重型颅脑损伤并发应激性溃疡的相关因素分析

严重颅脑损伤并发应激性溃疡出血者,死亡率达３０％～５０％［１］。为预防应激性溃疡出血,提高抢救成功率,分析我院１９９６年１月至１９９９年２月５２例重型颅脑损伤患者中并发应激性溃疡２５例的发病相关因素,报告如下。１　临床资料２５例中,男２１例,女４例,年龄５～７２岁,平均４０－１岁。车祸伤１２例,坠落伤或撞伤１２例,殴打伤１例。２５例经头颅ＣＴ示硬膜下血肿１０例,脑内血肿５例,硬膜外血肿４例,单纯性脑挫伤３例,混合血肿３例。应激性溃疡出血发生在伤后≤５ｄ１２例,６～１０ｄ１２例,≥１１ｄ１例。呕血…     

重型颅脑损伤预后相关因素分析

重型颅脑损伤占急性颅脑损伤的13％～21％．残死率高达30％-60％,严重影响人类生存质量,是救治的重点和难点。本文从脑原发伤、二次脑损伤和临床救治3方面,对2000年3月至2006年8月收治的98例重型颅脑损伤病例的临床资料进行分析,探讨影响重型颅脑损伤预后的相关因素。     

重型颅脑损伤术中脑膨出相关因素分析

近年来随着社会经济的飞速发展，各种原因所致的重型颅脑损伤的发生率也逐年升高。抢救性急诊开颅手术，是提高抢救成功率、减少病死率及致残率的重要方法。但在术中发生急性脑膨出是导致病死率、致残率增高的重要因素，因此探讨重型颅脑伤急诊开颅术中发生急性脑膨出的相关因素及对策十分重要。作者回顾性分析153例重型颅脑损伤患者急诊开颅时发生24例急性脑膨出的临床资料。并对相关因素及对策分析如下。     

颅脑损伤后继发脑梗塞的相关因素分析

目的探讨颅脑损伤后继发脑梗塞的危险因素。方法本院于2008至2010年共收治中、重型颅脑损伤病人756例,其中发生继发性脑梗塞病人45例,对756例颅脑损伤患者的年龄、休克、外侧裂池周围脑挫裂伤、颅内血肿、脑疝、血沉、D-二聚体等因素与外伤性脑梗塞的关系进行回顾性分析。结果年龄、休克、外侧裂池周围脑挫裂伤、颅内血肿、脑疝、血沉、D-二聚体等因素与外伤性脑梗塞关系密切。结论年龄、休克、外侧裂池周围脑挫裂伤、颅内血肿、脑疝、血沉、D-二聚体是颅脑损伤继发脑梗塞的相关因素,对外伤性脑梗塞的防治有一定的临床意义。     

影响颅脑损伤患者精神障碍因素分析

目的探讨影响颅脑损伤患者精神障碍的相关因素。方法选择在我院救治的创伤性颅脑损伤患者336例为调查对象,采用一般资料问卷、智商、记忆商测试以及SCID-1/P、PDQC、SCICP对患者精神障碍情况进行评估。分析影响患者精神障碍的相关因素。结果单因素分析结果显示,年龄、文化程度、职业满意度、家庭满意度、颅脑损伤性质、颅脑损伤程度、单纯额叶损伤、单纯颞叶损伤、额叶及颞叶损伤等是影响患者发生精神障碍的因素（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。多因素回归分析结果显示患者年龄、颅脑损伤程度、单纯额叶损伤、单纯颞叶损伤、额叶及颞叶损伤是影响患者精神障碍的因素（P〈0.01）。结论年龄、颅脑损伤程度、单纯额叶损伤、单纯颞叶损伤、额叶及颞叶损伤是影响患者精神障碍的因素。     

849例重型颅脑损伤的诊治分析

重型颅脑损伤是常见病、多发病．具有高死亡率、高致残率。本院自2004年1月1日至2008年2月29日,共收治重型颅脑损伤患者849例．笔者对此进行总结分析。     

老年重型颅脑损伤的诊断治疗(附28例报告)

目的:探讨老年重型颅脑损伤的发病率及临床特点。方法:回顾性总结28例老年重型颅脑损伤病例临床资料,对病情经过GCS评分,影像学检查及治疗等方面进行分析探讨。结果:老年重型颅脑损伤者病情复杂,并发症多,颅内血肿的发病率明显高于青壮年,颅内血肿以硬膜下血肿多见。结论:影响老年重型颅脑损伤疗效的因素复杂,且相互有叠加效应,预后差。提高抢救成功率的关键是早期诊断、治疗。     

重型颅脑损伤的临床救治(附327例报告)

