集落刺激因子辅助治疗新生儿败血症临床应用进展

目前,新生儿败血症的发病率和病死率居高不下,成为研究的焦点。早产儿由于免疫功能不成熟,中性粒细胞数量不足和质量缺陷,败血症发病率和病死率更难控制。临床资料表明,低出生体重儿败血症发生率达164‰,长期住院者高达300‰[1]。新生儿败血症常需要联合、大剂量、长疗程抗生素治疗,但此疗法易引起菌群紊乱,破坏正常的免疫和屏障功能。集落刺激因子(colonystimulatingfactor,CSF)是一组多潜能的造血细胞生长因子,可促进     

176例新生儿败血症临床分析

新生儿败血症是新生儿期较严重的感染性疾病,在我国其发病率及病死率仍较高.本文通过回顾分析南昌大学第一附属医院2002年7月至2005年6月176例新生儿败血症的临床资料,探讨新生儿败血症不同阶段的易感因素、临床特征、菌种分布和耐药情况,以期对临床诊治提供帮助.     

新生儿败血症的观察与护理

新生儿败血症是指新生儿期致病菌侵入血循环，并在血液中生长、繁殖、产生毒素的全身感染性疾病，此病在新生儿疾病中占重要地位，发病率及病死率均高，应早期诊断、早期治疗和精心护理。现将我院治疗的5例新生儿败血症的临床观察与护理体会报告如下。     

新生儿败血症病原学分析

新生儿败血症为新生儿时期的较常见的感染性疾病,发达国家发病率为0.1%～0.4%,发展中国家为1%～10%,国内病死率为12%～20.5%,发达国家为5%左右.而新生儿败血症表现较不典型,无明显特异性,临床上应引起重视,早期诊断和治疗非常重要,因此有必要熟悉败血症的临床特点,掌握病原菌的构成和耐药情况.     

Aztreonam治疗新生儿败血症

新生儿败血症发病率及病死率高。有的资料表明1‰～10‰活婴发生败血症。该文用 Aztreonam 治疗新生儿败血症,证明对革兰阴性菌包括多数假单胞菌属感染有效。该药对成人和儿童不抑制正常菌群,不干扰胆红素与白蛋白结合,因此无增加胆红素脑病的危险。病例与方法 55例新生儿败血症,足月儿37例;     

新生儿败血症的免疫疗法

近年来新生儿败血症的发病率已明显下降,但此病仍然是新生儿发病和死亡的主要原因。在40年代磺胺药和青霉素发现以前,败血症的病死率高达90%,随着抗生素的不断发展、支持疗法的不断完善,新生儿败血症的病死率已大大下降,据1966～1978年的统计,病死率为26%。与此同时,致病菌也发生了明显的改变,B组溶血性链球菌(GBS)、     

新生儿感染治疗的新模式

全球新生儿感染发病率一直稳定于７‰左右，而败血症的病死率仍高达２０％。宿主防御功能不成熟导致新生儿（特别是早产儿、极低体重儿）的易感性增高。传统的免疫疗法为血制品的使用。当前新的治疗模式为利用重组细胞因子作为生物应答调节剂来提高宿主的防御机能，阻断机体的炎症反应，以降低新生儿感染的发病率及病死率。     

新生儿真菌败血症四例分析

目的 探讨新生儿真菌败血症的发病特点、诊断及治疗措施.方法 回顾分析4例新生儿真菌败血症病例的高危因素、临床特点、病原种类、治疗药物及治疗效果.结果 4例新生儿真菌败血症中,4例长期使用抗生素,2例为极低体质量儿,2例中心静脉置管.放弃治疗1例,治愈3例.结论 早产、极低体质量、深静脉置管和广谱抗生素应用是新生儿真菌败血症的高危因素.新生儿真菌败血症病例临床表现不典型,实验室检查不特异,故对有以上高危因素的患儿要提高警惕,尽早诊断和治疗有助于降低病死率.     

新生儿败血症的免疫治疗

由于抗生素的不断更新及支持治疗的进展,使新生儿败血症的病死率明显下降,但半个世纪以来新生儿败血症的发病率仍无明显减少,约为1～5％,尤其是极低出生体重儿由于免疫系统不够成熟,易患重症感染,对治疗反应也差,其感染发生率较足月儿高     

新生儿感染治疗的新模式

全球新生儿感染发病率一直稳定于７‰左右，而败血症的病死率仍高达２０％，宿主防御功能不成熟导致新生儿（特别是早产儿，极低体重儿）的易感性增高。传统的免疫疗法为血制品的使用，当前新的治疗模式为利用重组细胞作为生物应答调节剂来提高宿主的防御机能，阻断机体的炎症反应，以降低新生儿感染的发病率及病死率。     

Myeloid colony-stimulating factors: use in the newborn.

Bacterial and fungal sepsis are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the newborn. Multiple factors contribute to this increased susceptibility to infection, including quantitative and qualitative neutrophil defects, with a reduction in neutrophil number and function. Neutropenia in the newborn may occur in association with sepsis and has a poor prognosis. In addition to antibiotic therapy and supportive care, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) have been used to reduce morbidity and mortality. Granulocyte CSF is the physiological regulator of neutrophil production and function. Administration of G-CSF results in increased neutrophil production and counts and improved neutrophil function. Several studies of animal and human newborns having neutropenia or suspected sepsis investigated the use of G-CSF and GM-CSF to elevate neutrophil counts and reduce morbidity and mortality in this population. Results of small clinical trials using G-CSF and GM-CSF in very low-birth-weight infants having neutropenia show increased neutrophil counts and a reduced incidence of sepsis during the neonatal period. Despite these promising early results, further studies of the safety and efficacy of G-CSF and GM-CSF administration in neonates are required before their routine use can be recommended as either prophylaxis or treatment for neonatal sepsis.     

