头孢哌酮/舒巴坦联合阿米卡星与亚胺培南/西司他丁经验性治疗中性粒细胞缺乏发热患者的对照研究

目的研究血液肿瘤患者粒细胞缺乏出现发热时,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦联合阿米卡星与亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗的临床疗效和安全性。方法一项随机、单盲、对照的多中心研究,共纳入216例确诊为血液系统肿瘤伴中性粒细胞缺乏发热的住院患者,随机分组接受头孢哌酮/舒巴坦联合阿米卡星与亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗,对比其临床疗效、细菌学疗效与不良反应。结果两组临床有效率分别为69.05%和74.44%,经统计学处理,两组间差异无统计学意义;治疗后体温明显降低,与基线相比具差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);每日体温的变化,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦联合阿米卡星组比亚胺培南/西司他丁组更明显,平均退热时间分别为(3.09±1.81)d和(3.67±1.99)d;头孢哌酮/舒巴坦联合阿米卡星组的细菌学疗效明显优于亚胺培南/西司他丁组,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦联合阿米卡星组不良反应的发生率更低(3.97%vs10.00%),两组病例均未观察到有明显的肝、肾功能损害,亦无严重不良反应发生。结论头孢哌酮/舒巴坦联合阿米卡星可作为经验性治疗中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热的血液系统肿瘤患者的理想治疗,不良反应轻,耐受性好。     

亚胺培南／西司他丁治疗90例老年人医院感染临床分析

目的 对亚胺培南／西司他丁（泰能）治疗老年人医院感染的疗效及其抗菌活性进行分析。方法 90例患者应用亚胺培南／西司他丁0．75－1．5g/ki.v,疗程2－14d。对培养出的79株细菌作药敏试验,并检测亚胺培南／西司他丁等8种药物对303株临床分离菌的抗菌活性。结果 79株细菌中G^- 菌占72．8％、G^ 菌占27．2％;亚胺培南／西司他丁治疗的总有效率为80．0％,细菌清除率为77．2％;303株临床分离菌对亚胺培南／西司他丁的敏感率为92．7％,高于其他7种抗菌药物。结论 亚胺培南／西司他丁治疗老年人医院感染具有疗效较好、副反应轻的特点,但其耐药菌株尤其是嗜麦芽黄单胞菌感染值得重视。     

粒细胞缺乏合并医院感染的抗生素经验治疗

目的 探讨血液系统肿瘤化疗后粒细胞缺乏合并中、重度感染患者的抗生素经验性治疗。方法对粒细胞缺乏合并中、重度感染的４０例患者给予头孢他啶或亚胺培南联合万古霉素治疗,对照组３２例给予单一头孢他啶或亚胺培南治疗。结果 治疗组有效率为９７．５％,对照组有效率为８４％,联合用药组疗效明显高于单一用药组（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论 对粒细胞缺乏合并中、衙度感染的血液肿瘤患者,应早期经验性选择足够的广谱抗生素治疗。     

亚胺培南/西司他丁联合去甲万古霉素对下呼吸道感染患者治疗效果研究

目的探讨亚胺培南/西司他丁联合去甲万古霉素对ICU重症获得性下呼吸道感染患者治疗效果。方法回顾性分析ICU重症获得性下呼吸道感染70例患者临床资料,其中36例采用亚胺培南/西司他丁联合去甲万古霉素治疗为观察组,其余34例采用哌拉西林/他唑巴坦联合左氧氟沙星沙星治疗为对照组,比较两组患者7d后治疗效果,并比较两组症状缓解时间、治愈时间、住院费用及不良反应。结果观察组有效率为91.67%,明显高于对照组的70.59%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组症状缓解时间及治愈时间较对照组短,但住院费用明显高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组不良反应发生率为22.22%,明显高于对照组的11.76%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论亚胺培南/西司他丁联合去甲万古霉素对ICU重症获得性下呼吸道感染患者治疗显效较快、治愈时间短,但是住院费用相应增高、不良反应较多,需要临床工作中加以重视。     

美罗培南与亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗下呼吸道感染的临床研究

目的 比较美罗培南与亚胺培南／西司他丁(泰能)治疗下呼吸道感染的有效性和安全性。方法 采用随机对照平行试验设计，观察美罗培南与亚胺培南／西司他丁治疗76例下呼吸道感染的临床疗效和不良反应。结果 美罗培南组38例，治疗有效率为92．11％，细菌清除率为86．11％；亚胺培南／西司他丁组38例，治疗有效率为92．11％，细菌清除率为80．65％；两组间差异无显著性，美罗培南不良反应发生率7．8％，亚胺培南／西司他丁不良反应发生率5．2％。结论 美罗培南对临床常见致病菌引起的中、重度下呼吸道感染具有良好疗效，同时，不良反应发生率低，具有较高的临床应用价值。     

