短肠综合征患者的肠康复治疗

随着全肠外营养（TPN）的临床应用，短肠综合征（SBS）患者预后得以明显改善。但长期肠外营养（PN）导致的高额费用和多种并发症一直是难以克服的缺点，而长期单纯采用PN支持还可引起残余肠道黏膜的严重萎缩，肠屏障功能受损，使患者终生依赖PN支持，严重影响SBS患者的生活质量。因此，如何促进残余肠道功能早日代偿、适应，使SBS患者部分甚至全部恢复经肠内营养（EN），摆脱对PN的依赖已成为治疗SBS的重点。近20年，随着对SBS代谢变化、残留肠道代偿机制认识的加深，     

短肠综合征患者的肠道代偿及康复治疗

目的 总结短肠综合征(SBS)的治疗经验。方法 分析38例SBS患者的治疗过程,随访其目前饮食情况,肠外营养(PN)或肠内营养(EN)的时间,了解并发症情况,对部分患者作有关检测,并联合应用生长激素(GH)和谷氨酰胺(GLN)治疗,采用稳定核素示踪检测残余肠道对单糖、脂肪酸及氨基酸的吸收情况。结果 本组患者死亡5例;存活33例,存活时间为6个月～17年,平均(5.9±4.3)年。目前有3例长期接受家庭PN,6例需部分或间歇性接受PN或EN补充,完全摆脱PN的有24例,其平均摆脱PN的时间为(9.5±6.6)个月。GH加GLN治疗只能在短时间内促进残余肠道对营养物质的吸收能力。结论 经过合适的肠道康复治疗,大多数SBS患者残留肠道能充分代偿,可完全摆脱PN或减少PN用量,长期健康地生存。     

短肠综合征的营养康复治疗

短肠综合征的治疗主要为营养支持和小肠移植,但两种疗法都有其限制和不足之处。作者总结了３例短肠综合征患者联合应用重组人生长激素、谷氨酰胺、纤维素行营养康复治疗的经验,３例患者残存小肠的长度分别为６５、７５、３０ｃｍ,治疗后患者残存肠管的吸收功能和营养状况均有明显改善。作者认为营养康复疗法为短肠综合征提供了一个新的有效的治疗选择。     

短肠综合征病人的营养支持及肠道代偿治疗

目的探讨短肠综合征病人的营养支持以及肠道代偿、康复治疗体会。方法回顾性分析1986~2005年复旦大学附属中山医院64例短肠综合征病人治疗过程及随访情况,其中26例联合应用生长激素[GH,每天(0.10±0.06)mg/kg]和谷氨酰胺[GLN,每天(0.30±0.17)g/kg]进行肠道促代偿治疗。结果64例病人中死亡6例,存活58例,存活时间3个月至19年,平均(6.6±9.4)年。9例长期接受家庭肠外营养(HPN),13例接受部分PN或肠内营养(EN)支持,完全摆脱PN者36例,平均摆脱PN的时间为(8.6±14.2)个月。26例接受GH GLN治疗的SBS病人,其中9例(34.6%)治疗后近期内完全摆脱PN;8例(30.8%)经治疗后明显减少了PN用量[从每周需要PN支持(6.5±1.0)d下降至(4.2±1.0)d,每周PN需要量从(13.6±5.2)L降至(8.2±3.3)L];9例(34.6%)在治疗后仍依赖PN支持。64例共发生286次各种并发症。结论经过适宜的营养支持和肠道促代偿治疗,大多数短肠综合征病人的残留肠道可充分代偿,完全摆脱PN或减少PN用量,长期健康存活。     

短肠综合征的肠内营养支持

目的探讨短肠综合征患者肠内营养支持的临床意义、疗效及注意事项。方法回顾性总结1999至2005年收治的40例短肠综合征患者的临床资料。所有患者均存活至今,并随访2年以上。统计分析其肠内营养用量、费用、脱离肠外营养时间及目前营养状况。结果40例患者平均残存小肠（50．8±29．4）cm,脱离肠外营养平均时间为（29．1±9．2）个月。肠内营养用量为（3284．0±1408．8）kJ／d,其费用显著低于肠外营养（P〈0．01）。目前本组患者平均体质指数为（17．8±3．2）kg,／m^2,血红蛋白（113．3±14．8）g／L,血清白蛋白（35．0±4．1）g／L。平均大便次数为（3．4±1．7）次／d,平均大便量为（720．2±350．3）ml／d。结论肠内营养对于维持短肠综合征患者营养状况、减少并发症具有重要意义,但在具体实施时需掌握方法。     

