组织多普勒成像技术与冠状动脉造影对照评价冠心病心肌缺血的研究

目的:采用组织多普勒成像技术(TDI)定量测定冠心病心肌缺血患者的左心室各节段室壁运动速度,以评价左心室局部心肌的功能。方法:随机入选因胸痛住院并行冠状动脉(冠脉)造影的患者81例,通过冠脉造影确定冠心病组患者45例(冠脉狭窄≥50％),其余为对照组患者36例(冠脉狭窄<50％)。所有患者在行冠脉造影检查前均行普通超声心动图检查和左心室各室壁节段心肌组织多普勒成像技术(TDI)检查,分别比较结果。结果:冠心病组各节段室壁的收缩速度(Vs)较对照组无明显降低,舒张晚期运动峰速度(Va)两组比较无明显差异, 而舒张早期运动峰速度(Ve)及Ve与Va的比值均显著低于对照组相应节段。以冠脉狭窄≥70％为标准,按病变血管的种类分别与对照组相应节段心肌进行比较,不同部位严重狭窄的冠心病患者Vs、Ve及Ve／Va与对照组比较均有显著性差异(P<0．05)。结论:①冠心病组左心室局部心肌舒张功能异常的出现早于局部心肌收缩功能异常,TDI直观、定量显示左心室早期局部心肌舒张功能异常。②TDI亦能测定左心室局部心肌中严重缺血的心肌节段收缩功能异常。     

定量组织速度成像技术对冠心病患者室壁节段运动功能异常的诊断价值

目的应用多普勒超声心动图定量组织速度成像（QTVI）技术评价左前降支（LAD）狭窄冠心病（CAD）患者室壁节段运动功能的变化。方法选择经冠状动脉造影明确为LAD狭窄的CAD患者27例（CAD组）和健康查体者46例（对照组）,分别测量LAD供血区各节段心肌收缩期峰值速度（Vs）、舒张早期峰值速度（Ve）及舒张晚期峰值速度（Va）。结果 CAD组LAD供血区8个心肌节段的Vs、Ve及Va均低于对照组,Vs在6个节段、Ve在4个节段、Va在3个节段显著减低（P〈0.05或〈0.01）;CAD组有116个节段的Vs异常,72个节段的Ve异常,39个节段的Va异常。结论 QTVI技术能定量分析心脏缺血室壁节段运动速度的变化。     

组织多普勒成像对正常成人左、右心功能对比观测

目的:探讨组织多普勒成像(tissue Doppler imaging,TDI)技术对正常成人左、右心功能的对比评价。方法:健康成人300例根据年龄分为6组,经胸超声心动图检查,采用心尖四腔切面,应用TDI技术,将取样点置于左室侧壁二尖瓣瓣环处及右室侧壁三尖瓣瓣环处,记录心肌运动速度频谱,测量收缩期峰值(Vs)、舒张早期运动速度峰值(Ve)、舒张晚期运动速度峰值(Va)及Ve/Va比值。结果:二、三尖瓣环处Ve/Va与年龄呈负相关(r1=-0.946,P0.01及r2=-0.925,P0.01),Vs值与年龄不相关;随着年龄增加,舒张早期Ve逐渐减低,Va逐渐增高,二者比值逐渐出现倒置,尤其三尖瓣瓣环出现更早,50岁左右出现,而二尖瓣环处比值倒置在60岁以后。结论:随着年龄增长舒张功能逐渐减低,并且右心室舒张功能减低早于左心室,收缩功能与年龄不相关。     

