组织工程化人工神经实验研究

目的：研究组织工程化人工神经修复大鼠2.5cm长坐骨神经缺损的效果。方法：21只2月龄Lewis 1w雌性大鼠随机分成三个神经移植组,每组7只。A组：种植同源雪旺细胞并具有内部支架结构的胶原神经管,即组织工程化人工神经。B组：无雪旺细胞但具有内部支架结构的胶原神经管。C组：自体神经移植体。术后六个月,进行系列神经电生理监测,神经肌肉组织学观察,S－100和神经微丝蛋白（Neurofilament）免疫组化染色,轴突计数等检查。结果：在A组和C组移植神经上均能诱发出波幅明显的神经肌肉复合动作电位（CMAP）,再生轴突已通过移植神经全长,远端肌肉轻度萎缩。而B组中没有或仅记录到极小波幅的CMAP,移植神经远端结缔纤维组织增生,再生轴突罕见,所支配肌肉明显萎缩。结论：初步结果显示：组织工程化人工神经可用来修复大鼠长段神经缺损。     

组织工程化人工神经修复长段神经缺损实验的初步报告

目的 研究组织化人工神经修复大鼠2．5cm长坐骨神经缺损的效果。方法 90只2个月月龄的Lewis1W雌性大鼠,按手术先后顺序随机分成3个神经移植组,每组30只。A组：用种植同源雪旺细胞并具有内部支架结构的胶原神经管桥接,即组织工程化人工神经组。B组：用无雪旺细胞但具有内部支架结构的胶原神经管桥接,即对照组。C组：自体神经移植组。术后6月,进行神经电生理监测,神经肌肉组织学观察;用S－100和神经微丝蛋白免疫组化染色后,行轴突计数等检测。结果 完成对21只大鼠（每组7只）的实验评估。从A组和C组的胫前肌中均能诱发出波幅明显的神经肌肉复合动作电位（CMAP）,再生轴突已通过移植段神经全长,远端肌肉轻度萎缩。B组中则没有或仅记录到波幅很低的CMAP,移植神经远端结缔纤维组织增生,再生轴突罕见,所支配肌肉明显萎缩。结论 组织工程化人工神经可用来修复大鼠长段神经缺损。     

组织工程神经修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损的研究

目的观察组织工程神经修复SD大鼠1．5cm长坐骨神经缺损的效果。方法用甘油处理10只SD大鼠2．0cm长坐骨神经，制备成同种异体脱细胞基质，备用。取SD乳鼠10只，分离坐骨神经，去神经外膜后，剪成小碎块，在DMEM中培养3周，扩增后的细胞鉴定、备用。3个月龄的SD雌性大鼠40只，单纯随机分成4个神经移植组（A、B、C、D），每组10只。A组：用扩增的雪旺细胞加同种异体脱细胞基质桥接，即组织工程化人工神经组。B组：用元雪旺细胞但具有内部支架结构的同种异体脱细胞基质桥接。C组：自体神经移植组。D组；空白对照组。术后12周，进行一般情况、小腿三头肌湿重、再生神经的组织学观察。结果完成对40只大鼠（每组10只）的实验评估。所有大鼠伤口瑚愈合，元死亡。A、B、C组大鼠足部元溃疡形成，D组7只足部有溃疡形成，所有组实验侧小腿三头肌较健侧萎缩，但以D组最明显。小腿三头肌湿重、神经电生理监测A组、C组差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05），A、C组与B、D组差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05），B组与D组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。A组和C组的胫前肌中均能诱发出波幅明显的神经肌肉复合动作电位（CMAP），B组、D组中则仅录到波幅很低的CMAP。A组和C组再生轴突已通过移植段神经全长，远端肌肉轻度萎缩。B组部分通过移植段神经；D组不能通过移植段神经，6例形成神经瘤。结论组织工程人工神经可用来修复大鼠长段神经缺损。     

几丁糖胶原复合膜及激活态雪旺细胞修复周围神经缺损的实验研究

目的研究几丁糖胶原复合膜、激活态雪旺细胞(activatedSchwanncell,ASC)促进周围神经再生的作用。方法将激活态雪旺细胞培养于几丁糖胶原复合膜后,将膜缝制成导管修复大鼠坐骨神经10mm的缺损(D组);并以自体神经移植(A组)、几丁糖胶原复合膜管(B组)及几丁糖胶原复合膜加脑源性神经营养因子[(brainderivedneurotrophicfactor,BDNF)C组]为对照。术后4、8、12周观察肢体运动,复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP)的波幅、潜伏期和运动神经传导速度(MNCV)。术后12周取材,样本染色观察神经轴突再生情况。结果几丁糖胶原复合膜加激活态雪旺细胞修复10mm神经缺损的效果优于几丁糖胶原复合膜加BDNF,与自体神经相似。结论几丁糖胶原复合膜加激活态雪旺细胞能有效地促进周围神经再生。     

