喉鳞癌全喉与喉部分切除术的远期疗效分析

目的　回顾分析声门上型及声门型喉鳞癌患者经全喉及喉部分切除治疗后的远期效果 ,提出今后治疗措施。方法　 42 3例喉癌患者中 ,声门上型 32 7例 ,声门型 96例。 2 43例全喉切除患者中 ,声门上型喉癌 2 10例 ,声门型 33例。喉部分切除的 180例中 ,声门上型 117例 ,声门型 6 3例。依照直接法计算出声门上型和声门型喉癌的全喉切除与喉部分切除的 1,3,5年生存率 ,以及各期病例的 3,5年生存率。结果　 32 7例声门上型喉癌术后 5年生存率为 72 9% ,全喉与喉部分切除的 5年生存率分别为 70 1%和 77 4% (P >0 0 5 )。 96例声门型喉癌术后 5年生存率为 86 0 % ,其中全喉与喉部分切除后的 5年生存率分别为 72 2 %和 92 3% (P <0 0 5 )。结论　喉癌治疗仍以手术为主 ,声门上型喉癌的喉部分切除与全喉切除远期疗效大致相等 ,而声门型喉癌的喉部分切除远期疗效明显高于全喉切除。在适应证选择合适的基础上 ,应大力倡导开展有利于患者生存质量的喉部分切除手术。     

声门型喉癌术后放射治疗与单纯手术疗效的比较

目的　探讨声门型喉癌手术治疗加用术后放疗能否比单纯手术提高治愈率。方法　应用随机分组的方法进行临床试验。初治的声门型喉癌T2～ 4 ,年龄在 72岁以下 ,经过临床检查确定解剖分型、TNM分期 (1978UICC)及手术类型后 ,随机将患者分为单纯手术组 (SA组 )和综合治疗组 (RS组 )进行治疗。结果　共完成治疗 92例 ,SA组 60例 ,RS组 3 2例。SA组 3生存率 79 0 % ,5年生存率74 9% ,RS组 3年生存率 76 3 % ,5年生存率 72 0 % ,无显著差异 (χ2 =2 .5 ,P =0 .1)。结论　声门型喉癌术后放射治疗量 40Gy不能提高生存率     

134例喉癌喉水平垂直部分切除术的中远期疗效分析

目的:探讨喉水平垂直部分切除术在喉癌治疗中的疗效。方法:总结1995年-2009年于我院行喉水平垂直部分切除术的134例喉癌患者的临床治疗及生存情况,其中声门上型喉癌129例（96.3%）,声门型喉癌2例（1.5%）,跨声门型喉癌3例（2.2%）。T2 78例,T3 49,T4 7例。9例未行颈清扫术,102例行单侧颈淋巴结清扫术,23例行双侧颈淋巴结清扫术。结果:累积法统计其3年和5年的生存率分别为82.1%和70.1%,淋巴结转移组的患者3、5年生存率为50.0%和36.7%,无淋巴结转移组的患者3、5年生存率为91.3%和79.8%。按患者就诊年份1995年-2009年每5年分为三组,不同年份就诊的患者的生存率有差异,生存率有提高,1995年-1999年手术患者3、5年生存率为73.8%和62.3%,2000年-2004年手术患者3、5年生存率为87.1%和75.8%,2005年-2009年手术患者3、5年生存率为100.0%和81.8%。结论:在严格掌握手术适应证的基础上,喉水平垂直部分切除术主要适用于声门上型喉癌,喉3/4切除后一期利用附近组织进行修复,可保留喉的部分或全部生理功能,对提高喉癌患者术后生存质量有一定的意义,并能够保留喉的部分或全部功能,能够提高喉癌患者的生活质量。     