双腔起搏器术后患者室壁运动同步性分析

目的分析永久性起搏器植入术后右心室起搏患者的心室间及心室内非同步收缩的特点及影响因素。方法收集永久性起搏器植入术后的患者22例,分为右心室起搏组与对照组。应用定量组织多普勒技术获得患者左心室各节段心肌及右心室侧壁的组织多普勒速度曲线,分别测量各节段自QRS波起始至心肌收缩期峰值速度和舒张早期峰值速度的时限等收缩期同步性指标和舒张期同步性指标,以及运动速度峰值。结果右心室起搏组与对照组两组间可测得的组织多普勒参数左心室壁12个节段收缩期达峰时间[(188.3±46.0)ms比(142.6±33.3)ms]差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),表明在心室起搏组存在左心室壁收缩的延迟。但有关左心室壁12个节段内运动同步性的参数,左心室壁12个节段收缩期达峰时间的标准差[(29.9±18.7)ms比(30.3±20.3)ms]及左心室壁12个节段收缩期达峰时间最大与最小值的差值[(95.6±60.4)ms比(90.0±58.3)ms]两组间差异无统计学意义。结论常规右心室心尖起搏致QRS波增宽,可造成心室间收缩不同步,但不一定会造成左心室内收缩不同步。     

定量组织速度成像测量二尖瓣环运动速度评价肥厚型心肌病患者左室舒张功能

目的 :应用定量组织速度成像 (QTVI)测量二尖瓣环运动速度评价肥厚型心肌病 (HCM )患者左室舒张功能。方法 :QTVI测量 31例HCM患者 (HCM组 )和 2 0例正常人 (对照组 )二尖瓣环 6个节段 (后间隔和侧壁、前间隔和后壁、前壁和下壁 )舒张早期峰值速度 (Ve)、左房收缩期峰值速度 (Va) ,计算平均Ve、Va和Ve/Va比值。多普勒超声心动图测量二尖瓣口血流快速充盈速度E峰、左房收缩充盈速度A峰 ,计算E/A值和E与平均Ve的比值 (E/Ve)。结果 :HCM患者平均Ve和Ve/Va较对照组明显减低 [(Ve:(3.6 4± 1.4 1)cm/s∶(8.2 1±1.6 9)cm/s,P <0 .0 1;Ve/Va:(0 .92± 0 .5 1)∶(1.5 7± 0 .5 0 ) ,P <0 .0 1;E和E/A较对照组减低 [E :(74 .73±2 6 .5 5 )cm/s∶(84 .0 0± 14 .5 7)cm/s ,P =0 .14 2 ;E/A :(1.12± 0 .4 9)∶(1.6 8± 0 .4 1) ,P <0 .0 1;E/Ve较对照组明显增高 [(2 3.0 3± 7.73)∶(10 .5 3± 2 .6 7) ,P <0 .0 1]。E/A <1者 14例 (4 5 .2 % ) ,Ve/Va <1者 2 0例 (6 4 .5 % ) ;E/A >1的HCM患者其Ve和Ve/Va亦较对照组明显减低 ,E/Ve明显增高。结论 :HCM患者二尖瓣口多普勒血流信号E、A受前负荷和左房收缩性等因素的影响 ,而QTVI测量二尖瓣环运动速度能准确评价HCM患者左室舒张功能。     

自主神经病变对1型糖尿病患者左室舒张功能的影响

用QTVI技术测定60例糖尿病患者及30例正常对照组二尖瓣环室壁运动速度（Ve，Va）。糖尿病组二尖瓣环Ve、Ve／Va低于对照组，CAN^-组（Ve／Va）〈1的节段数明显少于CAN^＋组，差异均有统计学意义。QTVI技术可定量同步对比分析心肌各节段不同时相的心肌运动特征，定量评价糖尿病患者的左室舒张功能。     

定量组织速度成像在评价原发性高血压患者左心室功能中的应用

目的 探讨定量组织速度成像(QTVI)技术在评价原发性高血压(EH)患者左室心肌组织运动中的价值.方法 采用QTVI技术获取40例健康查体者(对照组)和60例EH患者(EH组)心尖四腔、心尖两腔、心尖长轴图像,测定左室各壁基底部、中间都、心尖部三个节段收缩期峰值速度(Vs)、舒张早期峰值速度(Ve)、舒张晚期峰值速度(Va)值,并计算Ve/Va.结果 EH组左室各壁Vs、Ve值均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);除左室后壁及下壁心尖部Ve/Va外,其余各壁Ve/Va均明显低于对照组(P<0.05).结论 QTVI能敏感、准确、无创性检测心肌受损情况,此有助于对EH患者病情进行判断和分析.     