短肠综合征康复治疗的实验研究和临床应用

目的观察应用重组人生长激素、谷氨酰胺和膳食纤维行康复治疗的实验动物及短肠综合征患者的治疗效果。方法 30只大鼠分为对照组、短肠组和生长激素 (growthhormone ,GH)组 ,短肠组和GH组切除 80 %小肠 ,GH组术后第 1天开始注射GH 1U·kg-1·d-1,共 2 8d ;9例患者残存小肠长度为 (4 4± 2 4)cm ,其中 3例无完整结肠。结果S期细胞比率系数、增殖指数和增殖细胞核抗原表达的增强表明外源性GH可明显促进残存小肠粘膜的增殖 ,GH的作用机理可能与原癌基因C jun表达的改变有关。康复治疗后 9例患者营养状况和残存肠管吸收功能均明显改善 ,8例患者进行了随访 ,75 %的患者完全脱离肠外营养 ,2 5 %的患者需间断肠外营养补充。结论康复治疗为短肠综合征提供了一个新的有效的治疗方法     

短肠综合征治疗方法的选择

短肠综合征（SBS）是肠衰竭的主要病因,有着较高的并发症发生率和病死率.近年来,随着重症医学和全肠外营养（TPN）技术的进步,大大提高了丧失大部肠道病人的长期存活率.SBS治疗措施的制定应该基于病人的年龄、残存胃肠道的长度和功能、基础营养状况、总的健康状况和可能发生的并发症,要求内科学、营养学、外科学和心理学的综合治疗.肠道吸收面积减少引起吸收障碍,导致多种营养相关问题是其临床治疗的主要难点.     

短肠综合征的治疗

短肠综合征（short bowel syndrome,SBS）是指小肠吸收面积骤然减少后而出现的水电解质代谢紊乱和营养吸收不良综合征,主要表现为严重腹泻、水电解质紊乱、代谢障碍、吸收不良和进行性营养不良。常见于小肠广泛切除和旷置的小肠过长等。一般认为,要获得机体所需要的营养,     

短肠综合征康复治疗的实验与临床研究

目的 研究生长激素对大部小肠切除后残存小肠粘膜增殖活性的影响;评价短肠康复治疗的临床疗效。方法 利用病理图象分析、流式细胞分析、免疫组化法和ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ法观察比较对照组（假手术组）、短肠组（８０％小肠切除）和生长激素组（８０％小肠切除加１Ｕ．ｋｇ＾－１．ｄ＾－１生长激素皮下注射２８ｄ）ＳＤ大鼠小肠粘膜的增殖状况。观察肠康复治疗（肌注生长激素８～１２Ｕ．ｄ＾－１加静脉滴注加谷氨酰胺０．６ｇ．ｋｇ＾－     

短肠综合征的治疗

正常人的小肠为3～5m,有人认为,切除小肠70%或更多才会出现短肠综合征（short bowel syndrome,SBS）[1],但如果剩余肠道合并有其他疾病,如克隆病或缺血,其代偿能力将降低,因此出现SBS时切除小肠的长度因人而异。     

谷氨酰胺对短肠综合征大鼠残留小肠代偿作用的影响

目的观察谷氨酰胺对短肠综合征大鼠残留小肠代偿作用的影响.方法23只雄性SD大鼠切除80%小肠,随机分三组饮食组(n=8)术后自由进食;全胃肠外营养(TPN)组(n=8)输TPN标准液;谷氨酰胺(Gln)组(n=7)输TPN+Gln;正常大鼠8只,作为正常对照组.术后第7天,称体重,取回盲部淋巴结和门静脉血作细菌培养,取残留空肠和回肠进行组织学检查(包括光镜和电镜).结果饮食组和Gln组术后体重有明显差异饮食组、TPN组和Gln组回盲部淋巴结和门静脉血细菌培养阳性率无明显差别,但TPN组细菌培养阳性率高于Gln组;饮食组空肠粘膜绒毛高度(VH)和粘膜厚度(MT)、回肠粘膜VH均明显大于正常组;正常组空肠粘膜VH、MT明显大于TPN组,正常组回肠粘膜隐窝深度(CD)、MT明显大于TPN组;Gln组空肠和回肠粘膜VH、CD和MT明显大于TPN组.结论80%小肠切除后,残留小肠发生代偿性改变,食物刺激是残留小肠代偿的重要因素;但这种代偿不完全,补充TPN可维持机体生理平衡,TPN引起残留小肠粘膜萎缩;Gln可阻止TPN引起残留小肠粘膜萎缩,促进残留小肠代偿.     

