重复经颅磁刺激联合重复注射A型肉毒毒素对脑卒中后下肢肌肉痉挛状态的临床疗效和安全性研究

目的观察脑卒中后下肢肌肉痉挛患者行重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)联合A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)重复注射的治疗效果及安全性。方法选择2013年7月至2016年7月于本院康复科治疗的伴有下肢肌肉痉挛的脑卒中患者共96例,按照随机数字表法分为4组:A组,康复治疗;B组,rTMS+康复治疗;C组,重复注射BTX-A+康复治疗;D组,rTMS+重复注射BTX-A+康复治疗。治疗前及治疗后1、6和12个月对4组患者采用改良Ashworth痉挛量表(MAS)评定肌张力,Fugl-Meyer下肢运动功能量表(FMA)评定下肢运动功能,采用改良Barthel指数量表(MBI)评定患者日常生活能力,Berg平衡量表(BBS)评定患者平衡能力。并观察患者在治疗的过程中的不良反应情况。结果与治疗前相比,治疗后1、6、12个月,B、C、D组的MAS评分呈下降趋势,D组最为明显(P<0.05);4组患者治疗1个月后FMA评分、MBI评分、BBS评分均升高,治疗后6、12个月,A、B、C组的FMA评分、MBI评分、BBS评分有下降或回升,D组的评分都呈上升趋势,均高于其他3组(P<0.05);治疗过程中,4组均无严重不良反应情况发生。结论 rTMS联合重复注射A型肉毒毒素能够有效降低脑卒中后下肢肌肉痉挛患者的肌肉张力,提高患者的生活质量,治疗效果较为持久,无不良反应,有临床应用价值。     

踝足矫形器及针灸对偏瘫患者足内翻、足下垂步行能力的影响

目的 从步行速度和步行效率两方面来研究踝足矫形器(AFO)及针灸对偏瘫患者足内翻、足下垂步行能力的影响.方法 选择20例年龄相匹配的健康人和30例偏瘫足内翻、足下垂患者分别在穿着AFO加针灸和仅穿着AFO及不穿着AFO的情况下评测10米平均步行速度和生理消耗指数(PCI).结果 患者的步行速度在穿着AFO加针灸比仅穿着AFO情况明显提高(P<0.01) ;穿着AFO比不穿着AFO情况明显提高(P<0.01) ;患者的PCI在穿着AFO加针灸比仅穿着AFO情况明显降低(P<0.01),穿着AFO比不穿着AFO情况明显降低(P<0.01).健康人在穿着AFO情况下不但步行速度没有得到改善(P>0.05 ) , PCI反而明显升高(P<0.01).结论 AFO加针灸可以提高偏瘫足内翻、足下垂患者步行速度和步行效率,改善患者的步行能力.     

A型肉毒毒素注射联合运动疗法治疗脑卒中后肘关节屈曲痉挛的疗效观察

目的观察A型肉毒毒素注射运动疗法治疗对于脑卒中后肘关节屈肌痉挛患者肌张力和运动功能的影响。方法对20例脑卒中后肘关节屈曲痉挛患者,随机分为治疗组和对照组各15例。治疗组患者采用对于肘关节屈曲痉挛肌肉进行A型肉毒毒素注射结合运动疗法治疗,对照组采用口服巴氯芬药物治疗结合运动疗法治疗。在治疗前、治疗后第1周、第6周和第12周应用改良Ashworth量表(MAS)和Fugl-Meyer量表(FMA)上肢评估量表进行比较。结果 2组治疗后MAS评分及FMA评分均较治疗前呈持续下降趋势(P0.05,0.01),且治疗组更低于对照组(P0.05,0.01)。结论 A型肉毒毒素注射结合运动疗法对降低脑卒中患者肘关节屈肌肌张力,提高运动功能及生活自理能力更加优于普通治疗。     

康复训练与A型肉毒毒素对痉挛性脑瘫患儿肌张力恢复及日常生活能力的影响

目的探讨康复训练联合A型肉毒毒素注射液治疗痉挛性脑瘫对患儿肌张力恢复及日常生活能力影响。方法选取驻马店市中心医院2014-08—2016-09痉挛性脑瘫患儿93例,采用随机数字表法分组,对照组46例予以A型肉毒毒素注射液治疗,研究组47例予以A型肉毒毒素注射液与康复训练联合治疗,2组均持续治疗20 d,分析2组治疗前后运动功能(Fugl-Meyer)、痉挛状态(CSS)、日常生活能力(Barthel)、肌张力(MAS)评分变化情况。结果 2组治疗前Fugl-Meyer、Barthel评分对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),研究组治疗后Fugl-Meyer、Barthel评分与对照组比较明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组治疗前CSS、MAS评分对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),研究组治疗后CSS、MAS评分与对照组比较明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 A型肉毒毒素注射液与康复训练联合治疗痉挛性脑瘫,可显著改善患儿肌张力及日常生活能力。     

不同病程康复介入对脑损伤后足下垂的疗效观察

目的 探讨颅脑损伤不同时期介入康复治疗对患者足下垂的疗效影响.方法 对54例颅脑损伤患者根据康复治疗介入的时间(＜1个月、1～3个月、3～6个月、＞6个月),将患者分为4组,于治疗前及治疗1个月后评定患肢的被动踝背屈角度(ROM)及腓肠肌痉挛程度(MAS).结果 康复治疗介入时间＜1个月、1～3个月组的患者ROM和MAS均有显著提高(P＜0.01).3～6个月组的患者,仍有统计学意义(P＜0.05).＞6个月组的患者ROM和MAS均无显著改善(P＞0.05).结论 系统正规的康复治疗有利于不同时期康复患者,早期康复对足下垂的改善有重要意义.     

