血管超声对椎动脉闭塞的血流动力学评价

Objective To investigate the combination of color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) and transcranial Doppler (TCD) in the assessment of the hemodynamic changes of vertebral artery occlusion disease and their clinical value. Methods A total of 101 patients with vertebral artery occlusion detected by the combination of CDFI and TCD and confirmed by DSA were enrolled from January 2005 to January 2009. Taking the result of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) as a golden standard, The differences between the different types of the side of vertebral artery occlusion and contralateral vertebral artery on the extra- and intracranial segments were compared and analyzed in peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), resistive indices (RI), pulsatility index (PI), spectrum morphology, and hemodynamics. Results No blood flow signals were detected by CDFI and TCD in patients of complete occlusion of the vertebral artery; the weak blood flow signals were detected by CDFI in patients of the occlusion in the intracranial segment of the vertebral artery. 3he blood flow signals after the establishment of collateral circulation in patients of the segmental occlusion were detected in the extraeranial segment or intraeranial segment of the vertebral artery. The PSV on the occluded sides of the extraeranial segments were decreased more significantly than that on the unoccluded sides (27.39 ± 12.44 cm/s vs. 62.61 ± 13.22 cm/s, P = 0.000); RI was significantly higher than the unoccluded sides (0. 99 ± 0. 21 vs. 0. 62 ± 0.07, P = 0. 000). When a vertebral artery had the segmental occlusion and the collateral circulation was established, the PSV, EDV, and PI of the intracranial segment of the vertebral artery on the occluded sides were decreased more significantly than those on the unoccluded sides, PSV were 37. 81 ± 12.28 cm/s and 73.17±30. 99 cm/s, respectively (P =0. 000), EDV were 17.58 ± 7.10 cm/s and 29.31 ± 12.94 cm/s, respectively (P = 0. 000), PI were 0.84 ± 0.22 and 1.01 ±0. 18, respectively (P=0. 000). The compard DSA showed that the sites of vertebral artery occlusion were different, There was significant difference in the Doppler flow velocity spectrum between the CDFI and TCD. Conclusions PSV, EDV, RI, and PI are the hemodynamic parameters of accurately assessing vertebral artery occlusion, and the combination of CDFI and TCD has significant value for the hemodynamie changes of different types of vertebral artery occlusion and the clinical comprehensive assessment.     

Liver microcirculation after hepatic artery embolization with degradable starch microspheres in vivo

AIM: To observe the dynamic changes of liver microcirculation in vivo after arterial embolization with degradable starch microspheres (DSM). METHODS: DSM were injected into the proper hepatic artery through a silastic tube inserted retrogradely in gastroduodenal artery (GDA) of SD rats. Fluorescent microscopy was used to evaluate the dynamic changes of blood flow through the terminal portal venules (TPVs), sinusoids and terminal hepatic venules (THVs). The movements of DSM debris were also recorded. Six hours after injection of DSM, percentages of THVs with completely stagnant blood flow were recorded. RESULTS: Two phases of blood flow change were recorded. In phase one: after intra-arterial injection of DSM, slow or stagnant blood flow was immediately recorded in TPVs, sinusoids and THVs. This change was reversible, and blood flow resumed completely. In phase two: after phase one, blood flow in TPVs changed again and three patterns of blood flow were recorded. Six hours after DSM injection, 36.9%±9.2% of THVs were found with completely stagnant blood flow. CONCLUSION: DSM can stop the microcirculatory blood flow in some areas of liver parenchyma. Liver parenchyma supplied by arteries with larger A-P shunt is considered at a higher risk of total microcirculatory blood stagnation after injection of DSM through hepatic artery.     

Use of color Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of anomalous connection in pancreatobiliary disease