近年颅脑损伤的发生率呈上升趋势,而重型颅脑损伤是创伤外科中导致病人死亡的主要原因之一。自1995至2003年本院共收治重型颅脑损伤327例,分析如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料:本组327例,男258例,女69例;年龄2岁～83岁,平均35.3岁。所有病人入院时GCS<8分,其中3～5分74     

盐酸纳洛酮治疗中重型颅脑损伤的疗效分析(附65例报告)

随着国内外对纳洛酮研究的进展发现它对颅脑损伤有一定的治疗作用，本文即探讨盐酸纳洛酮在急性重型颅脑损伤中的实际效果。资料和方法１．临床资料：随机选取我院自２０００．５～２００１．２急性中重型颅脑损伤患者６５例，随机分成盐酸纳洛酮治疗组和对照组。年龄在１５～６０岁之间，GCS评分在３～１２分之间，治疗距受伤时间在１２小时之内（一般资料见表１）。治疗前均行头颅螺旋CT扫描，进行完整病史采集和体格检查。排除如下禁忌证者（１）对纳洛酮类药物过敏者；（２）怀孕和哺乳妇女；（３）既往有慢性病史者；（４）有严重复…     

重型颅脑损伤216例临床分析

<正> 我院1994年5月至2001年10月共收治重型颅脑损伤患者216例,均经CT诊断并按GCS分型,以GCS≤8分为重型诊断标准,现将诊断治疗情况分析报告如下。     

Decreased mortality in patients with isolated severe blunt traumatic brain injury receiving higher plasma to packed red blood cells transfusion ratios

IntroductionHigher transfusion ratios of plasma to packed red blood cells (PRBC) and platelets (PLT) to PRBC have been shown to be associated with decreased mortality in major trauma patients. However, little is known about the effect of transfusion ratios on mortality in patients with isolated severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of transfusion ratios on mortality in patients with isolated severe blunt TBI. We hypothesized that higher transfusion ratios of plasma to PRBC and PLT to PRBC are associated with a lower mortality rate in these patients.MethodsRetrospective observational study. Patients with isolated severe blunt TBI (AIS head ≥ 3, AIS extracranial < 3) admitted to an urban level I trauma centre were included. Clinical data were extracted from the institution’s trauma registry, blood transfusion data from the blood bank database. The effect of higher transfusion ratios on in-hospital mortality was analysed using univariate and multivariable regression analysis.ResultsA total of 385 patients were included. Median age was 32 years (IQR 2–50), 71.4% were male, and 76.6% had an ISS ≥ 16. Plasma:PRBC transfusion ratios ≥ 1 were identified as an independent predictor for decreased in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR 0.43 [CI 0.22–0.81]). PLT:PRBC transfusion ratios ≥ 1 were not significantly associated with mortality (adjusted OR 0.39 [CI 0.08–1.92]).ConclusionThis study revealed plasma to PRBC transfusion ratios ≥ 1 as an independent predictor for decreased in-hospital mortality in patients with isolated severe blunt TBI.     

The impact of intracranial pressure monitoring on mortality after severe traumatic brain injury

Background

The effect of intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring on mortality after severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) remains unclear. We hypothesized that ICP monitoring would not be associated with improved survival in patients with sTBI.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on sTBI patients, defined as admission Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8 or less with intracranial hemorrhage. Patients who underwent ICP monitoring were compared with patients who did not. The primary outcome measure was inhospital mortality.

Results

Of 123 sTBI patients meeting inclusion criteria, 40 (32.5%) underwent ICP monitoring. On bivariate and multivariate regression analyses, ICP monitoring was associated with decreased mortality (odds ratio = .32, 95% confidence interval = .10 to .99, P = .049). This finding persisted on propensity-adjusted analysis.

Conclusions

ICP monitoring is associated with improved survival in adult patients with sTBI. In addition, significant variability exists in the use of ICP monitoring among patients with sTBI.     

The effect of admission spontaneous hypothermia on patients with severe traumatic brain injury

Introduction

Recent information has emerged regarding the harmful effects of spontaneous hypothermia at time of admission in trauma patients. However the volume of evidence regarding the role of spontaneous hypothermia in TBI patients is inadequate.

Methods

We performed secondary data analysis of 10 years of the Pennsylvania trauma outcome study (PTOS) database. Unadjusted comparisons of the association of admission spontaneous hypothermia with mortality were performed. In addition, full assessment of the association of hypothermia with mortality was conducted using multivariable logistic regressions reporting the odds ratios (OR) with the 95% confidence intervals (CI) and P-values.

