龙牙楤木总甙对变态反应的影响

龙牙楤木总甙(As)显著抑制PCA反应、Porssman皮肤血管炎、大鼠迟发型皮肤超敏反应、佐剂关节炎、Arthus反应、反向被动Arthus反应。但攻击前ig As对PCA反应,致敏前后ig As对Arthus反应和对Arthus反应大鼠血清中免疫复合物均无明显影响。     

输液反应探讨

目的分析引起输液反应的相关因素,探讨预防对策。方法综合近年来各类文献报道的输液反应,结合本院情况,考察各种影响输液反应的因素。结果输液反应的类型主要有热原和热原样反应、菌污染反应、过敏反应、肺水肿等,引起输液反应的原因主要有药物因素、人员因素、输液器具、患者自身等。结论应加强这些方面的监控管理。     

甲型肝炎疫苗接种反应及处理

 甲型肝炎疫苗有减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗两种,在中国已列入一类疫苗范畴,供适龄儿童免费接种。该疫苗安全性较好,接种反应多为一般反应,主要是接种部位微痛、发红,少数儿童出现低热、疲乏、腹泻等轻度全身反应,通常不需要特殊处理。个别儿童可出现变态反应、消化系统反应、神经系统反应、血液系统反应、关节炎反应等,经抗过敏、保肝、免疫调节、营养神经、保护血管和对症治疗即可痊愈。     

超短效β-受体阻断剂艾司洛尔的合成研究

我们参考文献后自行设计了超短效β-受体阻断剂——艾司洛尔的合成路线,以对甲氧基苯甲醛为起始原料.经Knoevenagel反应、催化氢转移还原反应、去甲基化反应、缩合反应合成了艾司洛尔。特别是对缩合、还原、去甲基化反应作了较大的改进,避免了应用易燃易爆的金属钠和高压氢化反应,使反应安全、简化,总收率提高到30％左右。     

门诊患者输液反应的原因分析及预防措施

<正>输液反应的类型包括热原反应(发热反应)、热原样反应、药物不良反应(ADR)、静脉炎、心力衰竭、肺水肿及充气栓塞等[1],我们对6000例次门诊输液患者进行分析,出现输液反应100例,现报道如下。     

卡培他滨联合奥沙利铂治疗大肠癌的不良反应观察及护理

观察卡培他滨联合奥沙利铂治疗大肠癌的不良反应,主要表现为神经毒性反应、胃肠道反应、骨髓抑制反应、心脏毒性反应、皮肤毒性反应,并应注意护理.     

临床输液反应的原因及对策

输液反应是输液不良反应的简称,指输液引起的或与输液相关的不良反应的总称,由于热原反应是临床常见的输液反应,因此临床上有时也将输液反应称之热原反应,但严格地说,热原反应只是输液反应的一部分。输液反应的类型有热原反应、热原样反应、细菌污染反应、过敏反应以及由微粒引     

我院建立输液反应应急预案的探索与实践

目的:建立健全的输液反应应急预案,保障患者用药安全。方法:从应急预案体系、应急的预警、应急预案的启动、突发性输液反应事件、信息呈报、应急响应等方面介绍我院的输液反应应急预案体系,并与完善应急预案体系前的2009、2010年我院输液反应发生例数、发生率进行比较。结果与结论:通过建立应急预案流程,规范输液反应的处理及上报程序,对输液反应按照患者临床症状轻、中、重度分别实施A、B、C级应急处理方案等建立了突发性输液反应事件的应急预案;2009、2010、2011年输液反应发生例数分别为114、67、39,发生率分别为0.80‰、0.35‰、0.19‰。通过制订安全、有效的输液反应应急预案,可减少输液反应的发生,提高医疗安全。     

中药不良反应管窥

药物不良反应(ADR)是指药物在使用时由药物本身或药物相互作用引起的有害的或不期望产生的反应。包括副作用、毒性反应、依赖性、特异质反应、过敏反应、致畸、致癌和致突变反应。     

肿瘤免疫治疗疗效精准评估

肿瘤免疫治疗发展日新月异,临床应用也越来越广泛.但由于免疫治疗机制的特殊性,临床免疫治疗存在一些非典型反应,如假性进展、超进展、延迟反应、分离反应等,传统疗效评估标准对于此类反应的评估有失偏颇.结合上述非典型反应发生机制、影像学评估方法、血液标志物变化等,免疫治疗疗效评估标准不断发展变化.从免疫相关的反应标准(irRC...     