AIM: To estimate the detectability of anomalous connection in pancreatobiliary disease (ACPBD) cases, measuring gallbladder wall blood flow (GWBF). METHODS: In the retrospective study, we enrolled 42 subjects with gallbladder wall thickening. GWBF velocity was determined as an average value of the peak velocity of color signals on the gallbladder wall, three times in each case. Based on the findings on endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), the 42 subjects were divided into 11 cases with ACPBD and 31 cases without ACPBD, In the prospective study, the subjects were 92 cases with gallbladder wall thickening. Using the cut-off level of the flow velocity obtained in the retrospective study, the usefulness of measuring GWBF velocity in diagnosing ACPBD was evaluated. RESULTS: In the retrospective study, imaging of GWBF was obtained in 40 of the 42 subjects. The mean GWBF velocity of the ACPBD cases was 29.4±3.9 cm/s (mean±SD), which was significantly different (P<0.0001; 95% CI 5.48-13.2) from that of the without ACPBD cases (20.1±5.9 cm/s). Based on this result, we prepared a receiver operating characteristic curve, and the cut-off level appropriate for diagnosing ACPBD was estimated to be 25 cm/s. In the prospective study, GWBF was detected in 86 of the 92 subjects. Based on the EUS or ERCP findings, the 92 subjects were divided into 15 cases with ACPBD and 77 cases without ACPBD. When a cut-off level of 25 cm/s was employed, ACPBD could be diagnosed with a sensitivity of 87.0% (13/15) and a specificity of 87.3% (62/71). CONCLUSION: Meas urement of GWBF velocity, which is less invasive and provides objective values, is very useful for diagnosing ACPBD prior to the development of malignant tumors in cases with gallbladder wall thickening.     

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞合并远端弥漫性硬化患者的血运重建治疗

Objective To evaluate the effect of off-pump coronary endarterectomy (CE) plus off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (off-pump CABG) on patients with chronic total occlusion (CTO) combined with diffuse distal atherosclerosis. Methods From October 2006 to August 2009,65 CTO patients with 176 angiographically confirmed vascular stenosis or occlusive lesions, 70 of which were complete occlusion, underwent off-pump CABG. During the operation, diffuse intimal thickening distal to occlusive lesion was found, and blood flow of the bridges was unfavorable.Results Therefore endarterectomy was performed, followed by CABG. The blood flow in the bridges were 2-10 ml/min versus 14-37 ml/min before versus after endarterectomy. Pulsatility index (PI) was 5.1-15.6 versus less than 5 before versus after endarterectomy. Left ventricular ejection fraction was also improved significantly [before operation: (0.47±0.12)%, after operation: (0. 52±0.15)%, t=2.17, P＜0.05]. Peri-operative myocardial infarction occurred in 2 cases, but without significant cardiac homodynamic changes. And 23 patients underwent coronary angiography to evaluate graft patency 3-18 months after operation, all of them had favorable blood flow. Conclusions It is feasible to perform off-pump CABG plus coronary endarterectomy for patients of chronic coronary total occlusion combined with diffuse distal atherosclerosis. This treatment is safe and effective.     

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞合并远端弥漫性硬化患者的血运重建治疗

Objective To evaluate the effect of off-pump coronary endarterectomy (CE) plus off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (off-pump CABG) on patients with chronic total occlusion (CTO) combined with diffuse distal atherosclerosis. Methods From October 2006 to August 2009,65 CTO patients with 176 angiographically confirmed vascular stenosis or occlusive lesions, 70 of which were complete occlusion, underwent off-pump CABG. During the operation, diffuse intimal thickening distal to occlusive lesion was found, and blood flow of the bridges was unfavorable.Results Therefore endarterectomy was performed, followed by CABG. The blood flow in the bridges were 2-10 ml/min versus 14-37 ml/min before versus after endarterectomy. Pulsatility index (PI) was 5.1-15.6 versus less than 5 before versus after endarterectomy. Left ventricular ejection fraction was also improved significantly [before operation: (0.47±0.12)%, after operation: (0. 52±0.15)%, t=2.17, P＜0.05]. Peri-operative myocardial infarction occurred in 2 cases, but without significant cardiac homodynamic changes. And 23 patients underwent coronary angiography to evaluate graft patency 3-18 months after operation, all of them had favorable blood flow. Conclusions It is feasible to perform off-pump CABG plus coronary endarterectomy for patients of chronic coronary total occlusion combined with diffuse distal atherosclerosis. This treatment is safe and effective.     