T3期声门型喉癌的外科治疗选择

目的 探讨T3期声门型喉癌合适的外科治疗方式.方法 回顾性分析57例T3期声门型喉癌患者的临床病理特征、手术方式和预后,分析不同手术方式和不同年龄组患者的3年无瘤生存率.结果 57例T3期声门型喉癌患者全部行喉部手术治疗,失访7例,总的3年无瘤生存率为63.2％(36/57).采用喉全切除术24例,喉近全切除术8例,喉部分切除术25例,3年无瘤生存率分别为66.7％ (16/24)、50.0％ (4/8)和64.0％ (16/25),差异无统计学意义(P =0.694).≥70岁者和＜70岁者的3年无瘤生存率分别为70.0％ (7/10)和61.7％( 29/47),差异亦无统计学意义(P=0.621).36例患者行颈淋巴结清扫术,其中全颈淋巴结清扫2例,改良颈淋巴结清扫6例,分区性颈淋巴结清扫28例,颈部淋巴结转移率为17.5％(10/57).局部复发10例,其中喉部分切除术后7例,喉近全切除术后2例,喉全切除术后1例.结论 喉全切除术与不同的喉部分切除术均是T3期声门型喉癌的重要手术方式,应根据患者局部病变与全身状况的具体情况综合考虑,选择合适的个体化手术方式.≥70岁的T3期声门型喉癌患者,应慎行喉部分切除术,喉全切除术也可以取得满意疗效.     

术前放疗加手术与单纯手术治疗喉癌疗效比较的系统评价

目的:比较术前放疗加手术与单纯手术治疗喉癌的疗效,为喉癌治疗方式的选择提供可靠的循证依据.方法:采用系统评价的方法,检索Cochrane中心临床对照试验注册数据库、Medline (OVID)、Embase、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)以及中文科技期刊全文数据库(VIP),截至2009-11-30,以喉癌患者为研究对象,高质量随机对照研究术前放疗加手术与单纯手术的疗效.结果:共纳入6个随机对照试验,研究对象1 127例.术前放疗加手术与单纯手术相比并未提高喉癌患者的3和5年生存率,RR分别为0.94(95%CI为0.72～1.23)和1.09(95%CI为0.87～1.37).术前放疗加手术与单纯手术相比治疗声门上型、声门型以及Ⅱ和Ⅲ期喉癌5年生存率,差异均无统计学意义,RR分别为1.02(95%CI为0.79～1.31)、1.01(95%CI为0.61～1.68)、1.10(95%CI为0.65～1.85)和0.85(95%CI为0.37～1.93).纳入研究均未比较2种治疗后的生存质量.结论:本系统评价纳入研究有限,且无比较2种治疗后生存质量的研究,尚不能得出在喉癌的治疗中术前放疗加手术优于单纯手术治疗疗效的结论.需开展更多高质量研究,对术前放疗加手术与单纯手术治疗喉癌的全面疗效评估提供更可靠的证据.     

T3声门型喉鳞状细胞癌手术治疗效果及影响因素分析北大核心

目的:探讨T_(3)声门型喉癌患者行全喉切除术或部分喉切除术的临床效果及影响因素。方法:回顾性分析手术治疗的84例T_(3)声门型喉鳞状细胞癌患者的临床资料,包括性别、年龄、病理学分级、N分期、手术方式、手术切缘、术后放疗、术后咽喉部复发、术后颈部淋巴结复发,评估与喉癌预后的相关性;生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法计算,单因素分析采用Log-rank检验或者χ^(2)检验,多因素分析采用Cox比例风险回归模型。结果:T_(3)声门型喉癌患者5年总体生存率为75.0%,10年总体生存率为64.7%;部分喉切除术患者5年生存率79.6%,全喉切除术患者5年生存率68.6%;单因素分析显示年龄、病理学分级、手术切缘、N分期、术后咽喉部复发、术后颈部淋巴结复发与T_(3)声门型喉癌的预后相关(P<0.05);多因素分析显示年龄、N分期、手术切缘、肿瘤复发是影响T_(3)声门型喉癌患者生存的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:对于选择的T_(3)声门型喉癌患者,部分喉切除术在保留喉功能的同时可获得较好的肿瘤学效果;精确评估肿瘤范围,保证安全切缘,合理的颈清扫术及术后及时放疗可以提高患者的生存率。     