小肠黏膜下层复合雪旺细胞构建组织工程化人工神经修复周围神经缺损的研究

目的小肠黏膜下层（small intestinal submucosa，SIS）复合雪旺细胞构建组织工程化人工神经并探讨其修复周围神经缺损的效果。方法SD大鼠60只随机分成三组，每组20只。构建右侧坐骨神经14mm缺损，A组：单纯SIS修复组；B组：复合雪旺细胞的SIS修复组；C组：自体神经移植对照组。术后不同时间段通过大体观察、电生理检测、组织学、透射电镜、图像分析、逆行示踪和小腿三头肌称重等方法分析评价修复效果。结果术后16周，B组移植段与近远段神经外观相似，未有神经瘤形成。组织学和透射电镜检查见B组再生神经组织可顺利通过缺损区，再生神经纤维排列整齐呈束状，含有大量的有髓神经纤维，与C组相似。电生理检测见第16周B组神经传导速度和复合动作电位的波幅均较第12周有所提高，与C组相比差异无统计学意义。真蓝逆行示踪证实B组和C组再生神经轴突轴浆运输功能恢复良好。图像分析证实B组再生神经组织面积百分比、有髓神经纤维密度和髓鞘厚度与C组相比差异无统计学意义，优于A组。B组和C组患侧小腿三头肌肌肉重量和恢复率均优于A组，C组优于B组，且差异有统计学意义。结论SIS复合雪旺细胞构建组织工程化人工神经能有效修复大鼠长距离坐骨神经缺损，有望成为自体神经的替代材料应用于周围神经缺损的修复。     

组织工程化人工神经修复犬盆腔内脏运动神经缺损

目的探讨组织工程化人工神经修复盆腔内脏运动神经缺损的效果,为解决直肠癌手术盆腔植物神经损伤所致性功能障碍的治疗提供新思路和实验依据。方法以密度梯度离心法分离比格犬骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）,体外培养和扩增后备用。制作比格犬盆腔内脏运动神经10mm缺损模型,分3组予以修复。A组：将BMSCs与胶原蛋白海绵混合移植于聚羟基乙酸和聚乳酸共聚物（PLGA）导管中构建组织工程化人工神经桥接盆腔内脏运动神经缺损段;B组：仅将胶原蛋白海绵移植于PLGA导管中桥接神经缺损段;C组：自体神经移植。术后12周移植段神经通过大体观察和免疫组织化学观察及电镜扫描、轴突计数等方法评价各组神经缺损修复的效果。结果术后12周,PLGA导管基本吸收,各组再生神经均能通过缺损区长至神经远端,A组再生神经纤维密度和神经结构与C组相近,均优于B组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论BMSCs与PLGA导管构建组织工程化人工神经用于修复盆腔内脏运动神经缺损效果好,与自体神经移植效果相当。     

组织工程化人工神经修复周围神经缺损的实验研究

目的　研究雪旺细胞和生物降解支架材料复合后构建成的组织工程化人工神经修复神经缺损的效果。方法　将雪旺细胞制成 1× 1 0 8/ml的ECM (extracellularmatrix,ECM)凝胶 ,与PLA无纺纤维布复合培养 7d ,置入PLA中空纤维管中 ,构建成组织工程化人工神经。建立大鼠坐骨神经缺损 1 0mm的动物模型 ,A组为人工神经组 ;B组为雪旺细胞复合ECM凝胶组 ;C组为单纯ECM凝胶组 ;D组为自体神经移植组。术后 8周、1 2周 ,行神经电生理和组织学检测评价疗效。结果　术后 1 2周A组的再生神经纤维已越过远端缝合口 ,有髓神经纤维数和神经纤维密度稍差于D组 ,但再生神经组织的面积显著高于后者 ;A、D组的髓鞘厚度和dLAT、NCV、AMP、AREA均无显著差别 ,但明显高于B、C组。结论　雪旺细胞、ECM凝胶和PLA多孔材料与PLA中空纤维管组合后构建成的组织工程化人工神经 ,修复周围神经缺损的效果接近于自体神经移植     

血管化人工神经导管修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损的实验研究

目的 研究血管化人工神经导管修复SD大鼠坐骨神经缺损的效果.方法 将成年雌性SD大鼠18只,制成14 mm的大鼠坐骨神经缺损模型,随机分为3组,用不同的材料修复缺损.A组:自体神经修复组;B组:普通PGLA神经导管修复组;C组:血管化人工神经导管修复组.术后行大体观察;术后6、12周行肌电图和再生神经轴突检测,评价神经修复效果.结果 术后6、12周,C组与B组相比,神经传导速度快,动作电位振幅大,再生神经轴突数量多且质量高,差异有显著的统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 血管化人工神经导管能促进神经再生,有效地修复长段神经缺损.     