亚胺培南／西司他丁与头孢噻肟治疗重症胰腺炎的比较研究

目的 评价亚胺培南／西司他丁（泰能）与头孢噻肟治疗重症胰腺炎。方法 对近8年来收治的确诊为重症胰腺炎患者,分两阶段回顾比较了亚胺培南／西司他丁与头孢噻肟的临床疗效、细菌清除率、不良反应、并发症等方面的差异。结果 亚胺培南／西司他丁治疗重症胰腺炎的有效率为94．3％、92％,第1阶段与胞噻肟无明显差异（P＞0．05）,第2阶段明显高于头孢噻肟（P＜0．01）。结论 治疗重症胰腺炎时应将亚胺培南／西司他丁作为抗菌药物的首选方案,对耐头孢菌素的病例也应改用亚胺培南／西司他丁。     

头孢吡肟治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎

目的 观察头孢吡肟(马斯平)与亚胺培南／西司他丁(泰能)治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎的疗效。方法 分析52例呼吸机相关性肺炎的治疗，24例应用头孢吡肟1．0加入5％GS 100ml静滴，bid，28例应用亚胺培南／西司他丁，1．0g加入5％GS 100ml静滴，bid，7～12d为1个疗程。结果 头孢吡肟的临床有效率81．9％，治愈率77．3％，亚胺培南／西司他丁有效率84．2％，治愈率80．8％。结论 头孢吡肟治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎疗效与亚胺培南／西司他丁相当，头孢吡肟可作为一线用药治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎。     

亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗老年急性呼吸道感染疗效观察

目的 观察亚胺培南／西司他丁（泰能）用于老年危重症患者合并急性呼吸道感染的疗效及不良反应。方法 对22例感染患者每天给予亚胺增南／西司他丁1－2g，分2－3次静滴治疗进行观察。20例单用，2例加用其他抗生素，平均用药5d。结果 总有效率77.3%，且未见不良反应。结论 亚胺培南／西司他丁用于抢救急危重症感染患者疗效迅速而满意。     

去甲万古霉素治疗粒细胞缺乏并发危重感染21例疗效分析

目的 观察去甲万古霉素治疗粒细胞缺乏并发危重感染患者的疗效.方法 选择经大剂量化疗导致骨髓抑制,引起粒细胞缺乏合并危重感染的42例恶性血液病患者最为研究对象,随机分为两组,治疗组采用去甲万古霉素加1～2种其他抗菌药物,疗程5～10 d;对照组采用单一亚胺培南/西司他丁或三代头孢联合喹诺酮类5～14 d作为对照.结果 两组的临床有效率分别为71.4%、52.3%,统计学分析表明,两组间疗效差异有统计学意义,治疗组去甲万古霉素不良反应较小.结论 去甲万古霉素加1～2种其他抗菌药物在治疗化疗后粒细胞缺乏并发危重感染时有良好的疗效,且安全性较高.     

头孢哌酮/舒巴坦与亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗严重感染的比较

目的　比较头孢哌酮 /舒巴坦 (舒普深 )与亚胺培南 /西司他丁 (泰能 )对中性粒细胞缺乏患者严重感染的疗效。方法　回顾性分析 5 6例中性粒细胞缺乏合并严重感染 (男 37例 ,女 19例 ,年龄 2 8a± s2 1a) ,其中 2 8例用头孢哌酮 /舒巴坦 2 .0 g加入 5 %葡萄糖 10 0 m l静滴 ,bid;2 8例用亚胺培南 /西司他丁 0 .5 g加入 5 %葡萄糖 10 0 m l静滴 ,q8h均 7～ 10 d为一疗程。结果　头孢哌酮 /舒巴坦临床有效率 89.2 8% ,痊愈率 71.42 % ;亚胺培南 /西司他丁组临床有效率 96 .42 % ,痊愈率 75 % ,两组间相差无统计学意义 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论　头孢哌酮 /舒巴坦与亚胺培南 /西司他丁治疗中性粒细胞缺乏时严重感染疗效相同     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.