161例声门上喉癌保留喉功能手术的研究

目的探讨声门上型喉癌保留喉功能手术治疗方法及临床疗效.方法对手术治疗161例声门上型喉癌患者进行临床分析.临床分期按1997年UICC分期标准,其中,Ⅰ期8例,Ⅱ期31例,Ⅲ期77例,Ⅳ期45例.保留喉功能手术方法包括:喉声门上部分切除术;喉声门上水平垂直部分切除术;喉垂直部分切除术;喉环状软骨上部分切除-环舌骨吻合术;person's(黏膜发音管成形)术.修复组织:胸骨舌骨肌瓣;肩胛舌骨肌瓣;颈阔肌肌皮瓣;颈阔肌肌筋膜瓣;双蒂接力肌甲状软骨膜瓣;甲状软骨膜瓣;会厌下移.Kaplan-Meier计算生存率及肿瘤复发趋势.结果全组患者3、5年生存率分别为80.98%和69.11%,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期喉部分切除术患者的3、5年生存率分别为76.63%和64.05%,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期全喉切除术患者的3、5年生存率分别为71.59%和60.58%.Ⅲ、Ⅳ期喉部分切除术与全喉切除术患者的生存率差异无显著性(P=0.5552).喉部分切除术3、5年肿瘤复发率为11.83%和14.08%,全喉切除术肿瘤复发率为12.17%和16.58%,喉部分切除术与全喉切除术患者的肿瘤复发率相比较差异无显著性(P=0.4517).喉部分切除术拔管率为79.07%(101/129).全组喉部分切除术占80.12%(129/161);Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者中,喉部分切除术占72.95%(89/122).结论声门上喉癌,经认真选择和修复,即使是晚期声门上喉癌,保留其喉功能的手术是可行的,而且生存质量也能明显提高.     

65例T3声门型喉癌的治疗与预后分析

背景与目的:T3声门型喉癌目前临床治疗上仍有较多争议,本文旨在探讨T3声门型喉癌的不同治疗方案、颈淋巴结转移情况及切缘阳性对预后的影响。方法:回顾性研究1990年1月1日～1998年12月30日中山大学肿瘤防治中心诊治的T3声门型喉癌65例,比较不同治疗方法、切缘情况、颈淋巴结转移情况对预后的影响。结果:全组总的3、5年生存率为75.47%、65.07%。单纯手术、单纯放疗与手术 辅助放疗三组生存率无差异(P=0.914);部分喉切除术与全喉切除术生存率无差异(P=0.710);切缘阳性患者术后加放疗的生存率与切缘阴性患者无差异(P=0.176)。颈淋巴结转移率18.5%,隐性淋巴结转移率10.8%,淋巴结转移是影响预后的重要因素(P<0.001)。结论:对于T3声门型喉癌,单纯手术、单纯放疗与手术 辅助放疗患者生存率无差异;部分喉切除术患者生存率不比全喉切除术低;淋巴结转移影响预后,对cN0患者颈部主张观察;切缘阳性术后加放疗生存率不降低。     

202例Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌治疗方法评价及生存分析

背景与目的:喉鳞癌是头颈部常见的恶性肿瘤,Ⅰ～Ⅱ期喉鳞癌经手术或放疗后一般有较好的疗效,但Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌的疗效和预后尚不能令人满意,治疗方法也颇多争议,本研究着重探讨Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌不同治疗方法的疗效,比较各组生存率、未控复发情况,探索更合理的处理方法。方法:对中山大学肿瘤防治中心1991年1月～2000年1月间收治的202例Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌按治疗方法分为单纯手术组64例、手术 放射治疗组83例、放疗组41例和化疗组14例,进行回顾性研究,采用SPSS10.0寿命表法计算生存率,组间生存曲线比较采用Wilcoxon(Gehan)法,各组未控复发情况比较采用χ2检验。结果:Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌的5年累积生存率(42.12±3.62)%,10年累积生存率(33.20±4.32)%,中位生存时间48.5月;其中声门型喉鳞癌的5年累积生存率61.07%,声门上型喉鳞癌的5年累积生存率26.07%;单纯手术组的5年生存率53.41%,手术 放疗组51.04%,放疗组18.33%,化疗组7.14%;对比喉鳞癌单纯手术组和手术 放疗组的5年累积生存率,无论是Ⅲ期还是Ⅳ期,均无统计学意义(P>0.05);167例接受原发灶手术治疗,其中喉部分切除术31例,5年生存率56.15%,无复发;喉全切除术116例,5年生存率52.08%,复发11例。结论:Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌治疗以手术为主,全喉切除术仍是Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌治疗的主要手段,选择部分喉鳞癌病例可行部分喉切除术,不会增加原发灶复发的几率,也不会降低5年生存率。如术后可疑肿瘤残留或切缘阳性等则有术后放疗的必要,而其他病例术后一般不必放疗。     