Short Bowel Syndrome After Continence-Preserving Procedures

The short bowel syndrome (SBS) can result from a variety of conditions, including postoperative complications and malignancy. Continence-preserving operations are generally performed for either ulcerative colitis (UC) or familial polyposis (FAP). These procedures can be associated with high morbidity and the potential for future malignancy. Our aim was to determine the causes and consequences of SBS in patients undergoing these procedures. Twenty-four patients (12 men and 12 women) 18 to 64 years of age were identified with SBS after continence-preserving procedures. Eighteen had pelvic procedures, and six had continent ileostomies. All SBS patients had a proximal ostomy. Remnant length measured <60 cm in five patients, 60–120 cm in ten patients, and >120 cm in nine patients. Overall 13 patients required long-term PN. Four FAP patients with desmoid tumors died. One patient with UC underwent intestinal transplant and expired. Follow-up ranges from 6 to 192 months. Overall 14 patients had UC, nine had FAP, and one had functional disease. Eight patients with an initial diagnosis of UC had subsequent Crohn’s disease necessitating further resection and pouch excision. Eight patients (five with UC, two FAP, and one with functional disease) had postoperative complications, including obstruction or mesenteric ischemia requiring resections. One UC patient developed adenocarcinoma in a continent ileostomy. Seven of the nine FAP patients required resection for desmoid tumors. Six of these underwent resection alone. Three died at 10, 11, and 13 months after SBS from liver failure and sepsis while awaiting transplant. One patient has recurrent desmoid at 30 months, another is alive and well at 48 months, and the other patient, who was not a transplant candidate, died from an unrelated cardiac operation at 23 months. A single patient underwent resection with simultaneous multivisceral transplantation. SBS can develop after continence-preserving procedures. This occurs with inflammatory bowel disease when unsuspected Crohn’s disease is present or complications occur. SBS related to desmoid tumors has a poor prognosis in patients undergoing resection alone. A more aggressive approach to intestinal transplantation in these patients may be warranted.     

生长因子及其在短肠综合征中的应用

目的探讨生长因子促进大量肠切除后肠道代偿的作用与机制,并了解其在短肠综合征营养支持治疗中的研究进展。方法对介绍生长因子促进肠切除后肠道代偿以及其在短肠综合征患者的应用的有关文献进行综述。结果不同种类的生长因子对促进肠切除后肠道代偿产生着不同的效应,可根据短肠综合征患者的具体情况合理选择外源性生长因子,以缩短残留小肠代偿时间,改善患者的营养状况。结论生长因子能够在一定意义上促进肠切除后肠道代偿,但不同种类的生长因子有各自的作用效应,将对短肠综合征患者尽早摆脱完全肠外营养有帮助,但仍需进一步的研究。     

Importance of Ileum and Colon in Children with Short Bowel Syndrome

BackgroundIt is well known that small bowel length is a dominant prognostic indicator in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). The relative importance of jejunum, ileum, and colon is less well defined in children with SBS. Here we review the outcome of children with SBS with respect to the type of remnant intestine.MethodsA retrospective review of 51 children with SBS was conducted at a single institution. The duration of parenteral nutrition use was the main outcome variable. The length of the remaining intestine as well as the type of intestine were recorded for each patient. Kaplan–Meier analyses were conducted to compare the subgroups.ResultsChildren with greater than 10% expected small bowel length or more than 30 cm of small bowel achieved enteral autonomy faster than those with less. The presence of ileocecal valve enhanced the ability to wean from parenteral nutrition. The presence of ileum significantly enhanced the ability to wean from parenteral nutrition. Patients with the entire colon also achieved enteral autonomy sooner than those with partial colon.ConclusionsThe preservation of ileum and colon is important in patients with SBS. Approaches to preserve or lengthen ileum and colon may be beneficial for these patients.Level of evidenceIV.     