Third-generation antiepileptic drugs: mechanisms of action,pharmacokinetics and interactions

This review briefly summarizes the information on the molecular mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic profiles and drug interactions of novel (third-generation) antiepileptic drugs, including brivaracetam, carabersat, carisbamate, DP-valproic acid, eslicarbazepine, fluorofelbamate, fosphenytoin, ganaxolone, lacosamide, losigamone, pregabalin, remacemide, retigabine, rufinamide, safinamide, seletracetam, soretolide, stiripentol, talampanel, and valrocemide. These novel antiepileptic drugs undergo intensive clinical investigations to assess their efficacy and usefulness in the treatment of patients with refractory epilepsy.     

消风止痒颗粒中毛蕊花糖苷、焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1、升麻素苷、升麻素、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、亥茅酚苷、苍术素醇、白术内酯Ⅱ和苍术素的HPLC法测定及其化学计量学综合评价

目的建立HPLC法同时测定消风止痒颗粒中毛蕊花糖苷、焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1、升麻素苷、升麻素、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、亥茅酚苷、苍术素醇、白术内酯Ⅱ和苍术素,并采用化学计量学方法对检测结果进行综合评价。方法采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);以乙腈-0.2%磷酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱;检测波长:330 nm(0~14 min检测毛蕊花糖苷和焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1)、254 nm(14~31 min检测升麻素苷、升麻素、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷和亥茅酚苷)、270 nm(31~55 min检测苍术素醇、白术内酯Ⅱ和苍术素);体积流量0.9 mL/min;柱温25℃;进样量10μL。采用SPSS26.0统计软件对消风止痒颗粒中9种成分进行聚类分析和主成分分析。结果毛蕊花糖苷、焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1、升麻素苷、升麻素、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、亥茅酚苷、苍术素醇、白术内酯Ⅱ和苍术素分别在2.53~63.25、1.09~27.25、8.17~204.25、2.38~59.50、4.07~101.75、1.74~43.50、0.66~16.50、1.47~36.75、2.86~71.50μg/m L线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为99.01%、98.17%、100.13%、97.63%、98.72%、97.22%、96.93%、99.24%、100.01%,RSD值分别为1.42%、1.26%、0.72%、1.55%、0.84%、1.06%、1.18%、0.67%、0.95%;11批样品聚类分析为3类,主成分1~3是影响消风止痒颗粒质量评价的主要因子。结论该方法操作简便、重复性好,可作为消风止痒颗粒中多指标成分质量评价模式。     

Pediatric Obesity: Pharmacokinetic Alterations and Effects on Antimicrobial Dosing

Limited data exist for appropriate drug dosing in obese children. This comprehensive review summarizes pharmacokinetic (PK) alterations that occur with age and obesity, and these effects on antimicrobial dosing. A thorough comparison of different measures of body weight and specific antimicrobial agents including cefazolin, cefepime, ceftazidime, daptomycin, doripenem, gentamicin, linezolid, meropenem, piperacillin‐tazobactam, tobramycin, vancomycin, and voriconazole is presented. PubMed (1966–July 2015) and Cochrane Library searches were performed using these key terms: children, pharmacokinetic, obesity, overweight, body mass index, ideal body weight, lean body weight, body composition, and specific antimicrobial drugs. PK studies in obese children and, if necessary, data from adult studies were summarized. Knowledge of PK alterations stemming from physiologic changes that occur with age from the neonate to adolescent, as well as those that result from increased body fat, become an essential first step toward optimizing drug dosing in obese children. Excessive amounts of adipose tissue contribute significantly to body size, total body water content, and organ size and function that may modify drug distribution and clearance. PK studies that evaluated antimicrobial dosing primarily used total (or actual) body weight (TBW) for loading doses and TBW or adjusted body weight for maintenance doses, depending on the drugs’ properties and dosing units. PK studies in obese children are imperative to elucidate drug distribution, clearance, and, consequently, the dose required for effective therapy in these children. Future studies should evaluate the effects of both age and obesity on drug dosing because the incidence of obesity is increasing in pediatric patients.     

国内对头孢克肟的临床研究与评价

头孢克肟是第1种第3代口服头孢菌素类抗生素,由日本藤泽制药株式会社于1987年研制成功并首先在日本上市应用于临床,1989年在美国上市。1999年已在80多个国家得到广泛的临床使用。头孢克肟的制剂剂型的研究已发展有胶囊剂、颗粒剂、混悬剂、片剂(普通片剂、咀嚼片、分散片)等。笔者综述了国产头孢克肟与日本产头孢克肟在胶囊剂、颗粒剂、混悬剂、片剂(普通片剂、咀嚼片、分散片)等的药动学比较,以及头孢克肟与头孢泊肟、头孢克洛、头孢呋辛、头孢美他酯、头孢噻肟、头孢地尼、头孢特仑、头孢妥仑匹酯等体外抗菌活性及临床药效学比较。     