声门型低分化喉癌21例临床观察

目的探讨声门型低分化喉癌的临床特点、治疗及预后.方法回顾分析我院21例声门型低分化喉癌病例.结果 3年和5年生存率分别为57.1%(12/21)和47.1%(8/17),局部复发率为23.8%(5/21),累计颈淋巴结转移率为47.6%(10/21).有颈淋巴结转移和无颈淋巴结转移患者的5年生存率分别为12.5%(1/8)和77.8%(7/9),存在显著性差异(χ2=4.866,P=0.027).喉部分切除手术的局部复发率为18.2%(2/11),其中6例结合放射治疗均无复发.结论声门型低分化喉癌颈淋巴结转移率高,预后相对较差,建议采用手术结合放射治疗,喉部分切除手术是可行的,颈部N0的患者应行选择性治疗.     

Résultats de la radiothérapie dans les carcinomes épidermoïdes du larynx avec atteinte sous-glottique

BackgroundSquamous cell carcinoma of larynx with subglottic extension is a rare location described to carry a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to analyze outcomes and feasibility of definitive radiotherapy in patients with squamous cell carcinoma.Patients and methodsBetween 1998 and 2012, 56 patients with squamous cell carcinoma were treated at our institution and included in the analysis. Patients received definitive radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy alone (63%) or after induction chemotherapy (37%) at our institute.ResultsThe 5-year actuarial overall survival, progression-free survival and specific survival were 64% (CI 95%: 48–90), 45% (CI 95%: 28–61), 88% (CI 95%: 78–98), respectively, with median follow-up of 74 months. The 5-year locoregional control was 69% (CI 95%: 56–83) and the 5-year distant control was 95% (CI 95%: 89–100). There was no difference in overall survival and locoregional control according to front-line treatments or between primary subglottic cancer and glotto-supraglottic cancers with subglottic extension. In the multivariate analysis, performance status of at least 1 and positive N stage were the only predictors for overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] [CI 95%]: 6.5 [1.3–34; P = 0.03] and 11 [1.6–75; P = 0.02], respectively). No difference of locoregional control was observed according to the first received therapy. The univariate analysis retrieved that T3–T4 patients had a lower locoregional control (HR: 3.1; CI 95%: 1.1–9.2, P = 0.04), but no prognostic factor was retrieved in the multivariate analysis. In patients receiving a larynx preservation protocol, 5-year larynx preservation rate was 88% (CI 95%: 78–98), and 58% in T3 patients. The 5-year larynx preservation rate was 91% (CI 95%: 79–100) and 83% (CI 95%: 66–100) for patients who received radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy or induction chemotherapy as a front-line treatment, respectively.ConclusionThis analysis suggests that the results for squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy are comparable to those obtained for other laryngeal tumors. This thus suggests the feasibility of laryngeal preservation protocols for infringement subglottic for selected cases. Further studies are needed to clarify these preliminary data.     

Hypofractionated accelerated radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

PURPOSE: To investigate the tumor control rates in locally advanced head-and-neck cancer using accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy with chemotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The data from patients with squamous cell cancer of the larynx, oropharynx, oral cavity, and hypopharynx (International Union Against Cancer Stage II-IV), who received accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy with chemotherapy between January 1, 1998, and April 1, 2005, were retrospectively analyzed. Two different chemotherapy schedules were used, carboplatin and methotrexate, both single agents administered on an outpatient basis. The endpoints were overall survival, local control, and disease-free survival. RESULTS: A total of 81 patients were analyzed. The 2-year overall survival rate was 71.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 61.5-81.8%). The 2-year disease-free survival rate was 68.6% (95% CI, 58.4-78.8%). The 2-year local control rate was 75.4% (95% CI, 65.6-85.1%). When excluding patients with Stage II oral cavity, larynx, and hypopharynx tumors, 68 patients remained. For these patients, the 2-year overall survival, local control, and disease-free survival rate was 67.6% (95% CI, 56.0-79.2%), 72.0% (95% CI, 61.0-83.0%), and 64.1% (95% CI, 52.6-75.7%), respectively. CONCLUSION: Accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy and synchronous chemotherapy can achieve high tumor control rates while being resource sparing and should be the subject of prospective evaluation.     