Results

There were 11,033 patients identified from the PTOS with severe TBI. There were 4839 deaths (43.9%). The proportion of deaths in hypothermic patients was higher than the proportion of deaths in normothermic patients (53.9% vs. 37.4% respectively; P value < 0.001). In a multivariable logistic regression model adjusted for demographics, injury characteristics, and information at admission to the trauma centre, the odds of death among patients with hypothermia were 1.70 times the odds of death among patients with normothermia (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.50–1.93), indicating that the probability of death was significantly higher when patients arrived hypothermic at the trauma centre.

Conclusion

The presence of spontaneous hypothermia at hospital admission is associated with a significant increase in the risk of mortality in patients with severe TBI. The benefit of maintaining normothermia in severe TBI patients, the impact of prolonged re-warming in patients with established hypothermia and the introduction of prophylactic measures to complications of hypothermia are key points that require further investigation.     

Alteration in brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) plasma concentration following severe traumatic brain injury

Summary Background. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a potent natriuretic and vasodilator factor which, by its systemic effects, can decrease cerebral blood flow (CBF). In aneurysmal subarchnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), BNP plasma concentrations were found to be associated with hyponatremia and were progressively elevated in patients who eventually developed delayed ischemic deficit secondary to vasospasm. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate trends in BNP plasma concentrations during the acute phase following severe (traumatic brain injury) TBI. Methods. BNP plasma concentration was evaluated in 30 patients with severe isolated head injury (GCS < 8 on admission) in four time periods after the injury (period 1: days 1–2; period 2: days 4–5; period 3: days 7–8; period 4: days 10–11). All patients were monitored for ICP during the first week after the injury. Findings. The initial BNP plasma concentrations (42 ± 36.9 pg/ml) were 7.3 fold (p < 0.01) higher in TBI patients as compared to the control group (5.78 ± 1.90 pg/ml). BNP plasma concentrations were progressively elevated through days 7–8 after the injury in patients with diffused SAH as compared to patients with mild or no SAH (p < 0.001) and in patients with elevated ICP as compared to patients without elevated ICP (p < 0.001). Furthermore, trends in BNP plasma concentrations were significantly and positively associated with poor outcome. Interpretation. BNP plasma concentrations are elevated shortly after head injury and are continuously elevated during the acute phase in patients with more extensive SAH and in those with elevated ICP, and correlate with poor outcomes. Further studies should be undertaken to evaluate the role of BNP in TBI pathophysiology.     

Management of patients with severe traumatic brain injury guided by intraventricular intracranial pressure monitoring: a report of 136 cases

Objective:To evaluate the effect of the treatment modality guided by intraventricular intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring on patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).Methods:The clinical data of a group of 136 severely brain-injured patients admitted to Shanghai Neurosurgical Emergency Center from December 2004 to February 2006 were studied.Results:The intraventricular ICP monitor was placed in all the 136 patients via Kocher's pathway, Paine's pathway or intraoperative opened ventricle. In this series, the probe was placed during the procedure of craniotomy in 98 patients; for other 38 patients, the probe was placed initially to measure or to monitor ICE A stepwise protocol targeting at ICP control (≤20 mm Hg) and optimal cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) maintenance (60-90 mm Hg) was deployed.Among them, 76 patients survived with good recovery, 14 with moderate disability, 24 with severe disability, 10 with vegetative state, and 12 died. Complications associated with intraventricular ICP monitoring included hemorrhage and infection. Hemorrhage occurred in 1 patient and infection in 5 patients. There were no unacceptable complications related to ICP monitoring.Conclusions:Ventricular access for ICP monitoring can be safely and accurately achieved. ICP monitoring via ventriculostomy may facilitate an early and accurate intervention for severely brain-injured patients. The intraventricular ICP monitoring is a low-risk procedure and can yield great benefits for management of patients with severe TBI.     

Effect of mild hypothermia on glucose metabolism and glycerol of brain tissue in patients with severe traumatic brain injury

Objective： To study the effect of mild hypothermia on glucose metabolism and glycerol of brain tissue in patients with severe traumatic brain injury （STBI） using clinical microdialysis. Methods：Thirty-one patients with STBI （ GCS ≤ 8 ） were randomly divided into hypothermic group （Group A ） and control group（ Group B）. Microdialysis catheters were inserted into the cerebral cortex of perilesional and normal brain tissue. All samples were analyzed using CMA mlcrodialysis analyzer. Results. In comparison with the control group, lactate/glucose ratio （ L/G ）, lactate/pyruvate ratio （ L/P ） and glycerol（Gly） in perilensional tissue were significantly decreased; L/P in normal brain tissue was significantly decreased. In control group, L/G, L/P and Gly in perilensional tissue were higher than that in normal brain tissue. In the hypothermic group, L/P in perileusional tissue was higher than that in relative normal brain. Conclusions： Mild hypothermia protects brain tissues by decreasing L/G, L/P and Gly in perilensional tissue and L/P in ＂ normal brain＂ tissues. The energy crisis and membrane phospholipid degradation in perilensional tissue are easier to happen after traumatic brain injury, and mild hypothermia protects brain better in perilensional tissue than in normal brain tissue.     