Stent placement is effective on both postoperative hepatic arterial pseudoaneurysm and subsequent portal veinstricture： A case report

To treat postoperative bleeding after hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery, interventional radiology has become essential. We report a case of coincidental pseudoan-eurysm and jejunal varices that were both successfully treated by stent-grafts. After a pancreaticoduodenec-tomy, the patient developed a pseudoaneurysm in the hepatic artery and a stenosis in its periphery. After establishing hepatic arterial flow by placing stent-grafts over both the pseudoaneurysm and the stenosis, the pseudoaneurysm was embolized with microcoils. Nine months later, the patient developed jejunal varices caused by a severe stricture in the main trunk of the portal vein. Percutaneous transhepatic portography was performed and stent-grafts were placed over the stenotic segment. A venoplasty using stent-grafts nor-malized the portal blood flow and the jejunal varices vanished. Although stenosis occurred due to scarred tissues from leakage after pancreaticoduodenectomy, stent-grafts were useful for managing jejunal bleeding post-operatively.     

老年脑梗死患者急性期全脑血管造影及其相关因素和预后的研究

目的 采用血管造影(DSA)分析老年脑梗死患者急性期脑血管病变的特点及其预后.方法 对432例脑梗死患者进行主动脉弓十全脑DSA,并按年龄分为老年组320例和非老年组112例,研究分析两组患者脑动脉狭窄程度及分布情况,及其与相关危险因素的关系和预后.结果 老年组有270例(84.3%)存在脑动脉狭窄,其中单纯颅外动脉狭窄98例(30.6%),颅内合并颅外动脉狭窄132例(41.3%),均明显高于非老年组(25.0%)(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);老年组中重度动脉狭窄224处(52.1%),也高于非老年组的51处(40.8%)(P＜0.05).老年组有心脑血管病史的比例高于非老年组,其预后[美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)、再发脑卒中和病死率]也较非老年组差(P＜0.05～0.01).结论 老年脑梗死患者脑动脉狭窄程度严重、多支病变的比例增高,预后较差,应尽早积极治疗,并做好二级预防和康复治疗以改善其预后.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the distribution and severity of cerebral artery stenosis and the prognosis in elderly patients with acute cerebral infarction using digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Methods The 432 elderly patients with acute cerebral ischemia infarction underwent DSA,and they were divided into two groups: elderly group (n= 320) and non-elderly group (n= 112). The characteristics of distribution and severity of cerebral artery stenosis, the relationship between artery stenosis and relative risk factors, and the prognosis of acute cerebral infarction were analyzed.Results In elderly group, 270 cases (84.3%) had intra- and extra- cranial artery stenosis, of which 98 patients (30.6%) with pure extracranial arterial stenosis, 132 patients (41.3%) with combined extra- and intra-cranial artery stenosis. They were both significantly higher than the corresponding data in non-elderly group [23 cases (20.5%) and 28 cases (25%), P＜0.05 and 0.01]. The prevalences of moderate and severe cerebral artery stenosises were higher in elderly group than in nonelderly group [224 locations (52.1%) vs. 51 locations (40.8%), P＜0. 05]. The number of patients with previous history of cerebrovascular disease was much more and the prognosis was much worse in elderly group than in non-elderly group (both P＜0.05), Conclusions The elderly patients with cerebral infarction have severer cerebral artery stenosis, increased proportion of multivessel disease and poor prognosis. So it is very important to take aggressive treatment as soon as possible, and to make secondary prevention and effective rehabilitation so as to improve their prognosis.     

Hemodynamics in the portal vein evaluated by pulse wave Doppler ultrasonography in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon

AIM: To employ pulse wave Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate the changes in portal blood flow velocity in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) receiving interferon (IFN) treatment. METHODS: The subjects in this study were 14 patients (13 men and l woman) with CHC who received IFN treatment. Portal blood flow velocity was measured in the vessels at the porta hepatis at four time points: before IFN administration (pre-IFN), 2 wk after the start of administration (wk 2), 24 wk after the start of administration (wk 24, i.e., the end of IFN administration), and 24 wk after the end of administration (wk 48). RESULTS: The patients with CHC in whom IFN treatment resulted in complete elimination or effective elimination of viruses showed a significant increase in portal blood flow velocity at the end of IFN treatment compared with that before IFN treatment. In contrast, when IFN was ineffective, no significant increase in portal blood flow velocity was observed at wk 24 or 48 compared with the pre-IFN value. In addition, the patients with CHC in whom IFN was ineffective showed significantly lower portal blood flow velocity values than control subjects at all measurement time points. CONCLUSION: Pulse wave Doppler ultrasonography is a noninvasive and easily performed method for evaluating the effects of IFN treatment in patients with CHC. This technique is useful for measuring portal blood flow velocity before and 24 wk after IFN administration in order to evaluate the changes over time, thus assessing the effectiveness of IFN treatment.     