Analysis of preoperative intracavitary cesium application versus postoperative external beam radiation in stage I endometrial carcinoma

Two groups of patients with surgical Stage I endometrial carcinoma treated at the LDS Hospital in Salt Lake City are analyzed. Group 1 comprises 112 patients treated from 1974 through 1976, during which time preoperative intracavitary cesium was routinely used in all patients. Group 2 comprises 117 patients treated 1981 through 1983 under the treatment policy of hysterectomy without preoperative cesium. High risk patients from each group (grade 3 and/or deep myometrial invasion) generally received similar postoperative external beam pelvic radiotherapy (4500-5000 cGy). While 5-year actuarial disease-free survival rates were similar in each group (94% Group 1 vs 91% Group 2), multivariate analysis by the Cox Regression Method revealed that inclusion within treatment Group 2 carried independent adverse prognostic significance (p = 0.018). Other independent predictors of adverse 5-year disease-free survival included deep myometrial invasion and increasing histologic grade. Group 1 patients with grade 3 lesions had a superior 5-year actuarial disease-free survival (76% vs 53%) compared to those from Group 2. Group 1 patients with deep myometrial invasion also had a superior 5-year disease-free survival (84% vs 69%). The remaining low risk patients (grade 1 or 2, less than 1/3 myometrial invasion) had an excellent 5-year disease-free survival with or without preoperative cesium. Immediate preoperative intracavitary cesium was well tolerated, did not obscure pathologic findings and in our experience, reduced the probability of recurrence in high risk Stage I endometrial carcinoma patients.     

Retrospective analysis of postoperative radiotherapy for node-negative cervical carcinoma with stage IB-IIB disease

BACKGROUND: We performed retrospective analysis to evaluate the outcomes of postoperative radiotherapy for patients with cervical carcinoma without lymph node metastasis. METHODS: From 1981 to 1995, 68 stage I-II cervical carcinoma patients without nodal disease who received adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy were entered into the present analysis. Criteria for postoperative radiotherapy were (1) deep stromal invasion (> or = 1/2; n = 63), (2) positive parametrial invasion (n = 38) and (3) close or positive surgical margin (n = 21). The median patient age was 54.0 years (range, 29-69 years). The median dose of 45.3 Gy (range, 43.4-56.4 Gy) was delivered over the whole pelvis median 21.0 days (range 12-68 days) after surgery. RESULTS: The 5/10-year overall survival, disease-free survival, pelvic control and distant metastasis-free survival rates were 89.7/85.7, 85.3/83.2, 95.5/95.5 and 90.7/90.7%, respectively. Histology of adenocarcinoma (n = 4), large tumor size and prolonged period between operation and radiotherapy were significantly adverse prognostic factors of overall and disease-free survival by univariate analysis. The risk score referred from the GOG report correlated well with disease-free survival (P = 0.018), but showed only a tendency for overall survival as a prognostic factor (P = 0.07). Overall treatment time proved to be a significant variable for overall survival (P = 0.02), but not for disease-free survival (P = 0.056). Both risk score and overall treatment time proved to be significant prognostic factors in the multivariate model. Major adverse effects occurred in three patients (4.4%) without mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In this analysis, clinical outcome from adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy was thought to be feasible with both satisfactory pelvic control and acceptable lower toxicity.     

Cancer of the larynx in females

PURPOSE: The aim of this paper is to present results of analysis of 102 females with laryngeal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1974 and 1995, 102 female patients with cancer of larynx were treated at Radiotherapy Department of Oncology Centre in Kraków. Twenty-six of them had positive familial oncological history. The treatment method depended on stage of disease. Primary radical irradiation was performed in 66 patients, 29 patients received postoperative radiotherapy after surgery (total or partial laryngectomy), seven patients received induction chemotherapy followed by laryngectomy with postoperative radiotherapy or radical irradiation. The median dose applied with radiotherapy was 60 Gy, and dose per fraction was 2 Gy. RESULTS: The actuarial 5-year rates were as follows: 88.9% for overall survival, 84.2% for disease-free survival, and 85.4% for local control. Only tumour stage and nodal involvement were found to be significant factor for all three endpoints. We found that younger patients had more supraglottic primary localisation, and these patients frequently were non-smoker. CONCLUSIONS: The tumour stage and nodal involvement were found to be significant prognostic factors in analysed group of female treated with laryngeal cancer.     

