血管紧张素转化酶2-血管紧张素（1—7）-Mas轴与肾脏

血管紧张素转化酶2-血管紧张素（1—7）-Mas轴是肾素-血管紧张素系统的一个新分支，该轴能对抗血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngII）、调节心血管和肾脏功能，发挥降低血压、保护心血管功能，Ang（1—7）在调节肾脏血管、小管转运、细胞生长、血压方面均发挥重要作用。本文就该轴的生物学特点及其对肾脏的影响作一综述。     

血管紧张素Ⅰ转化酶基因多态性与肾脏疾病的关系

肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)与肾脏疾病的发生发展以及预后有密切关系。近年来的研究证实肾素-血管紧张素系统的一些组成成分的基因多态性对整个系统的活性具有调节作用,其中血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)I/D基因多肽性研究较多,与肾脏疾病的关系也较为密切。     

血管紧张素转化酶和血管紧张素Ⅱ受体在银屑病患者皮损中的表达

目的:观察血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)、血管紧张素Ⅱ1型(AT1)和2型(AT2)受体在银屑病患者皮损和非皮损以及正常皮肤中的表达特征,探讨血管紧张素系统与银屑病发病机制中表皮角质形成细胞过度增殖和异常角化的关系。方法:用免疫荧光组织化学方法和常规病理技术检测ACE、AT1和AT2受体在12例银屑病患者典型皮损和非皮损以及5例正常皮肤组织中的表达和分布规律。结果:在正常皮肤组织,ACE的表达主要定位于表皮基底层角质形成细胞,AT1和AT2受体在整个表皮层均有阳性表达,但荧光信号较弱。在银屑病患者非皮损处,ACE、AT1和AT2受体的表达与正常皮肤相似。在银屑病皮损中的表皮层角质形成细胞ACE表达明显增加,整个表皮层均可见较强绿荧光颗粒,真皮浅层成纤维细胞亦可见绿色荧光颗粒。和ACE的表达变化类似,在银屑病皮损中AT1和AT2受体表达也明显增加,表皮全层可见分布密集的荧光颗粒,真皮浅层成纤维细胞也可见荧光颗粒。结论:在银屑病患者皮损处肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)被激活,AngⅡ产生和其受体表达增加,AngⅡ可能通过其受体参与银屑病患者皮损处角质形成细胞的过度增殖角化不全的组织学改变。     

Ⅱ型血管紧张素Ⅱ受体与肾脏

近年来,Ⅱ型血管紧张素Ⅱ受体（ＡＴ２受体）介导的生理、病理作用逐渐受到人们的重视,本文就ＡＴ２受体的研究进展及其与肾脏的关系进行综述     

Ⅱ型血管紧张素Ⅱ受体与肾脏

近年来，Ⅱ型血管紧张素Ⅱ受体（ＡＴ２受体）介导的生理、病理作用逐渐受到人们的重视。本文就ＡＴ２受体的研究进展及其与肾脏的关系进行综述。     

阻断血管紧张素Ⅱ与肾脏保护

在进行性肾脏损害过程中血管紧张素Ⅱ升高是重要致病因素之一，血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂和血管紧张素Ⅱ的Ⅰ型受体拮抗剂在不同水平抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ的作用。本文对比了二者肾脏保护作用机制的异同及已有的动物实验和临床研究     

血管紧张素-（1-7）及其受体激动剂AVE0991治疗大鼠急性肺损伤的效果

目的 探讨血管紧张素-（1-7）［Ang-（1-7）］及其特异性受体激动剂AVE0991用于治疗大鼠急性肺损伤（ALI）的效果。
方法 选择清洁级雄性SD成年大鼠45只,6～8周龄,体重250～300 g。采用随机数字表法将大鼠分为五组：对照组（C组）、ALI组（L组）和Ang-（1-7）组（LA组）、AVE0991组（LAV组）和Ang-（1-7）抑制剂（A-779）（LAN组）,每组9只。L组静脉注射脂多糖（LPS） 5 mg/kg,机械通气V_T 15 ml/kg,持续4 h;C组静脉注射与 L组等容量的生理盐水,机械通气V_T 8 ml/kg,持续4 h;LA组、LAV组和LAN组静注LPS 5 mg/kg,机械通气V_T 15 ml/kg,持续2 h后分别静注Ang-（1-7） 50 pmol·kg^-1·min^-1、AVE0991 500 pmol·kg^-1·min^-1和A-779 100 pmol·kg^-1·min^-1,继续机械通气2 h 。记录机械通气前（T₀）、机械通气 2 h（T₁）、药物处理 30 min（T₂）、60 min（T₃）、90 min（T₄）、120 min（T₅）时的肺动脉压（PAP）;T₁和T₅时取肺动脉血行血气分析,记录LA组、LAV组和LAN组的PaCO₂、PaO₂。处死大鼠,对支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）采用瑞氏-姬姆萨染色行白细胞分类计数,采用ELISA法检测股静脉血TNF-α浓度,采用肺组织称重法计算肺湿/干重比（W/D）,采用HE染色观察肺组织病理改变并评估肺损伤程度。
结果 与T₁时比较,T₂时LA组PAP明显降低（P<0.05）,T₂—T₄时LAV组PAP明显降低（P<0.05）,T₅时LA组PaO₂明显升高（P<0.05）。与C组比较,L组和LAN组BALF中白细胞计数明显增多（P<0.05）,L组、LA组、LAV组和LAN组血清TNF-α浓度和W/D值明显升高（P<0.05）。与L组比较,LA组和LAV组BALF中白细胞计数、血清TNF-α浓度和W/D值明显降低（P<0.05）。与LA组比较,LAN组BALF中白细胞计数、血清TNF-α浓度和W/D值明显升高（P<0.05）。C组肺组织损伤轻微,L组肺组织损伤中度,LA组和LAV组肺组织损伤轻度,LAN组肺组织损伤严重。
结论 Ang-(1-7)及AVE0991可以减轻大鼠大潮气量通气合并LPS所致ALI的炎症反应,改善肺损伤,具有肺保护作用。     