雪旺细胞构建人工神经在大鼠长段神经缺损中的修复作用研究

[目的]研究雪旺细胞与PLGA构成的组织工程化人工神经修复大鼠周围神经缺损的效果。[方法]将雪旺细胞接种在内置polyglactin910纤维的PLGA中空管，构建成组织工程人工神经。将60只SD大鼠随机分3组，每组20只，建立大鼠坐骨神经缺损20mm的动物模型。A组用切下的自体神经段原位缝合，B组使用雪旺细胞组织工程人工神经进行修复，C组用未接种雪旺细胞的PLGA中空管进行修复。术后8、12周使用神经电生理和组织学观察分别进行效果评价。[结果]在大体观察、组织学观察中，B组的恢复表现与A组相近。在神经电生理检测、小腿三头肌肌肉重量测定、桥接物横切面神经纤维数量测定的结果分析中B组略低于A组但明显高于C组。B组大鼠桥接段远端辣根过氧化酶示踪后在脊髓前角可以看到被标记的神经元。透射电镜可见B组桥接物中段大量的再生神经纤维。[结论]用雪旺细胞和PLGA构建组织工程人工神经修复大鼠外周神经缺损，可以修复20mm的长段周围神经缺损，并可获得接近于大鼠自体神经修复的效果。     

经脂肪源性干细胞诱导的施万样细胞用于组织工程化人工神经的实验研究

目的研究经大鼠脂肪源性干细胞（ADSCs）体外诱导分化的施万样细胞应用于组织工程化外周神经,修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损的效果。方法Wistar大鼠48只,体重200-250g,随机分成3组,每纽i6只,分别用下面3种不同的方法修复15mm坐骨神经缺损：DMEM组（支架内注射培养基）、诱导组（支架内注射施万样细胞）和自体神经移植组．通过足迹实验（坐骨神经功能指数测定）、神经电生理检测、胫前肌湿重比率测定进行功能检测;应用透射电镜、图像分析系统进行组织学观察。结果术后12周诱导组的SFI指数、神经传导速度、潜伏期、波幅以及胫前肌重量恢复、神经纤维数目、轴突直径、髓鞘厚厦好于DMEM组（P〈0．05）,接近自体移植组。再生神经中标记细胞观察显示PKH-26标记的ADSCs,依然呈红色荧光。结论ADSCs诱导分化后的施万样细胞与去细胞同种异体神经两者构建的组织工程化神经能有效地修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损,其效果与自体神经移植相似：ADSCs经诱导后的细胞可以作为组织工程种子细胞新的来源。     

兔化学去细胞神经移植修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损

目的：以化学去细胞兔神经移植修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损，从而探索化学去细胞异种神经移植修复神经缺损的可能性；方法：以30％TritonX-100和40%脱氧胆酸钠顺序处理新鲜取材的兔神经(直径15nm左右)，移植修复成年wistar大鼠l.0cm坐骨神经缺损．4个月后行电生理及组织学检查，观察神经再生情况；结果：移植神经未被宿主排斥，大量再生的神经纤维长过移植物，并恢复电传导功能；结论：化学去细胞异种神经可以作为修复周围神经缺损的一种很有前途的方法。     