Management of patients with severe traumatic brain injury guided by intraventricular intracranial pressure monitoring: a report of 136 cases

Objective:To evaluate the effect of the treatment modality guided by intraventricular intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring on patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).Methods:The clinical data of a group of 136 severely brain-injured patients admitted to Shanghai Neurosurgical Emergency Center from December 2004 to February 2006 were studied.Results:The intraventricular ICP monitor was placed in all the 136 patients via Kocher's pathway, Paine's pathway or intraoperative opened ventricle. In this series, the probe was placed during the procedure of craniotomy in 98 patients; for other 38 patients, the probe was placed initially to measure or to monitor ICE A stepwise protocol targeting at ICP control (≤20 mm Hg) and optimal cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) maintenance (60-90 mm Hg) was deployed.Among them, 76 patients survived with good recovery, 14 with moderate disability, 24 with severe disability, 10 with vegetative state, and 12 died. Complications associated with intraventricular ICP monitoring included hemorrhage and infection. Hemorrhage occurred in 1 patient and infection in 5 patients. There were no unacceptable complications related to ICP monitoring.Conclusions:Ventricular access for ICP monitoring can be safely and accurately achieved. ICP monitoring via ventriculostomy may facilitate an early and accurate intervention for severely brain-injured patients. The intraventricular ICP monitoring is a low-risk procedure and can yield great benefits for management of patients with severe TBI.     

Influencing factors for posttraumatic hydrocephalus in patients suffering from severe traumatic brain injuries

Objective： To detect the influencing factors for posttraumatic hydrocephalus in patients with severe traumatic brain injuries and provide theoretical reference for clinical treatment. Methods ： Retrospective study was made on 139 patients with severe traumatic brain injuries in our hospital. The patients were divided into two groups： hydrocephalus group and non-hydrocephalus group. Single factor analysis and multiple factor analysis were used to determine the related factors and hydrocephalus. Multiple factor analysis was conducted with logistic regression. Results： Posttraumatic hydrocephalus was found in 19.42% of patients. Age （ OR=1.050, 95% CI： 1.012-1. 090 ）, decompressive craniectomy （ OR =4.312, 95 %CI ： 1. 127-16.503 ）, subarachnoid hemorrhage （ OR = 43.421, 95 % CI ： 7. 835-240. 652 ） and continuous lumbar drainage of cerebrospinal fluid （ OR =0.045, 95%CI： 0. 011-0. 175） were screened out from nine factors as the influencing factors for posttraumatic hydrocephalus. Conclusions ： Risk factors for PTH are as follows： age, deeompressive eranieetomy and subaraehnoid hemorrhage （SAH）. Continuous lumbar drainage of eerebrospinal fluid can greatly reduce posttraumatic hydrocephalus.     

Management of patients with severe traumatic brain injury guided by intraventricular intracranial pressure monitoring: a report of 136 cases

Objective： To evaluate the effect of the treatment modality guided by intraventricular intracranial pressure （ICP） monitoring on patients with severe traumatic brain injury （TBI）. Methods： The clinical data of a group of 136 severely brain-injured patients admitted to Shanghai Neurosurgical Emergency Center from December 2004 to February 2006 were studied. Results： The intraventricular ICP monitor was placed in all the 136 patients via Kocher＇s pathway, Paine＇s pathway or intraoperative opened ventricle. In this series, the probe was placed during the procedure of craniotomy in 98 patients; for other 38 patients, the probe was placed initially to measure or to monitor ICE A stepwise protocol targeting at ICP control （420 mm Hg） and optimal cerebral perfusion pressure （CPP） maintenance （60-90 mm Hg） was deployed.Among them, 76 patients survived with good recovery, 14 with moderate disability, 24 with severe disability, 10 with vegetative state, and 12 died. Complications associated with intraventricular ICP monitoring included hemorrhage and infection. Hemorrhage occurred in 1 patient and infection in 5 patients. There were no unacceptable complications related to ICP monitoring. Conclusions： Ventricular access for 1CP monitoring can be safely and accurately achieved. ICP monitoring via ventriculostomy may facilitate an early and accurate intervention for severely brain-injured patients. The intraventricular ICP monitoring is a low-risk procedure and can yield great benefits for management of patients with severe TBI.