不符合NASCET纳入标准的高危有症状颈动脉狭窄患者的颈动脉成形支架置入术治疗

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of carotid angioplasty and stenting for carotid stenosis in high-risk symptomatic NASCET-ineligible patients. Methods Twenty patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis at high risk ineligible for NASCET were treated with carotid angioplasty and stenting,12 of them were men,and 8 wre women,the patients ranged in age from 62 to76 years (mean age,69 years). Eleven patients had transient ischemic attack and 9 had cerebral infarction. Digital subtraction angiography showed that the degree of carotid stenosis in all patients was ＞ 70% (NASCET criteria). Among them,9 patients had unilateral carotid artery severe stenosis (2 had restenosis after endarterectomy),6 had bilateral carotid artery severe stenosis,5 had unilateral carotid artery occlusion with contralateral severe sentoses (1 had undergone cervical radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma). The embolic protection devices,predilation,and self-expandable stents were used in all patients. Results The success rate of the procedure was 100%. The residual stenosis rate was ＜ 30%. The different levels of a transient decline in heart rates and blood pressure occurred in all the patients during the procedure. One patient was complicated with microembolic embolism. No ischemic stroke occurred in the remaining patients in the periprocedure. The postoperative examination with carotid ultrasound showed that the stenoses were improved significantly. No ipsilateral ischemic stroke and coronary ischemic events were observed at 1 and 3 months follow-up after the procedures. Conclusions Carotid artery stenting is less invasive,and the perioperative complications are fewer,The treatment of symptomatic carotid stenosis with high surgical risks is safe and effective.     

The Effects of Coronary Artery Stenosis Degree and Drugs on Frequency-domain Correlative Cardiogram （FCG）

<正> Experiments were designed to indicate that FCG can reflect coro-nary blood supply.In 8 dogs with left anterior descending （LAD）coronaryartery narrowed to a mild degree,Rx,Ry and Fmin were increased,and thesechanges of FCG indexes appeared earlier than those caused by circumflexcoronary artery （LCX） stenosis.When stenosis was moderate or severe,all theFCG indexes except Ry increased significantly （P<0.05）.Especially Fmin andRxy augmented greatly （p<0.01）.with the occurrence of stenosis,the heartrate （HR）and coronary blood flow （CBF）decreased greatly and the mean aorticpressure（Pa） dropped slightly. The effects of intracoronary infusion of nitroglycerin during coronary arteryflow reducing partially in anesthetized dogs were studied.When nitroglycerin（8μg/min） was infused for 10 minutes,HR、CBF、Rx、Rxy and Fro in had nosignificant changes,but the mean distal arterial pressure （Pc） was reducedremarkably （p<0.01）,so were Px and Py （p<0.05）.In another experimentunder the same condition and in which nicorandil was used,HR and Pa werealmost unchanged.Pc dropped and CBF increased remarkably.All FCG indexesexcept Fmin augmented significantly （p<0.05）.Myocardial ischemia producedby ergonovine-induced vasoconstriction during preexisting coronary stenosis wasreflected by     