A Stand-Alone Synbiotic Treatment for the Prevention of D-Lactic Acidosis in Short Bowel Syndrome

Synbiotics are combinations of probiotics and prebiotics that have recently been used in the context of various gastrointestinal diseases, including infectious enteritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and bowel obstruction. We encountered a patient with recurrent D-lactic acidosis who was treated successfully for long periods using synbiotics. The patient was diagnosed as having short bowel syndrome and had recurrent episodes of neurologic dysfunction due to D-lactic acidosis. In addition to fasting, the patient had been treated with antibiotics to eliminate D-lactate–producing bacteria. After the failure of antibiotic treatment, a stand-alone synbiotic treatment was started, specifically Bifidobacterium breve Yakult and Lactobacillus casei Shirota as probiotics, and galacto-oligosaccharide as a prebiotic. Serum D-lactate levels declined, and the patient has been recurrence-free for 3 years without dietary restriction. Synbiotics allowed the reduction in colonic absorption of D-lactate by both prevention of D-lactate–producing bacterial overgrowth and stimulation of intestinal motility, leading to remission of D-lactate acidosis.     

肠内营养促短肠大鼠结肠代偿性增生

观察及评价肠内营养（ＥＮ）对治疗短肠大鼠的作用和短肠大鼠结肠形态学代偿性增生的作用。方法：制作切除８０％～８５％的超短肠大鼠模型,用Ｐｅｐｔｉ－２０００作ＥＮ治疗,观察其全身营养状况和结肠形态学的改变。结果：ＥＮ组存活率高达７６．９％,于术后第２１天净氮平衡与对照组无差异,体重仅比术前减轻１０ｇ±１．８ｇ。结肠壁明显增厚,皱襞增大增粗,结肠壁的厚度、粘膜厚度、腺上皮高度和表面积与对照组相比差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．００１）。ＥＮ组与对照组相比：ＤＮＡ指数１．２１±０．１１比１．０１±０．１５（Ｐ＜０．０５）,Ｓ期细胞百分比５２．６％±５．５％比４２．９％±４．１％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＥＮ组的ＩＧＦ－１ｍＲＮＡ含量比对照组有极明显增高（１０２６±４２比７３８±４．４,Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：大鼠结肠在短肠综合征时发生了明显的形态学代偿性增生。早期适当的肠内营养不但可使超短肠大鼠获得足够营养支持,并且能够促进结肠的形态学和功能上的代偿。     

Interdisciplinary Management of Pediatric Intestinal Failure: A 10-Year Review of Rehabilitation and Transplantation

Management of children with intestinal failure is optimized by interdisciplinary coordination of parenteral and enteral nutrition support, medical management of associated complications, surgical lengthening procedures, and intestinal transplantation. Three hundred eighty-nine pediatric patients have been referred to our center for interdisciplinary assessment of intestinal failure since 1996 (median age = 1 year; range 1 day–28.8 years). Factors predictive of weaning from parenteral nutrition without transplantation included increased mean bowel length for patients with gastroschisis (44 vs. 23 cm, p < 0.05) and atresia (35 vs. 20 cm, p < 0.01) and lower mean total bilirubin for patients with NEC (6.1 vs. 12.7 mg/dL, p < 0.05). Others were also more likely to survive if referred with a lower mean total bilirubin (NEC, 7.9 vs. 12.7 mg/dL, p < 0.05; pseudo-obstruction, 2.3 vs. 16.3 mg/dL, p < 0.01). Patients weaned from parenteral nutrition by 2.5 years after referral achieved 95% survival at 5 years vs. 52% for those not weaned. Bowel lengthening procedures were performed on 25 patients. Eight subsequently weaned from parenteral nutrition without transplantation. Aggressive medical and nutritional intervention along with early referral, intestinal lengthening procedures, and intestinal transplantation in children with intestinal failure dependent on parenteral nutrition can result in the achievement of enteral autonomy and improved survival. Presented at Digestive Disease Week on Tuesday, May 22, 2007 in Washington, DC.