定量组织速度成像对高血压患者左室心肌功能的评价

目的探讨定量组织速度成像(QTVI)评价高血压患者左室心肌功能的价值。方法于心尖四腔切面,应用QTVI获取20例正常人及66例原发高血压患者不同节段室壁的组织多普勒速度曲线,并测量以下参数:不同节段心肌收缩期峰值速度(Vs)、舒张早期峰值速度(Ve)、舒张晚期峰值速度(Va);应用频谱多普勒(PW)获取二尖瓣口舒张早期血流速度峰值E及舒张晚期血流速度峰值A;于左室长轴,应用M型超声心动图获取左室射血分数(LVEF)。结果1、高血压患者左室心肌Vs与LVEF呈正相关(r=0.9,P<0.001)。2、当基底部心肌Vs>7cm/s、中间部Vs>5cm/s、心尖部Vs>3cm/s时,判定LVEF>50%的敏感性87%、特异性85%。3、高血压无左室肥厚时,节段性心肌Vs与血压正常组无变化,Ve/Va比值下降;当左室发生向心性肥厚时,Vs最高,Ve/Va比值倒置;左室离心性肥厚时,Ve/Va比值倒置,而与通过二尖瓣口血流多普勒频谱测定的E/A出现不一致变化。结论QTVI可以简洁、直观、准确评价心肌功能。     

定量组织速度成像对高血压患者左室心肌功能的评价

目的探讨定量组织速度成像(QTVI)评价高血压患者左室心肌功能的价值.方法于心尖四腔切面,应用QTVI获取20例正常人及66例原发高血压患者不同节段室壁的组织多普勒速度曲线,并测量以下参数不同节段心肌收缩期峰值速度(Vs)、舒张早期峰值速度(Ve)、舒张晚期峰值速度(Va);应用频谱多普勒(PW)获取二尖瓣口舒张早期血流速度峰值E及舒张晚期血流速度峰值A;于左室长轴,应用M型超声心动图获取左室射血分数(LVEF).结果1、高血压患者左室心肌Vs与LVEF呈正相关(r=0.9,P＜0.001).2、当基底部心肌Vs＞7 cm/s、中间部Vs＞5 cm/s、心尖部Vs＞3 cm/s时,判定LVEF＞50%的敏感性87%、特异性85%.3、高血压无左室肥厚时,节段性心肌Vs与血压正常组无变化,Ve/Va比值下降;当左室发生向心性肥厚时,Vs最高,Ve/Va比值倒置;左室离心性肥厚时,Ve/Va比值倒置,而与通过二尖瓣口血流多普勒频谱测定的E/A出现不一致变化.结论QTVI可以简洁、直观、准确评价心肌功能.     

肥厚型心肌病左室局部与整体舒张功能研究新方法定量组织多普勒速度成像技术

目的　探讨定量组织多普勒速度成像技术(QTVI)评价肥厚型心肌病 (HCM )患者左室局部与整体心肌舒张功能的价值。方法　应用QTVI获取 36例正常人和 4 2例HCM患者左室长轴方向不同室壁心肌多普勒速度曲线。离线分析正常人与HCM患者不同室壁舒张期心肌多普勒运动速度。测量的快速充盈期和心房收缩期速度 (Ve和Va)、Ve/Va比值反映左室局部舒张功能 ,脉冲多普勒测量二尖瓣舒张期血流频谱E/A值、左室等容舒张期 (IRT)反映左室整体功能 ,常规超声心动图测量室壁厚度。结果　①HCM患者肥厚室间隔节段Ve、Va、Ve/Va的测值及二尖瓣血流频谱E/A值均比正常人测值明显降低 ,IRT比正常人明显延长(P <0 0 5 ) ;②HCM患者肥厚室间隔节段Ve、Va、Ve/Va的测值比其他左室节段明显降低 ;③E/A比值异常的HCM患者Ve/Va与E/A有相关关系 (r =0 70 4 )。④非梗阻型HCM患者肥厚室间隔厚度IVSt与Ve/Va有负相关关系 (r =- 0 6 14 )。结论　QTVI定量评价HCM患者左室局部心肌舒张功能以及局部与整体心肌舒张功能关系 ,为进一步了解HCM心肌舒张功能的变化提供较为敏感、精确的方法。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.