经颅多普勒超声诊断大脑中动脉狭窄准确性的研究

目的评估经颅多普勒超声（TCD）的血流动力学不同参数对大脑中动脉（MCA）轻（〈50％）、中（50％～69％）及重度（70％～99％）狭窄诊断的准确性。方法连续纳入临床疑诊为MCA狭窄患者298例（523支MCA,剔除73支闭塞的血管）。行TCD检查,并记录MCA狭窄段,狭窄近、远段的收缩期峰值流速（PSVst、PSVpro、PSVpro）及狭窄段平均流速（MFVst）;计算PSVst／PSVpro、PSVst／PSVpro。以DSA结果为标准,通过受试者工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）下面积,确定诊断不同程度MCA狭窄的最佳参数界值,并分析不同参数诊断MCA狭窄的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。结果①DSA显示。523支MCA中,正常血管及轻、中、重度狭窄的血管分别为168、61、71及223支。②以140cm／s≤PSVst〈180cm／s和90cm／s≤MFVst〈120cm／s作为诊断MCA轻度狭窄的界值时,准确性最高,分别为87．3％（200／229支）和84．7％（194／229支）。③以180cm／s≤PSVst〈220cm／s、120cm／s≤MFVst〈150cm／s、2．0≤PSVst／PSVpro〈3．0、1．8≤PSVs/PSVpro〈2．0作为诊断MCA中度狭窄界值时,准确性最高,依次为89．0％（267／300支）、87．7％（263／300支）、87．7％（263／300支）、85．7％（253／300支）。④以PSVst≥220cm／s、MFVst≥150cm／s、PSVst／PSVpro≥3．0及PSVst／PSVpro≥2．0作为诊断MCA重度狭窄界值时,诊断准确性最高,依次为88．0％（460／523支）、87．4％（457／523支）、88．9％（465／523支）及83．9％（439／523支）。与上述参数比较,联合PSVst≥220cm／s和PSVst／PSVpro≥3．0诊断MCA重度狭窄,可提高诊断的特异性（92．3％）。结论以DSA为参照标准,TCD诊断不同程度MCA狭窄的准确性较高。联合PSYst和PSV／PSYpro是鉴别MCA重度狭窄的重要指标。     

大脑中动脉中重度狭窄患者大脑前和大脑后动脉的血流动力学变化

目的探讨大脑前动脉（ACA）、大脑后动脉（PCA）的血流动力学变化对TCD诊断大脑中动脉中、重度狭窄的意义。方法回顾性分析经DSA检查证实的单侧MCA中度狭窄（19例）、重度狭窄（56例）的患者共75例。采用经颅多普勒超声（TCD）检测双侧MCA、ACA、PCA的收缩期峰值流速（PSV）、舒张末期流速（EDV）、MCA狭窄远段收缩期峰值流速（PSVdis）,计算血管搏动指数（PI）及MCA狭窄段与狭窄远段峰值流速比值（PSV／PSVtlis）。记录DSA显示的ACA、PCA脑膜支的代偿情况。结果①19例MCA中度狭窄患者均未见脑膜支代偿;56例重度狭窄患者中,31例存在脑膜支代偿,ACA脑膜支代偿的患者18例,PCA脑膜支代偿的患者24例（P=0．263）。②重度狭窄者MCA的PSV、PSV／PSVdis,均明显高于中度狭窄者（P〈0．01）。重度狭窄者患侧ACA、PCA的PSV[（126±51）、（85±35）cm／s）]、EDV[（61±30）s、（41±21）cm／s）]均显著高于健侧ACA、PCA的PSV[（102±32）、（61±13）cm／s）],EDV[（47±17）、（28±7）cm／s],P〈0．01;中度狭窄者双侧ACA、PCA的PSV、EDV差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。③有ACA、PCA腑膜支代偿患者的PSV、EDV,均较无代偿患者的明显增快（P〈0．01）,PI值减小（P〈0．05）。结论TCD显示患侧ACA、PCA的流速代偿性升高对于鉴别MCA中、重度狭窄具有重要的诊断价值。     

超声监测在颈动脉内膜切除术围手术期的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声（CDFI）与经颅多普勒超声（TCD）的联合应用,在颈动脉内膜切除术（CEA）中的临床价值。方法 CEA前采用CDFI和TCD评价186例患者颈动脉的狭窄程度及颅内侧支循环开放情况,将其结果与DSA对照。术中应用TCD对双侧大脑中动脉（MCA）在CEA不同阶段的血流动力学变化进行动态监测,指导转流管的使用。术后即刻行TCD和CDFI检查,评估手术前后术侧颈动脉的内径变化及颅内外血流动力学参数的变化。结果①186例患者CDFI检出狭窄程度与DSA完全一致的为178例,与DSA对照,CDFI判断颈动脉中、重度狭窄的符合率为95.7%。②术中CDFI和TCD监测的186例患者中,167例侧支循环建立良好,无需放置转流管,其余19例颈动脉压迫试验显示代偿不完全。③术后即刻复查CDFI、TCD,186例患者经CEA后狭窄均得到解除,管径明显增宽,狭窄处残余内径由（1.5±0.4）mm增至（5.9±0.7）mm,差异有统计学意义,P〈0.01;颈动脉狭窄处收缩期峰值流速（PSV）及患侧MCA的舒张期末血流速度（PSV）、血管搏动指数（PI）恢复正常。颈动脉狭窄处血流速度由术前（547±51）cm/s降至（89±28）cm/s（P〈0.01）;患侧MCA的PSV由术前（58±14）cm/s升至（80±5）cm/s（P〈0.01）;患侧MCA的PI由术前的0.56±0.11升至0.92±0.13（P〈0.01）,脑部血液供应得到明显改善。结论CDFI和TCD在CEA术前筛查、术中监测及术后评估中,提供了可靠的客观依据,在CEA围手术期有很重要的临床应用价值。     