A型肉毒毒素对脑出血轻度下肢痉挛患者康复效果的影响

目的探讨A型肉毒毒素对脑出血轻度下肢痉挛患者康复效果及生活质量的影响。方法选取本院2012-10—2014-10收治的84例脑出血轻度下肢痉挛患者为研究对象,根据随机数字表将患者分为观察组及对照组各42例,对照组给予常规康复训练,观察组在对照组基础上辅以电刺激引导A型肉毒毒素注射治疗,2组均治疗6个月。分别于治疗前、治疗1个月、3个月、6个月分别采用改良Ashworth(MAS)、临床痉挛指数(CSI)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)及Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表(FMA)、独立性评定量表(FIM)、Barthel指数评分及Gaitwatch量表对2组下肢运动功能及步态进行评定。采用卒中影响量表(SIS)对2组生存治疗进行评价。结果观察组治疗3个月、6个月后观察组MAS评、CSI评分低于对照组(P0.05),观察组3个月、6个月后BBS评分、FMA评分、FIM评分、Barthel指数高于对照组(P0.05)。观察组治疗1个月、3个月、6个月步频、步速、步长等指标均优于对照组(P0.05)。观察组治疗1个月、3个月、6个月SIS评分显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论早期注射A型肉毒毒素能有效改善脑出血下肢痉挛患者肌张力,提高其平衡功能及运动功能,提高患者日常生活能力及生活质量,效果理想,值得推广应用。     

A型肉毒毒素治疗口下颌肌张力障碍

目的观察A型肉毒毒素治疗口下颌肌张力障碍(OMD)患者的临床效果。方法对19例口下颌肌张力障碍患者进行临床分析,依据患者临床特点,将A型肉毒毒素注射到患者一侧或双侧咀嚼肌、颞肌及翼外肌,并根据肌肉收缩力量大小、肌肉体积及患者体重调整剂量。结果 68.4%的患者功能改善评分≥3分,疗效平均维持8～12周(有效范围2～28周)。4例患者注射后有轻度咀嚼无力,2～3周恢复。1例混合型患者注射后出现轻度鼻音,持续13天后症状消失。所有患者未出现其它严重副作用。结论 A型肉毒毒素对于口下颌肌张力障碍的治疗是有效、安全的。熟悉本病的临床特点及分型,选择正确的靶肌肉及注射适宜剂量的肉毒毒素是治疗本病的关键。     

A型肉毒毒素治疗痉挛性斜颈及Meige''''s综合征的临床研究

目的　探讨A型肉毒毒素局部注射治疗痉挛性斜颈、Meige s综合征及职业性痉挛的疗效。方法　对 2 3例痉挛性斜颈、10例完全型Meige s综合征及 1例职业性痉挛患者进行A型肉毒毒素局部注射 ,观察其治疗效果以及副作用。结果　 2 3例痉挛性斜颈患者 ,治疗后Tsui量表评分明显下降 ;10例完全型Meige s综合征 ,8例明显好转 ,2例部分缓解 ;1例职业性痉挛患者完全缓解。所有患者均未见过敏反应和严重副反应。结论　A型肉毒毒素局部肌肉注射是治疗痉挛性斜颈等肌张力障碍的有效手段。     

A型肉毒毒素注射联合肌肉乙醇阻滞治疗痉挛性斜颈的疗效观察

目的 观察A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)注射联合肌肉乙醇阻滞治疗痉挛性斜颈(ST)的疗效.方法 43例ST患者随机分为联合治疗组(14例)和对照组(29例),两组均给予BTX-A注射,联合治疗组同时进行肌肉乙醇阻滞治疗.在治疗前后分别进行Tsui评分以评估疗效.结果 治疗后Tsui评分联合治疗组[(3.02±3.29)分...     

医源性肉毒毒素中毒(附3例报告及文献复习)

目的报告医源性肉毒毒素中毒相关的严重不良事件。方法总结分析3例医源性肉毒毒素中毒患者的临床表现特征、治疗和预后等临床资料,并结合文献复习进行讨论。结果 3例女性患者均为美容而局部注射肉毒毒素,于注射后数天内出现吞咽困难、呼吸费力、双眼睑显著下垂、视物模糊、头晕、全身无力等症状。患者入院后经支持治疗后症状缓解,3个月后随访恢复良好。结论应用肉毒毒素治疗或美容可引发严重不良事件。临床医生应熟知治疗肌肉的解剖学和肉毒毒素的药理学特征以避免发生严重不良事件。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.