patients whose minimal early postoperative serum albumin level was <2.9 g/dL during the first two postoperative days; and group 2 included 230 patients whose minimal early postoperative serum albumin level was ≥2.9 g/dL. The incidence of AKI was analyzed using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW), propensity score matching (PSM), and propensity score matching weighting (PSMW) analyses.ResultsThe incidence of AKI, defined based on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria, was 11.8% (n = 57). Chronic kidney disease and the minimal early postoperative serum albumin level <2.9 g/dL at any point during the first two postoperative days were independent risk factors for AKI. The IPTW, PSM, and PSMW analyses comparing the incidence of AKI between the two groups revealed that the minimal early postoperative serum albumin level <2.9 g/dL was significantly associated with AKI development (P < 0.001, P = 0.025, and P = 0.011, respectively).ConclusionThe incidence of postoperative AKI was 11.8%. Our findings demonstrate that early postoperative hypoalbuminemia is an independent risk factor for AKI in patients undergoing surgery for intertrochanteric fracture of the proximal femur.     

Mortality after reamed intramedullary nailing of bilateral femur fractures

We performed retrospective review of 743 patients treated with reamed intramedullary nailing of a femoral shaft fracture was done to assess the clinical impact of bilateral femur fractures on the mortality, hospital stay, and length of intensive care treatment in patients with blunt trauma. Unilateral injuries occurred in 689 patients and bilateral injuries occurred in 54 patients. Mortality in patients with bilateral femur fractures was 5.6% compared with 1.5% in patients with unilateral femur fractures. The two groups were analyzed using multiple linear regression and logistic regression with age and Injury Severity Scores as covariants to allow for comparison of similarly injured groups as predicted by the Injury Severity Scores. Bilateral femur fractures still were associated with a significantly higher mortality, longer length of stay in the hospital, and longer length of stay in the intensive care unit. As expected, when analyzed separately, patients with bilateral femur fractures had significantly higher Injury Severity Scores, longer lengths of stay in the intensive care unit, and longer lengths of stay in the hospital. Patients with bilateral femur fractures have an increased mortality when compared with patients with unilateral femur fractures after controlling for Injury Severity Score and age. When used alone, the Injury Severity Score underestimates the contribution of a second femur fracture.     

Infra-isthmal fractures of the femur: a review of 82 cases

Eighty-two infra-isthmal fractures of the femur were reviewed in order to develop a fracture classification, to determine the results of treatment, and to define the best treatment methods for certain specific fracture patterns. Type I (transverse or short oblique) fractures were seen in 36 patients (mean age, 33 years). They had a 25% complication rate when treated by open reduction, and a high malunion rate when treated by closed means. Type II (spiral or long oblique) fractures were generally caused by falls, and were seen in 36 patients (mean age, 56 years). Most patients treated by operation had an unsatisfactory result. Malunion was seen in 29% of the patients treated by closed means. The remaining ten patients had either severely comminuted (Type III), or pathological (Type IV) fractures. Intramedullary nail fixation should be used wherever possible in these fractures since many of the complications in the operative group were related to rigid plate fixation. Closed treatment resulted in an unacceptably high incidence of malunion in this study, particularly in Type I fractures. Conventional methods of internal fixation were not successful in dealing with Type II fracture, and alternative methods are proposed.     

Classic nail versus DHS. A prospective randomised study on operative fixation of trochanteric femur fractures Eine prospektiv-randomisierte Studie zur Behandlung pertrochant?rer Femurfrakturen

The intramedullary hip screw system Classic-Nail and the Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) were evaluated in a prospective-randomized clinical trial for operative treatment of trochanteric femur fractures. Hundred and ten geriatric patients (mean age 82 years) were runningly included in the study (56 Classic Nail, 54 DHS). No significant differences between the two study groups were observed with regard to treatment and follow-up data. With the Classic-Nail one complete femur shaft fracture and one incomplete fracture occured at the tip of the nail intraoperatively and could successfully be fixed with cerclage wires. In the DHS group two patients underwent reoperation for significant loss of reduction early postoperatively. At an avarage follow-up of 3.7 months all fractures were healed with no difference in functional outcome between the two groups. – Classic Nail and DHS both lead to equally good results in the operative treatment of trochanteric femur fractures.     

Classic nail versus DHS. A prospective randomised study on operative fixation of trochanteric femur fractures

The intramedullary hip screw system Classic-Nail and the Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) were evaluated in a prospective-randomized clinical trial for operative treatment of trochanteric femur fractures. Hundred and ten geriatric patients (mean age 82 years) were runningly included in the study (56 Classic Nail, 54 DHS). No significant differences between the two study groups were observed with regard to treatment and follow-up data. With the Classic-Nail one complete femur shaft fracture and one incomplete fracture occurred at the tip of the nail intraoperatively and could successfully be fixed with cerclage wires. In the DHS group two patients underwent reoperation for significant loss of reduction early postoperatively. At an average follow-up of 3.7 months all fractures were healed with no difference in functional outcome between the two groups.--Classic Nail and DHS both lead to equally good results in the operative treatment of trochanteric femur fractures.     

Comminuted and rotationally unstable fractures of the femur treated with an interlocking nail

One hundred twelve comminuted or rotationally unstable fractures of the femur were treated with the Grosse-Kempf interlocking nail. Two-thirds of the fractures had comminution involving more than 50% of the cortex. Of the 112 nailings, 82 were static and 30 dynamic. Clinical and radiographic fracture union occurred in 98% of cases; there were two nonunions. There were no instances of deep wound infection or osteomyelitis. Only two patients had a change of limb length greater than 1 cm. Angulation in any plane greater than 10 degrees was noted in three patients (2.5%). External rotation deformities occurred in eight patients (7.0%). The interlocking nail has expanded the indications for the use of closed intramedullary nailing in the treatment of complex fractures of the femur. The incidence of infection and nonunion is remarkably low. Immediate stability of the fracture allows for immediate mobilization of the patient, early rehabilitation of the limb, and a shorter hospital stay.     

Treatment of femoral shaft fractures with the Brooker-Wills interlocking intramedullary nail

Fifty femur fractures were treated with the Brooker-Wills intramedullary locking nail. The indications included subtrochanteric, subisthmal, segmental or comminuted acute fractures or nonunions, and intramedullary shortening procedures. Eighteen technical problems in 13 (26%) patients were encountered during insertion of the nail. The incidence of technical problems was high early in the series and in procedures done with the patient in the supine position. Adverse clinical results from technical errors occurred in two patients. Most technical errors seem avoidable with careful technique. The mean healing time was only 12.1 weeks and there were four nonunions (8%). One patient had a 10 degrees malunion, four patients had 1-2 cm of shortening, and there were two late device fractures. No patients had rotational malalignment or deep infections. The results and complication rate are comparable to those reported for other interlocking systems. The Brooker-Wills nail is useful for treatment of complex femur fractures and has been effective in preventing malrotation, angulation, and excessive shortening.     

Early versus delayed fixation of isolated closed femur fractures in an urban trauma center

The use of intramedullary rods is accepted as the gold standard for treatment of closed femur fractures. Early fixation of these fractures has been shown to be beneficial in the multiply-injured patient. This retrospective review was undertaken to examine the isolated femur fractures in an urban trauma center over a six-year period. Of the 76 patients included in the study, 42 underwent early fixation (less than 48 hours after injury) and 34 had delayed fixation (more than 48 hours after injury). There was no statistical difference in postoperative complications between the two groups. Fixation performed within 48 hours did not seem to decrease morbidity when compared to fixation performed after 48 hours. Length of stay and hospital costs were increased with delayed fixation.