一侧颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞后前交通动脉开放对另一侧颅内外动脉血流动力学的影响

目的研究一侧颈内动脉（ICA）颅外段重度狭窄（狭窄率为70％～99％）或闭塞后,前交通动脉（ACoA）开放对另一侧颅内、外动脉血流动力学的影响。方法选择一侧ICA颅外段重度狭窄或闭塞,另一侧ICA颅外段正常或狭窄率〈50％（简称相对正常侧）的患者228例,其中ACoA未开放者115例,开放者113例。采用彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）测量双侧ICA顿外段近段管径、收缩期峰值流速（PSV）、舒张期末流速（EDV）,血管阻力指数（RI）;经颅多普勒（TCD）测量双侧大脑中动脉（MCA）、大脑前动脉（ACA）的PSV,EDV及血管搏动指数（PI）。分析ACoA开放对相对正常侧ICA、MCA、ACAm流动力学的影响。结果①ACoA未开放组和开放组的相对正常侧的ICA颅外段管径差异尤统计学意义。ACoA开放组相对正常侧ICA的PSV、EDV均高于未开放组（P=0．000）,RI值低于未开放组（P=0．001）。②ACoA开放组相对正常侧的MCA、ACA的PSV和EDV均高丁未开放组（P=0．000）,PI值低于未开放组,但两组间仅ACA的PI差异有统计学意义（P=0．007）。③相关性分析显示,相对正常侧MCA和ACA的平均血流速度与ICA颅外段的平均血流速度呈正相关关系（r=0．587,r=0．346,P=0．000）。结论一侧ICA颅外段重度狭窄或闭塞时,ACoA的开放直接影响另一侧ICA颅外段及MCA、ACA的血流动力学变化。     

经颅多普勒超声对颈动脉内膜切除术中选择性分流的评价

目的 采用经颅多普勒(transcranial Doppler,TCD)评价选择性分流在颈动脉内膜切除术(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)中的实施效果.方法 采用TCD对169例接受CEA治疗的颈动脉狭窄患者行术中双侧大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)脑血流连续监测.根据是否实施分流术,将患者分类为分流组(n=32)和未分流组(n=137).记录术前侧支循环开放途径,比较麻醉后、颈动脉夹闭前后、分流前后以及颈动脉开放后双侧MCA的收缩期峰值血流速度(peak systolic velocity,PSV)、平均血流速度(mean velocity,MV)、血管搏动指数(pulsatility index,PI)和MV变化率.结果 颈动脉夹闭前分流组与未分流组MV分别为(34.73±13.54)cm/s和(35.32±13.18)cm/s,无显著差异(P=0.825).颈动脉夹闭后分流组MV较未分流组显著降低(P=0.000),MCAMV下降率平均为69.34%±20.93%,较未分流组显著降低(P=0.000).分流后MCA MV显著提高,平均提高(35.68±16.69)cm/s(P=0.000).结论 TCD可客观评价分流前后的脑血流动力学改变.     