增生性瘢痕中血管紧张素转化酶表达及血管紧张素II产生的变化

目的:观察血管紧张素转化酶(Angiotensinconvertingenzyme,ACE)在人增生性瘢痕和正常皮肤中的表达特征,比较血管紧张素II(AngiotensinII,AngII)在人增生性瘢痕和正常皮肤中产生的变化及其对瘢痕形成的影响。方法:用免疫组织化学方法检测ACE在18例增生性瘢痕和7例正常皮肤组织中的表达和分布规律,用ELISA法测定正常皮肤和增生性瘢痕组织中AngII含量的变化。结果:在正常皮肤中,ACE主要分布于表皮基底层角质形成细胞、皮肤附件包括毛囊和汗腺。在增生活跃的增生性瘢痕组织中,ACE表达增强,阳性染色信号仍定位于表皮层,在成纤维细胞中未见阳性染色信号。随瘢痕逐渐成熟,ACE表达逐渐减弱,但仍高于正常皮肤。ELISA法测定结果显示正常皮肤可检测到AngII,含量为(15.36±5.40)pmol/mg蛋白,在增生活跃的增生性瘢痕组织中,AngII产生明显增加约是正常皮肤的4倍(63.58±12.30pmol/mg蛋白,P<0.05),在成熟的增生性瘢痕组织中AngII的含量下降(27.64±7.50pmol/mg蛋白,P<0.05)。结论:皮肤组织具有独立合成AngII的能力;在增生性瘢痕组织中ACE表达和AngII产生的变化规律提示,在瘢痕形成和成熟过程中Ang系统被激活,AngII可能参与增生性瘢痕的形成,进一步研究AngII在这个过程中的作用将有助于理解增生性瘢痕形成的机制。     

增生性瘢痕中血管紧张素转化酶表达及血管紧张素Ⅱ产生的变化

目的观察血管紧张素转化酶(Angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)在人增生性瘢痕和正常皮肤中的表达特征,比较血管紧张素Ⅱ(Angiotensin Ⅱ,AngⅡ)在人增生性瘢痕和正常皮肤中产生的变化及其对瘢痕形成的影响.方法用免疫组织化学方法检测ACE在18例增生性瘢痕和7例正常皮肤组织中的表达和分布规律,用ELISA法测定正常皮肤和增生性瘢痕组织中Ang Ⅱ含量的变化.结果在正常皮肤中,ACE主要分布于表皮基底层角质形成细胞、皮肤附件包括毛囊和汗腺.在增生活跃的增生性瘢痕组织中,ACE表达增强,阳性染色信号仍定位于表皮层,在成纤维细胞中未见阳性染色信号.随瘢痕逐渐成熟,ACE表达逐渐减弱,但仍高于正常皮肤.ELISA法测定结果显示正常皮肤可检测到Ang Ⅱ,含量为(15.36±5.40)pmol/mg蛋白,在增生活跃的增生性瘢痕组织中,Ang Ⅱ产生明显增加约是正常皮肤的4倍(63.58±12.30 pmol/mg蛋白,P＜0.05),在成熟的增生性瘢痕组织中AngⅡ的含量下降(27.64±7.50 pmol/mg蛋白,P＜0.05).结论皮肤组织具有独立合成Ang Ⅱ的能力;在增生性瘢痕组织中ACE表达和Ang Ⅱ产生的变化规律提示,在瘢痕形成和成熟过程中Ang系统被激活,Ang Ⅱ可能参与增生性瘢痕的形成,进一步研究Ang Ⅱ在这个过程中的作用将有助于理解增生性瘢痕形成的机制.     