Neuroscience and Hormesis: Overview and General Findings

This article provides a summary of an assessment of the occurrence and impact of hormesis in the neurosciences, including the areas of neuroprotection, neurite outgrowth, and drugs for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, anxiety, pain, seizures, stroke, as well as in the areas of behavioral pharmacology, addictive drugs, stress biology including the Yerkes–Dodson law, and p-glycoprotein efflux activity. The findings indicate that the hormetic dose response has a common, if not dominant, presence in each of these diverse areas of neuroscience and further strengthens the conclusion that hormesis is highly generalizable, being independent of biological model, endpoint, and chemical class.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定麻仁丸中大黄素、大黄酚、大黄酸、大黄素甲醚、芦荟大黄素的含量

目的建立麻仁丸中大黄素、大黄酚、大黄酸、大黄素甲醚、芦荟大黄素的含量测定方法。方法采用奥泰ALLTIMA-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以甲醇(A)-0.1%磷酸溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[0~9min,60%A;9~20 min,60%→80%A;20~45 min,80%A];流速:1.0 mL.min-1;柱温:30℃;检测波长254 nm。结果大黄素、大黄酸、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚、芦荟大黄素线性范围分别为在9.08~81.72、8.4~75.6、13.42~120.7、7.56~68.04、8.2~73.8μg.mL-1,与峰面积线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为99.1%、99.6%、99.4%、99.8%、99.2%,RSD分别为2.0%、1.8、3.2%、1.1%、1.5%。结论本方法可作为麻仁丸中大黄素、大黄酚、大黄酸、大黄素甲醚、芦荟大黄素含量测定的一种准确、灵敏、可行的方法。     

Inductively coupled plasma and clinical biology. Toxicological applications

The multi-elementary quantitation method using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has been widely developed for use with biological fluids. Many elements can be quantified simultaneously in biological fluids, including: Li, Be, B, Al, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Pd, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, Ba, W, Pt, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, U. The validation procedure is described by the French Society of Clinical Biology. Results for urine are corrected after creatinine determination.We report applications in clinical toxicology and forensic toxicology. Advances in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the field of clinical biology are particularly important for toxicological analysis. This powerful tool is helpful for better patient care and for the search for cause of death.     

A Quantitative Exploration of Attitudes Out of Line with the Prevailing Norms Toward Alcohol,Tobacco, and Cannabis Use Among European Students

The study examines groups of 15–16-year-old students whose attitudes toward drug use are out of line with the prevailing norms. It analyzes data from eight countries from the 2003 European School Survey on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD): Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, France, Malta, Slovenia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. In those countries, 22,900 15–16-year-old pupils answered the ESPAD questionnaire. Groups of subjects whose responses are far removed from the modal value are sought and studied. The aim is to explore “rare answers” compared to what is perceived by the majority of students. In order to explore what can lead a pupil to an atypical perception of risk, a cluster analysis, based on the risk perceptions of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use, was run to isolate the groups in which pupils tend to answer differently. Six clusters were established classifying students into those who failed to respond, deny the risks, do not know about the risks, see any drug use as great risk, see regular use as great risk, and who see a moderate risk for most frequencies of use. The nonresponders, risk deniers, and those ignorant of the risks are infrequent making up, in all, only 16.9% of the total sample. Gender, country, alcohol use, cannabis use, tobacco use, and friends’ consumption were used to describe both the individual risk perceptions and the clusters based on them. Both global context (country) and “micro” context (frequencies of drug use, peers lifestyle, and parental permissiveness) appear to play a major role in the risk perception of drug use.     

Self-injection of barbiturates and benzodiazepines in baboons

Self-injection of three barbiturates, six benzodiazepines, and chlorpromazine was examined in baboons. Intravenous injections of drug were dependent upon completion of 160 lever presses (a 160-response fixed-ratio schedule). A 3-h time-out period followed each injection, permitting a maximum of eight injections per day. Prior to testing each dose of drug, self-injection performance was established with cocaine. Subsequently, a test dose was substituted for cocaine. Amobarbital, pentobarbital, and secobarbital maintained the highest levels of self-injection, which were similar to those maintained by cocaine. Clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, flurazepam, medazepam, and midazolam maintained relatively modest levels of self-injection, while chlorpromazine maintained only low levels, which were in the range of vehicle control. Of the six benzodiazepines, midazolam produced the highest levels of self-injection. At the highest self-injected doses, the barbiturates produced anesthesia in contrast to the benzodiazepines, which produced only sedation. None of the drugs affected food intake except for chlorpromazine, which produced dose-related decreases. The differences among the drug classes (i.e., barbiturate, benzodiazepine, phenothiazine) with respect to the maintenance of self-injection correspond well with the results of previous animal and human drug self-administration studies.