经颅多普勒超声检测颈总动脉或头臂干病变的颅内外血流动力学变化

目的应用经颅多普勒超声（TCD）评估颈总动脉（CCA）或头臂干（BT）重度狭窄或闭塞后的颅内外血流动力学变化及颅内外侧支循环的情况。方法选择经DSA证实的CCA或BT重度狭窄或闭塞患者24例为患者组（1例患者为左侧CCA闭塞,伴BT重度狭窄）,健康体检者20名为对照组。应用TCD检测两组颅内外动脉血流动力学参数的改变,判断侧支开放情况。结果①CCA或BT闭塞的17例患者中,13例CCA或BT局部未探及血流信号,4例呈异常低速高阻的血流信号;CCA或BT重度狭窄的8例中,6例病变局部呈异常高流速伴涡流血流频谱,2例仅探及狭窄以远CCA低流速、低搏动性血流频谱。24例患者的颈外动脉均为血流方向逆转、低搏动性的颈内动脉化血流频谱改变。21例颈内动脉起始段为低流速、低搏动性血流频谱。②大脑中动脉的流速及搏动指数明显低于健侧及对照组（P〈0.01）。眼动脉呈正向低搏动性血流频谱者19例,未探及血流信号者3例,反向切迹血流频谱者2例。③24例患者中,19例（79.2%）Willis环侧支开放;3例有健侧颈外动脉侧支供血。9例呈前循环盗血的血流频谱改变,其中6例（25.0%,6/24）大脑前动脉呈收缩期早期切迹血流频谱改变。2例患侧颈内动脉虹吸段、眼动脉呈反向切迹血流频谱改变。1例BT闭塞患者颈内动脉起始段呈切迹血流频谱改变。结论应用TCD可对CCA或BT病变的颅内外动脉血流动力学改变进行综合评估。     

经颅多普勒超声评价大脑中动脉慢性闭塞患者颅内侧支循环的血流动力学改变

目的探计经颅多普勒超声（TCD）评价大脑中动脉（MCA）慢性闭塞患者颅内侧支循环血流动力学特点的可行性。方法连续纳入2008年9月-2010年2月,在首都医科大学宣武医院神经内、外科就诊并经DSA确诊的单侧MCA闭塞的患者共140例。根据DSA显示的软脑膜支代偿情况,分为无代偿组21例、单纯大脑前动脉（ACA）代偿组43例、单纯大脑后动脉（PCA）代偿组28例及ACA＋PCA共同代偿组48例。采用TCD检测患者双侧MCA、ACA、PCA的收缩期峰值流速（PSV）。计算患侧（d）ACA与健侧（n）MCA的PSV比值（dPSVACA／nPSVMCA）,患侧ACA与健侧ACA的PSV比值（dPSVACA／nPSVACA）及患侧PCA与健侧PCA的PSV比值（dPSVPCA／nPSVPCA）。比较各组间血流动力学的参数指标。结果①单纯ACA代偿组及ACA＋PCA代偿组的dPSVACA／nPSVMCA分别为1．35±0．33和1．34±0．36,显著高于无代偿组和单纯PCA代偿组,P〈0．01。②单纯ACA代偿绀及ACA＋PCA代偿组的dPSVACA／nPSVACA分别为1．67±0．76和1．62±0．44,显著高于无代偿组和单纯PCA代偿组,P〈0．01。③单纯PCA代偿组及ACA＋PCA代偿组的dPSVPCA／nPSVPCA分别为1．76±0．56和1．73±0．49,显著高于无代偿组和单纯ACA代偿组,P〈0．01。结论TCD检食显示的ACA、PCA血流动学改变,可以间接反映MCA闭塞患者软脑膜支的代偿情况。     

经颅多普勒超声检测一侧颈内动脉闭塞患者血流动力学的分析

目的探讨一侧颈内动脉闭塞患者患侧大脑半球血流速度及血管搏动指数的改变与颅内Willis环主干、颈内-外动脉侧支循环开放的相关性.方法选用彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）及经颅多普勒超声（TCD）诊断一侧颈内动脉颅外段闭塞,而另一侧正常或狭窄50%以下且颅内动脉无狭窄的患者112例作为闭塞组;以颈内动脉颅外段和颅内动脉检测结果均正常的112例非脑血管病患者作为对照组.采用TCD检测双侧大脑中动脉（MCA）、大脑前动脉（ACA）及大脑后动脉（PCA）的收缩期峰值流速（PSV）和MCA的血管搏动指数（PI）,比较两组患者双侧MCA、ACA、PCA的PSV和PI的差异,计算并分析患侧MCA的PSV、PI差值（PSVD、PID）.结果①闭塞组患者双侧MCA的PSV和PI差值明显高于对照组（PSV相差61 cm/s,PI相差≥70%,P=0.000、P=0.000）.②闭塞组患者患侧MCA、ACA的PSV和PI较健侧明显降低（P=0.000）,患侧PCA的PSV较健侧增高,PI相对降低（P=0.000）,患侧MCA的PSV下降率明显高于ACA的PSV下降率.③闭塞组患者患侧MCA的PSV与双侧ACA及患侧PCA的PSV直接相关（P=0.000、P=0.000、P=0.006）.结论对双侧MCA的PSV、PI及ACA、患侧PCAPSV的差值分析,可以提高TCD对一侧颈内动脉闭塞性病变患者血流动力学异常的认识和鉴别.     

