血供丰富的肾错构瘤的螺旋CT表现与临床

目的探讨血供丰富的肾错构瘤的螺旋CT表现及治疗。方法回顾性分析12例经手术病理证实的多血供肾错构瘤的螺旋CT表现及治疗方法，并与病理进行对照研究。结果12例中，4例CT片上看不到脂肪密度，8例可见到散在小斑块状脂肪密度。增强扫描全部肿瘤于肾皮质期明显强化，肾实质期肿瘤强化减退。12例均行手术切除，其中9例行肿瘤剜除术，3例因瘤体大、严重累及肾实质和肾窦而行一侧肾切除术。结论血供丰富的肾错构瘤螺旋CT增强扫描往往表现为快进快出这种一过性明显强化方式，当瘤内看不到脂肪密度时应注意与多血供肾癌鉴别。由于血供丰富的肾错构瘤生长快且易破裂出血，所以当影像发现肾错构瘤供血丰富时，即使瘤体小、无症状．亦应建议临床及早手术切除．     

肾破裂出血的CT影像分析（附36例报告）

评价肾出血的CT表现及诊断价值。方法：36例病人中，肾创伤出血28例，25例平扫，3例平扫加增强，发现肾钝性创伤25例、肾穿刺后出血3例；肾肿瘤出血8例，均行平扫，其中肾细胞癌5例，错构瘤3例。结果 36例肾出血CT影像提示为：肾内出血，肾包膜下血肿、肾周血肿及伴风膜囊血肿等。结论 CT检查能准确估计肾出血的原因、程度、范围并能发现其它合并症，为临床选择治疗方案提供重要依据。     

小脑常见肿瘤的CT诊断和鉴别诊断

目的：探讨小脑常见肿瘤的CT特征性表现。材料与方法：搜集我院98年1月至2003年7月经临床、病理和CT、MRI综合诊断的250例小脑常见肿瘤。全部病例都做增强扫描检查，本组病例均做迭加增强扫描检查。结果：76例在术前经行CT平扫及增强扫描得到明确诊断，有特征性表现147例。结论：根据患者的年龄、部位及CT表现有助于小脑常见肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

小脑常见肿瘤的CT诊断和鉴别诊断

目的 探讨小脑常见肿瘤的CT特征性表现。方法搜集我院2002年1月-2004年7月经临床、病理和CT、MRI综合诊断的250例小脑常见肿瘤。全部病例均做增强扫描检查，大部分病例做叠加增强扫描检查。结果76例在术前经行CT平扫及增强扫描得到明确诊断，有特征性表现147例。结论根据患者的年龄、部位及CT表现有助于小脑常见肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤诊治研究

目的 探讨肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤（RAML）的诊治方法琴治疗的最佳方案。方法 回顾性分析45例RAML患者的临床资料。结果 42例B超检查提示33例为错构瘤，35例CT检查27例提示为错构瘤，11例行MRI检查9例提示肾错构瘤。45例均手术探查。所有病例术后病理检查均证实为肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤。结论 B超结合CT和MRI检查为肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的最佳诊断方法，对已确诊的较大肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤患者，应积极行手术治疗，尽量保留有功能的肾组织。     

肾错构瘤的超声表现

目的 探讨肾错构瘤的超声表现。方法 对37例肾错构瘤行灰阶及彩色多普勒（部分）检查，全部病例均经手术和病理证实。结果 肾错构瘤主要表现为高回声，直径≤3cm及＞3cm组中各占91％和76％。肾错构瘤呈外突出或出现无回声区者分别为32个和5个。肾多发错构瘤13例，同侧肾错构瘤出现高低回声并存者2例。14例肾错构瘤行彩色多普勒血流显像检查，发现肿瘤彩色血流分布类型有5种，瘤内血流以中心型和穿透型多见，阻力指数＞0．60。结论 灰阶超声和彩色超声联合检查对诊断肾错构瘤有重要价值。     

Precision128能谱CT在临床试验中关于肾透明细胞癌与乏脂肪肾错构瘤鉴别诊断的应用研究

目的:研究与分析Precision128能谱CT在临床试验中关于肾透明细胞癌与乏脂肪肾错构瘤鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法:在2019年6月-2020年6月内开展此次研究。研究的分析对象为本院与沈阳开普医疗影像技术有限公司合作的三家医院进行Precision128能谱CT临床试验中选取的腹组病例、60例怀疑为肾细胞癌或肾错构瘤患者。所有患者均接受Precision128能谱CT平扫和双期增强扫描,将检查结果与手术病理结果进行对照。结果:60例怀疑为肾细胞癌或肾错构瘤患经过手术病理证实,有28例患者为肾透明细胞癌、有16例患者为乏脂肪肾错构瘤。Precision128能谱CT对于肾透明细胞癌诊断的敏感度为85.9%,特异性为81.8%;对于乏脂肪肾错构瘤诊断的敏感度为82.6%,特异性为85.9%。结论:Precision128能谱CT在肾透明细胞癌及乏脂肪肾错构瘤的临床诊断中具有较高的诊断敏感度及特异性,具有很大的价值在临床应用及推广。     

CT在肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤诊断中的应用

目的：评价肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT诊断价值。方法：回顾分析15例肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT表现。结果：CT显示15例肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤呈边界清楚，含脂肪组织的肿块。结论：CT能准确诊断肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤，并清楚显示肿瘤的成分以及其形态、大小、数目、扩展范围和邻近结构关系。为临床提供可靠的信息。     

肾错构瘤的超声鉴别诊断

目的：研究肾错构瘤的声像特征，提高肾错构瘤的诊断水平。方法：以声像表现结合临床资料进行分析。结果：B超诊断肾错构瘤8例，对照手术及病理结果定位及肿瘤大小基本符合8例，定性符合7例，误诊1例。结论：B超检查诊断小的肾错构瘤准确性较高，诊断大的错构瘤准确性稍低。     

腹盆良性畸胎瘤的CT表现

目的：研究腹盆良性畸胎瘤的CI’表现。材料与方法：本组经病理证实良性畸胎瘤9例，其中男3例，女6例，平均年龄40．6岁。全部病例进行了CT平扫检查。结果：肿瘤位于卵巢4例，腹膜后4例、骶尾前1例，肿瘤平均大小5．6cm。圆形6例、椭圆形2例、不规则形1例。6例中含有脂肪成分，6例见不同形式钙化，4例见壁结节，2例见脂液平面。结论：腹盆良性畸胎瘤为一种CT表现复杂的肿瘤，与其内所含的液体、脂质、脂肪、实质及钙化成分有关。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.