神经侵犯在新辅助放疗后ypⅠ~Ⅱ期直肠癌中的预后预测价值

背景与目的：神经侵犯在结直肠癌中有一定的预后价值。对于局部进展期直肠癌，在接受过新辅助放疗及根治性外科手术且经术后病理学检查证实淋巴结为阴性（ypⅠ~Ⅱ）的直肠癌患者中，肿瘤可能存在不同程度的退缩，而此时神经侵犯是否还有预后价值目前尚未见报道。本研究旨在探讨神经侵犯在新辅助放疗后淋巴结阴性的直肠癌中的预后价值。方法：回顾性分析美国癌症监测、流行病学和最终结果（the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results，SEER）数据库2000年—2018年5 222例接受新辅助放疗术后经病理学检查证实为ypⅠ~Ⅱ期的直肠癌患者的临床病理学资料和直肠癌特异性生存资料，采用卡方检验比较有无神经侵犯两组患者之间的基线资料差异，用Kaplan-Meier法和log-rank检验比较两组之间的生存差异，运用多因素Cox回归模型分析对患者肿瘤特异性生存有影响的因素。结果：该人群中有神经侵犯者329例，无神经侵犯者4 893例。与无神经侵犯的患者相比，有神经侵犯的患者中，黑种人、癌胚抗原（carcinoembryonic antigen，CEA）升高、Ⅱ期病灶、肿瘤小于5 cm和低分化的比例更高（P<0.05）。无神经侵犯的直肠癌患者的肿瘤特异性生存显著优于有神经侵犯的直肠癌患者（5年生存率：85.3% vs 68.9%），且此种生存差异在ypⅡ期直肠癌患者中更显著。多因素Cox回归模型提示有神经侵犯是新辅助放疗后淋巴结阴性直肠癌患者的独立预后因子。结论：神经侵犯与新辅助放疗后淋巴结阴性的直肠癌患者的生存密切相关，可作为此类患者的预后评判因子。     

Prognostic factors affecting the outcome of early cervical cancer treated with radical hysterectomy and post-operative adjuvant therapy

The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical and histological features that may affect the survival of the patients and to evaluate the impact of post-operative adjuvant therapy on the outcomes of patients with stage IB and IIA carcinoma of the cervix. From August 1998 to January 2005, 140 patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IB and IIA cervical cancer were treated with radical hysterectomy and post-operative pelvic radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. The median age was 55 years (range, 29-86 years). Seventy-six patients had stage IB and 64 patients had stage IIA disease. Tumour size was <4 cm in 96 patients and > or = 4 cm in 44 patients. One hundred and eleven patients had histology of squamous cell carcinoma, 12 patients has adenocarcinoma and 17 patients had other histologic types. Depth of stromal invasion was <2/3 in 20 patients and > or = 2/3 in 120 patients. Twenty-three patients had parametrial invasion and 117 patients had no parametrial invasion. Thirteen patients had lymphovascular space invasion and 127 had no lymphovascular space invasion. Nine patients had positive surgical margin and 131 patients had negative margin. Twenty-seven patients had pelvic lymph node metastasis and 113 patients had no pelvic lymph node metastasis. Seventy-five patients received concurrent chemoradiotherapy and 65 patients received radiotherapy alone. The 5-year overall survival (OAS) and disease-free survival were 83% and 72% respectively. In the log rank test, tumour size (P = 0.0235), pararmetrial invasion (P = 0.0121), pelvic lymph node metastasis (P < 0.0001) and adjuvant chemotherapy + radiotherapy (P = 0.0119) were significant prognostic factors for OAS, favouring tumour size <4 cm, absence of parametrial invasion and pelvic lymph node metastasis, and those who received adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. The patients who received radiation with concomitant chemotherapy had a 5-year OAS rate of 90% versus those who received radiotherapy alone, with a rate of 76%. For patients with high-risk early stage cervical cancer who underwent a radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy, adjuvant chemoradiotherapy resulted in better survival than radiotherapy alone. The addition of weekly cisplatin to radiotherapy is recommended. The treatment-related morbidity is tolerable.     