去细胞异种神经复合神经生长因子修复神经缺损的实验研究

目的 应用含有神经生长因子(NGF)的去细胞异种神经基膜管作为神经移植替代物桥接大鼠坐骨神经缺损,观察其对神经再生的作用.方法 选用Wistar大鼠45只,随机分为3组,每组15只,于术制成右后肢坐骨神经长10 mm的神经缺损,取兔胫神经制成去细胞神经基膜管,电镜及HE染色观察神经基膜管超微结构,流式细胞仪检测去细胞前后神经主要组织相容性抗原Ⅱ(MHC Ⅱ)的变化情况.A组以含有NGF的去细胞异种神经基膜管桥接神经缺损,B组单纯采用去细胞异种神经基膜管桥接神经缺损,C组采用自体神经移植修复神经缺损.术后1个月行神经电生理检测即胫后肌群运动诱发电位,用HE染色、免疫组化染色、透射电镜等方法对移植体远端吻个口再生神经纤维进行形态学观察,并对再生有髓神经纤维的数量、密度、直径及雪旺细胞的密度进行量化分析.结果 移植前新鲜神经组MHC-Ⅱ检测值为72.14±19.88,去细胞组MHC-Ⅱ检测值为4.19±3.11,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.817,P＜0.05);透射电镜观察显示为胶原性管道,无细胞成分.术后4周,处死前行运动诱发电位检测,神经传导速度A组为(21.16±2.31)m/s,B组为(13.37±1.89)m/s,C组为(21.43±2.18)m/s,A组与 C组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),A组与 B组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).组织学观察见3组移植体远端吻合口横切面再生神经纤维呈微束状,透射电镜观察再生神经纤维具有正常的形态和结构.A、C组再生神纤纤维数量及直径均优于B组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 经化学萃取的去细胞兔胫神经基膜管能够移植于大鼠,成功修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损,而且复合NGF的去细胞基膜管在神经修复质量上优于单纯的去细胞神经基膜管,更加接近自体神经移植的效果.     

Muscle basal lamina: a new graft material for peripheral nerve repair

The suitability of muscle basal lamina as a graft material for the repair of peripheral nerves was investigated. Grafts were prepared by evacuating the myoplasm from muscles excised from rats and rabbits. This produced a material consisting mainly of basal lamina and connective tissue, with the basal lamina arranged as parallel tubes. Rat- and rabbit-derived graft material in 0.5-cm lengths was sutured into rat sciatic nerves, and 4-cm lengths of rabbit-derived graft material were interposed into rabbit sciatic nerves. For controls, 0.5-cm nerve autografts were grafted into rats and 4-cm autografts into rabbits. After 2 to 3 months, the success of the grafts was assessed functionally, electrophysiologically, and anatomically. By all these criteria the basal lamina grafts were as successful as nerve autografts; essentially the same number of axons of the same size grew through both graft types, animals recovered their limb function equally well, and the nerve conduction velocities and relative refractory periods were the same in both groups of animals. In rats, following both basal lamina and nerve autografts, the number of axons distal to the grafts was approximately the same as that proximal to them, but axon diameter and speed of conduction were significantly less than normal. The authors conclude that muscle basal lamina grafts are as effective as nerve autografts for repairing severed rat or rabbit peripheral nerves, and suggest that grafts prepared in this way may prove to be useful for nerve repair in humans.     

构建猕猴组织工程化周围神经的实验研究

目的评价组织工程化周围神经修复猕猴4cm尺神经缺损的实验效果,为临床研究提供资料。方法分别用6种移植物桥接4cm尺神经缺损。A组:自体BMSCs 去细胞同种异体神经支架;B组:自体SCs 去细胞同种异体神经支架;C组:自体BMSCs PLGA支架导管;D组:去细胞同种异体神经支架;E组:PLGA支架导管;F组:自体神经。通过功能学、神经电生理学及组织学研究评价各自的实验效果。结果A、B、C三种组织工程化神经实验组,术后6个月神经电生理和组织学检查,能引起小鱼际肌群产生复合动作电位的潜伏期、复合动作电位的最大振幅、神经传导速度和再生的神经纤维数目与自体神经移植组(F组)相比差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),但分别大于未加细胞的支架组(D、E组),差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论用自体源SCs或BMSCs作种子细胞与去细胞同种异体神经支架,或自体源BMSCs与PLGA支架导管构建不同的组织工程化周围神经,修复猕猴4cm尺神经缺损均取得较好的效果。     