Androgen Dependence of Testicular and Epididymal Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

Treatment with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and cyproterone acetate (CA) depressed angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity significantly in testes and epididymal regions of the adult rats compared to the corresponding untreated controls. Exogenous testosterone to CA-treated rats significantly increased the enzyme activity both in the testes and epididymis, the effect in the latter being very significant comparable to CA-treated and untreated controls. Testosterone failed to induce ACE activity in the testes and caput epididymis of 30 day-old immature rats, but the enzyme activity was detected in corpus and cauda epididymis. Our findings indicate that ACE activity in the testicular complex is possibly linked with androgen and is concerned with spermatogenesis and sperm maturation.     

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme in the Testis and Epididymis of Mammals

Summary: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity has been reported in testis and epididymis of seven different animal species. Among all the species, the mouse testis and epididymis showed the highest converting enzyme activity followed by rat testis and epididymis. The lowest activity was detected in buffalo testis and rabbit epididymis. Most of the testicular enzyme was found concentrated in the 107,00 xg sediment while the epididymal enzyme was equally distributed between sediment and supernatant. ACE levels of different regions of the rat testis and epididymis was analyzed. The gradient of ACE was found increasing from caput to cauda. A major fraction of testicular and epididymal ACE activity was found in their respective fluid. ACE appeared only in mature rats, rabbits and mice testis and epididymis. Sexually stimulated rabbits showed significant ACE increase in the testis. In vitro characterization studies were conducted. Zusammenfassung: Angiotensin-Converting-Enzym in den Hoden und Nebenhoden von Säugetieren Es wird berichtet über die Aktivität des Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyms (ACE) in den Hoden und Nebenhoden sieben verschiedener Tierarten. Von alien Arten zeigten die Hoden und Nebenhoden der Maus die höchste Enzymaktivität, gefolgt von den Hoden und Nebenhoden der Ratte. Die niedrigste Aktivität wurde in Büffelhoden und Kaninchennebenhoden gefunden. Der größte Teil des Hodenenzyms was in dem UI-trazentrifugensediment (107.000 × g) konzentriert, wohingegen das Nebenhodenenzym gleichmäßig auf das Sediment und den Überstand verteilt waren. Es wurden die ACE-Konzentrationen verschiedener Anteile des Rattenhodens und -nebenhodens bestimmt. Die ACE-Konzentration nahm dabei vom Kopf zum Schwanz hin zu. Der Hauptanteil der Hoden- und Nebenhoden-ACE-Aktivität wurde in den jeweiligen Flüssigkeitsanteilen gefunden. Das ACE tritt nur in geschlechtsreifen Ratten-, Kaninchen- und Mäusehoden und -nebenhoden auf. Sexuell stimulierte Kaninchen wiesen einen signifikanten ACE-Anstieg in den Hoden auf. Die Untersuchungen zur in-vitro-Bestimmung wurden aufgezeigt.     

Is There an Association between Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Genotypes and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm?

ObjectivesThere is strong evidence of a genetic predisposition to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), however the genes involved remain largely elusive. Recently, two large studies have suggested an association between the angiotensin converting enzyme gene and AAA. This study aimed to investigate the possible association between the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in order to replicate the findings of other authors.Design and MethodsA case-control study was performed including 1155 patients with aneurysms and 996 screened control subjects. DNA was extracted from whole blood and genotypes determined in 1155 AAAs and 996 controls using a two stage polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique.ResultsThe groups were reasonably matched in terms of risk factors for AAA. No association was found between the ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and AAA in this study.ConclusionsThis study cannot support the findings of previous authors and provides evidence against a link between the ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and AAA.     

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme in Semen and its Possible Role in Capacitation

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) is present in the testis, epididymis and semen. But no physiological role has been assigned to ACE. The present study is to indicate possible role of ACE in capacitation. Semen was incubated in minimum capacitation in vitro. Epinephrine and serotonin were added to note the effect of biogenic amines. The leakage of ACE was very high in capacitated spermatozoa compared to spermatozoa in saline. Presence of amines in the saline induced ACE leakage. These results indicate that ACE may be involved in the capacitation.     

Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme in Glycerol-Induced Acute Renal Failure in Rats

Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) activity was measured in serum, urine, and tissues of rats with acute renal failure (ARF) induced by glycerol. Glycerol-injected rats were subdivided in three groups according to the urinary volume: oliguric, nonoliguric, and polyuric. The damage to the proximal tubule was evident by (a) the histological analysis at light and electron microscopy level, (b) the augmented urinary excretion of the enzymes dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, and (c) the low molecular weight proteinuria pattern. On the other hand, the appearance of the glomeruli at the ultrastructural level was normal. These data suggest that the increased urinary excretion of enzymes and proteins in these rats is a consequence of the tubular injury. ARF was markedly higher in the oliguric rats. Urine ACE activity increased in the rats of the three groups, but statistical significance was reached only in the oliguric rats. Serum ACE activity increased in the oliguric rats and tissue ACE activity did not change. It is concluded that the high urinary ACE in glycerol-treated rats is associated with the damage to the kidney tubules. These data support the contention that urinary ACE may be another marker of injury to the proximal tubule.     

Letter to the Editor: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Contrast-Induced Nephropathy

The available data on the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and the associated risks for contrast-induced nephropathy are sparse and conflicting. Nevertheless, it is a common practice to hold angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors before contrast media administration. The reduction of renal blood flow that occurs following the administration of contrast media may be due to the renin-angiotensin–aldosterone system causing constriction of the afferent arterioles. The influence of angiotensin–converting enzyme inhibitor administration on the development of contrast-induced nephropathy was discussed in this letter.     

Study of Serum and Tissues Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Activity in Rat with Gentamicin Induced Renal Toxicity

Purpose.?In this research ACE activity (as a marker of epithelial injury) was studied in rats with gentamicin induced renal toxicity. Methods.?Male Sprague-Dawley rats were sacrificed 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after gentamicin injection, 100 mg/kg/day for 1, 3, 5, and 7 consecutive days. ACE activity was measured in serum, kidney and lung. These data were compared with normal saline-treated rats. Histological scoring of renal cortical pathology was performed on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Results.?Treatment of rats with gentamicin resulted in renal damage evidenced by proteinuria, polyuria, and decreased creatinine clearance. The damage to the kidney proximal tubule was evident by (a) the histological analysis at light microscopy and (b) the augmentation in the urinary excretion of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG). Kidney ACE activity decreased while lung and serum ACE activity didn’t change until day 7. Lung ACE activity increased significantly on day 7. Kidney and serum ACE activity increased too. Blood pressure increased significantly on day 7. This corresponded well with the lung ACE activity increment. Conclusion.?These data suggest that kidney ACE activity decreased significantly just one day after gentamicin administration and prior to kidney NAG decrease.     

二尖瓣病变患者血浆血管紧张素转换酶水平与心房颤动的关系

目的探讨二尖瓣病变患者血管紧张素转换酶（angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE）水平与持续性心房颤动（atrial fibrillation,Af）的关系。方法124例拟行心瓣膜置换术的二尖瓣病变患者纳人本研究,所有患者术前均进行血生化、心电图、彩色超声心动图及胸部X线片检查。根据是否伴有持续性Af将124例患者分为窦性心律（sinus rhythm,SR）组（SR组）和Af组;在Af组,根据患者的二尖瓣病变类型,进一步分为二尖瓣狭窄（mitral stenosis,MS）伴Af组（MS—Af组）和二尖瓣反流（mitral regurgitation,MR）伴Af组（MR—Af组）。采用竞争放射免疫法测定各组的ACE水平。结果二尖瓣病变患者中47．58％（59／124）伴有Af,与二尖瓣反流相比,二尖瓣狭窄较多伴有持续性Af（60．53％vs．27．08％,P〈0．05）。Af组的血浆ACE水平明显高于SR组（72．60±22．03U／L vs．56．40±17．96U／L,P〈0．05）。在Af患者中,MS—Af组的ACE水平高于MR—Af组（82．92±18．75U／L vs．66．25±21.10U／L,P〈0．05）,且易伴有血栓。多元回归分析显示：Af与ACE水平（r=0．089,P=0．021）及左房直径（r=0．447,P=0．033）有关。结论二尖瓣病变患者血浆ACE水平升高与Af发生有关,在二尖瓣狭窄伴Af的患者中ACE水平升高更为明显;ACE水平与左心房血栓形成有一定的关系。     

Age Related Development of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme in Testes and Epididymis of Rat

Altersabhängige Entwicklung von Angiotensin-Converting-Enzym (ACE) in den Hoden und Nebenhoden der Ratte
ACE wurde in den Hoden und in verschiedenen Bereichen des Nebenhodens der Ratte unterschiedlichen Alters untersucht. Die ACE-Aktivität erreichte ihren Gipfel, wenn die Tubuli seminiferi die Spermatozoenproduktion des Erwachsenenstadiums aufwiesen; sie pendelte sich auf dieser Höhe danach ein. Die Spitzenkonzentration im Nebenhoden wurde später beobachtet als im Hoden. Der Konzentrationsgrad im Nebenhoden war proportional zum Grad der Spermatozoenreifung und zur Fertilität; die höchste ACE-Aktivität im Nebenhoden fand sich im Kopfbereich.