Prognostic significance of pretreatment hemoglobin for local control and overall survival in T1-T2N0 larynx cancer treated with external beam radiotherapy

PURPOSE: To elucidate a relationship between pretreatment hemoglobin and local control in patients with T1-T2N0 larynx cancer treated with radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 246 patients with T1-T2N0 cancer of the larynx were included in this analysis. Patients were treated using a median daily fraction of 200 cGy to a total median dose of 66 Gy within 47 days. Prognostic factors included pretreatment hemoglobin, age, gender, race, T stage, tumor subsite, beam energy, biologically equivalent dose, and therapy duration. RESULTS: Fifty patients developed local relapse, for an actuarial 5-year relapse-free rate of 77.3%. The actuarial 5-year survival rate was 69.8%. The pretreatment hemoglobin levels were assessed using the following hemoglobin quartiles: 10.1-13.3, 13.4-14.1, 14.2-14.9, and 15.0-18.3 g/dL. On Cox multivariate analysis, the pretreatment hemoglobin level predicted for local failure and poorer overall survival. The relative risk for 5-year local relapse by hemoglobin quartile was 2.70, 2.33, 1.91, and 1.00 (p = 0.034). The relative risk for poorer 5-year overall survival by hemoglobin quartile was 2.23 1.30, 0.80, and 1.00 (p <0.001). CONCLUSION: Pretreatment hemoglobin levels predicted for local control and overall survival for larynx cancer in a multivariate model. This relationship has potential therapeutic implications regarding correcting anemia before the initiation of radiotherapy for optimal outcome.     

Carcinoma of the external auditory canal and middle ear.

PURPOSE: To evaluate therapeutic modalities used at our institutions regarding local control, disease-free survival and actuarial survival in carcinoma of the external auditory canal and middle ear, in an attempt to provide guidelines for therapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A series of 27 patients with carcinoma of the external auditory canal and middle ear treated between 1978 and 1997 in our institutions were analyzed with particular reference to tumor size and its relation to surrounding tissues, patterns of neck node involvement, surgical procedures, and radiation techniques employed. Clinical endpoints were freedom from local failure, overall survival, and disease-free survival. The median follow-up was 2.7 years (range 0.1-17.9 years). RESULTS: Treatment by surgery and radiotherapy resulted in an overall 5-year survival rate of 61%. According to the Pittsburgh classification, the actuarial 5-year survival rate for early disease (T1 and T2 tumors) was 86%, for T3 tumors 50%, and T4 stages 41%. Patients with tumors limited to the external auditory canal had a 5-year survival rate of 100%, patients with tumor invasion of the temporal bone 63%, and patients with tumor infiltration beyond the temporal bone 38%. The rate of freedom from local recurrence was 50% at 5 years. Unresectability by dural and cerebral infiltration, and treatment factors such as complete resection or resection with tumor beyond surgical margins are of prognostic relevance. All patients with dural invasion died within 2.2 years. The actuarial 5-year survival rate of patients with complete tumor resection was 100%, but 66% in patients with tumor beyond surgical margins. 192Iridium high-dose-rate (HDR) afterloading brachytherapy based on three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT)-treatment planning was an effective tool in management of local recurrences following surgery and a full course of external beam radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Surgical resection followed by radiotherapy adapted to stage of disease and grade of resection is the preferred treatment of cancer of the external auditory canal and middle ear.     

Accelerated radiotherapy for advanced laryngeal cancer

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a single institution's outcome for patients with advanced laryngeal cancer treated with accelerated radiotherapy (RT). Fifty-eight patients with advanced laryngeal cancer (T3/T4N0/N + M0) were treated with curative intent with accelerated RT during the period 1990 - 1998. Patients received radiotherapy alone or with induction chemotherapy. The 5-year local control (LC) and loco-regional control (LRC) probabilities were both 49% for T3 and 75% for T4 tumors. The 5-year disease-free survival probability was 46% and 68% and overall survival probability was 30% and 39% for T3 and T4 tumors respectively. No significant statistical difference in outcome was found, either between T3 and T4 tumors, or between patients who received induction chemotherapy and those who did not. The treatment results for advanced laryngeal cancer at this institution were comparable to those reported in the literature. The results for T3 and T4 were similar. T4 classification alone should not be an exclusion criterion for larynx preservation. Overall survival was poor, partly because of a high incidence of deaths from intercurrent diseases.