Cavernous nerve regeneration using acellular nerve grafts

INTRODUCTION: The restoration of erectile function following complete transection of nerve tissue during surgery remains challenging. Recently, graft procedures using sural nerve grafts during radical prostatectomy have had favorable outcomes, and this has rekindled interest in the applications of neural repair in a urologic setting. Although nerve repair using autologous donor graft is the gold standard of treatment currently, donor nerve availability and the associated donor site morbidity remain a problem. In this study, we investigated whether an "off-the-shelf" acellular nerve graft would serve as a viable substitute. We examined the capacity of acellular nerve scaffolds to facilitate the regeneration of cavernous nerve in a rodent model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Acellular nerve matrices, processed from donor rat corporal nerves, were interposed across nerve gaps. A total of 80 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. A 0.5-cm segment of cavernosal nerve was excised bilaterally in three of the four groups. In the first group, acellular nerve segments were inserted bilaterally at the defect site. The second group underwent autologous genitofemoral nerve grafts at the same site, and the third group had no repair. The fourth group underwent a sham procedure. Serial cavernosal nerve function assessment was performed using electromyography (EMG) at 1 and 3 months following initial surgery. Histological and immunocytochemical analyses were performed to identify the extent of nerve regeneration. RESULTS: Animals implanted with acellular nerve grafts demonstrated a significant recovery in erectile function when compared with the group that received no repair, both at 1 and 3 months. EMG of the acellular nerve grafts demonstrated adequate intracavernosal pressures by 3 months (87.6% of the normal non-injured nerves). Histologically, the retrieved regenerated nerve grafts demonstrated the presence of host cell infiltration within the nerve sheaths. Immunohistochemically, antibodies specific to axons and Schwann cells demonstrated an increase in nerve regeneration across the grafts over time. No organized nerve regeneration was observed when the cavernous nerve was not repaired. CONCLUSION: These findings show that the use of nerve guidance channel systems allow for accelerated and precise cavernosal nerve regeneration. Acellular nerve grafts represent a viable alternative to fresh autologous grafts in a rodent model of erectile dysfunction.     

Experimental study on nerve regeneration through the basement membrane tubes of the nerve,muscle, and artery

We evaluated neurotization after transplantation with lyophilized nerves, muscles, and arteries, and examined the possibility of practical application of long bridging grafts. Grafts of 10 mm and 25 mm of lyophilized nerves, muscles, and arteries harvested from Fisher rats were transplanted to the sciatic nerves of recipient Lewis rats. The histological changes undergone by short grafts were observed at weekly intervals. The sham-operated and isograft groups were used to compare the results of long grafts. In both the nerve and muscle-graft group, regenerated axons grew out through the residual basement membrane tube. But in the muscle graft group, phagocytosis of myofibril debris took longer than that of degenerated axons. No statistical differences were found between results of TSI, induced EMG, and quantitative analysis of myelinated axons in the nerve and muscle graft groups. No neurotization was noted in the long artery graft. In long grafts, laminin found on the basement membrane may not be sufficient to accelerate neurotization, and arteries should not be used for tubulization. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 17:525–534 1996     

神经移植段对神经再生影响的实验研究

为了探讨神经移植段的方向对神经再生的影响，采用硅胶管桥接Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠双侧坐骨神经，一侧硅胶管远端套接顺行神经移植段，另一侧套接逆行神经移植段，术后２，４及６周取材。     

去细胞异体神经基膜管桥接神经缺损的实验研究

目的 探索修复周围神经缺损的新的有效替代材料。方法 将异体的预变性神经和正常神经经溶血卵磷脂裂解液处理后,得到一种没有细胞及细胞碎片的、空的神经基膜管,将其用来修复大鼠15mm坐骨神经缺损,通过一般观察、肌萎缩测量、电生理检测、连续切片组织学观察和计算机图像为评价神经再生。结果 化学抽提的预变性神经和正常神经桥接物组均获得了密集的神经再生和良好的神经功能恢复,其中前者效果更为优越。结论 这种材料极有可能成为自体神经的替代材料应用于临床较短的神经缺损的修复。     

Peripheral nerve reconstruction with collagen tubes filled with denatured autologous muscle tissue in the rat model

Conventional nerve conduits lack cellular and extracellular guidance structures critical for bridging larger defects. In this study, an exogenous matrix for axonal regeneration was provided by pretreated muscle tissue. In 24 rats, 14-mm sciatic nerve segments were resected and surgically reconstructed using one of the following methods: autograft (AG); bovine type I collagen conduit; (MDM) collagen tube filled with modified denatured autologous muscle tissue. For 8 weeks, functional regeneration was evaluated by footprint and video gait analysis. Evaluation was complemented by electrophysiology, as well as qualitative and quantitative structural assessment of nerves and target muscles. Group AG was superior both structurally and functionally, showing higher axon counts, a more normal gait pattern, and less severe muscle atrophy. Fiber quality (fiber size and myelin thickness) was highest in group MDM, possibly related to the myelin-producing effect of muscular laminin. However, axon count was lowest in this group, and ultrastructural analysis of the denatured muscle tissue showed areas of incomplete denaturation that had acted as a mechanical barrier for regenerating axons. In light of these results, the often advocated use of muscular exogenous matrix for peripheral nerve reconstruction is reviewed in the literature, and its clinical application is critically discussed. In conclusion, combined muscle tubes may have a positive influence on nerve fiber maturation. However, muscle pretreatment is not without risks, and denaturation processes need to be further refined.