经颅多普勒超声检测颈内动脉颅外段支架置入术后脑血流动力学的改变

目的 评价经颅多普勒超声（TCD）在检测双侧颈内动脉病变患者支架置入术后脑血流动力学变化中的价值.方法 选择经DSA证实的双侧颈内动脉颅外段（ICAe）重度狭窄（8例）或一侧重度狭窄、另一侧闭塞（10例）患者,共18例.应用TCD榆测支架置入前、后颅内、外动脉血流动力学参数的变化.结果 ①TCD对ICAe闭塞诊断的敏感性为100%（10/10）,对狭窄或闭塞诊断的特异性为96%（25/26）,总体符合率为97%（35/36）.②术前ICAe狭窄段收缩期峰值流速（PSV）为（241 ±55）cm/s,术后1、3、6、12、24个月分别为（59 ±15）、（58±12）、（59 ±15）、（61 ±14）、（64 ±16）cm/s,与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,而术后各阶段比较,差异尤统计学意义.③术后支架侧大脑中动脉（MCA）的PSV较术前升高[（59 ±14）、（120±24）cm/s,P=0.000],血管搏动指数（PI）明显改善（0.64 ±0.15,1.05 ±0.19;P=0.000）.术后闭塞侧MCA的PSV亦有所升高[（48 ±17）、（70 ±16）cm/s,P=0.005],而PI值的变化不明显（P=0.379）.④术前有2例前交通动脉（AcoA）开放,双侧颈动脉置入支架后,AcoA关闭;术后有11例AcoA开放,其中10例为一侧闭塞,另一侧狭窄的患者,1例为双侧重度狭窄而仪一侧置人支架的患者.术前后交通动脉（PcoA）开放24支（10例为双侧同时开放,4例为单侧开放）,术后18支PcoA关闭（6例为双侧同时期,6例为单侧关闭）.结论 TCD可用于双侧ICAe病变患者术前、术中、术后颅内外血流动力学变化的评估.     

不同类型支架治疗症状性大脑中动脉狭窄的疗效和并发症

目的 采用不同类型支架治疗症状性大脑中动脉（MCA）狭窄的临床疗效和并发症。方法回顾性分析采用不同类型支架治疗的64例均为大脑中动脉M1段狭窄（狭窄率≥70％）、药物治疗无效、反复短暂性脑缺血发作或有缺血性卒中的患者的临床资料,其中1例合并同侧颈内动脉海绵窦段重度狭窄,1例合并对侧椎动脉V4段重度狭窄。根据置入支架的不同,将患者分为Wingspan组（25例）、CoroflexBlue组（21例）及Firebird组（18例）。术后采用TCD、DSA及电话进行随访。结果①64例患者MCA支架置人技术成功率为96．9％（62／64）。其中Wingspan组、CoroflexBlue组和Firebird组成功率分别为96．0％（24／25）、95．2％（20／21）和100％,差异无统计学意义。②术后30d内,Wingspan组2例发生脑梗死,其中1例为同侧颈内动脉海绵窦段闭塞引发,1例为MCA的穿支闭塞引发;CoroflexBlue组1例出现频发性室性早搏,1例脑出血;Firebird组1例蛛网膜下腔出血。③术后6～12个月TCD随访显示,9例出现MCA再狭窄,再狭窄率为14．5％（9／62）。其中Wingspan组为16．7％（4／24）,CoroflexBlue组为15．0％（3／20）,Firebird组为11．1％（2／18）,Wingspan组再狭窄率略高,但差异无统计学意义。19例接受DSA随访,其中Wingspan组1例MCA重度狭窄,1例中度狭窄;CoroflexBlue组1例重度狭窄,1例中度狭窄;Firebird组1例支架术后中度狭窄。结论3种支架治疗MCA狭窄均安全、有效;术后再狭窄是值得关注的问题。长期疗效有待于进一步观察。