Infections in the NICU: Neonatal sepsis

Neonatal infections remain an important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Neonatal sepsis is a systemic infection that can be classified as early-onset or late-onset pending the timing of presentation. The pathophysiology and causative pathogens of neonatal sepsis vary, with early-onset sepsis being associated with a vertically transmitted infection from mother to neonate versus late onset sepsis being commonly associated with nosocomial infections. The signs and symptoms of neonatal sepsis mimic those associated with prematurity, making timely diagnosis difficult for treating clinicians. The management of neonatal sepsis is centered around obtaining adequate culture data and initiation of broad-spectrum parenteral antibiotics. Controversies surrounding the management of neonatal sepsis include the administration of empiric antibiotics, given recent clinical studies associating early antibiotic use with clinical sequelae such as late-onset sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and death in the preterm, low-birthweight infant population.     

Management of neonates with suspected or proven early-onset bacterial sepsis

With improved obstetrical management and evidence-based use of intrapartum antimicrobial therapy, early-onset neonatal sepsis is becoming less frequent. However, early-onset sepsis remains one of the most common causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality in the preterm population. The identification of neonates at risk for early-onset sepsis is frequently based on a constellation of perinatal risk factors that are neither sensitive nor specific. Furthermore, diagnostic tests for neonatal sepsis have a poor positive predictive accuracy. As a result, clinicians often treat well-appearing infants for extended periods of time, even when bacterial cultures are negative. The optimal treatment of infants with suspected early-onset sepsis is broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents (ampicillin and an aminoglycoside). Once a pathogen is identified, antimicrobial therapy should be narrowed (unless synergism is needed). Recent data suggest an association between prolonged empirical treatment of preterm infants (≥5 days) with broad-spectrum antibiotics and higher risks of late onset sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and mortality. To reduce these risks, antimicrobial therapy should be discontinued at 48 hours in clinical situations in which the probability of sepsis is low. The purpose of this clinical report is to provide a practical and, when possible, evidence-based approach to the management of infants with suspected or proven early-onset sepsis.     

Antimicrobial therapy of bacterial sepsis in the newborn infant

Septicemia continues to be an important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. The bacteria most commonly responsible are group B beta-hemolytic streptococci and Escherichia coli, but regional differences exist. Recently sepsis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis has occurred with increasing frequency in several neonatal intensive care units. Other organisms are less commonly responsible. The choice of antibiotics for suspected sepsis is based on the possible organisms involved and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns, which vary from hospital to hospital and at different times in the same hospital. Currently recommended initial therapy consists of a penicillin and an aminoglycoside, usually ampicillin and gentamicin. The addition of vancomycin is indicated when staphylococcal septicemia is suspected. During outbreaks of neonatal sepsis caused by aminoglycoside-resistant gram-negative bacteria, the use of third-generation cephalosporins or acylaminopenicillins may be appropriate, depending on the results of susceptibility tests. Continuing efforts to develop antibiotics for the treatment of neonatal sepsis are warranted.     

Neonatal neutrophil host defense. Prospects for immunologic enhancement during neonatal sepsis

Neonatal host defense simulates a clinical state of immunodeficiency that predisposes the preterm and term newborn to overwhelming bacterial sepsis. There are various immunologic components that are deficient in the newborn and new methods to enhance their function. Defects in both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the neonatal phagocyte contribute substantially to the immaturity of neonates' immune systems. The neonate lacks an adequate number of granulocyte bone marrow progenitor cells, and has a decreased neutrophil storage pool and an increased tendency to peripheral neutropenia during neonatal sepsis. Additionally, the neonatal granulocyte demonstrates altered physiologic function compared with that found in the adult with respect to chemotaxis, phagocytosis, oxidative metabolism, and bacterial killing. Some recent clinical studies have suggested the benefit of using adult neutrophil transfusions as adjuvant treatment during neonatal bacterial sepsis, yet other studies have found the use of polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocyte transfusions to be inconclusive. Reduced circulating immunoglobulins and impaired production of specific antibody have also led to recent trials in the use of prophylactic intravenous immunoglobulin in preterm infants predisposed to sepsis. Recently, hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors have been demonstrated to improve in vitro neonatal neutrophil physiologic activity. Future therapy of neonatal sepsis will depend on new nontoxic methods for enhancing neonatal host defense.     

IgM-enriched intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in neonatal sepsis

Despite the development of newer generation of antibiotics, mortality from neonatal sepsis remains high. In a prospective, randomized study, we investigated the use of IgM-enriched immunoglobulin therapy in neonatal sepsis. Two groups of 30 infants each (matched for gestational age, sex, weight, and other variables) were randomly allocated to receive either antibiotics alone (control group) or antibiotics plus 5 mL/kg/d for four days of IgM-enriched immunoglobulin intravenously (immunotherapy group). Mortality from sepsis in the control group was 20% (6/30), while in the immunotherapy group it was 3.3% (1/30). We conclude that IgM-enriched immunoglobulin therapy in conjunction with antibiotic therapy significantly reduces mortality from neonatal sepsis.     

Use of myeloid colony-stimulating factors in neonates with septicemia

Bacterial sepsis is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Successful management of neonatal sepsis requires early diagnosis, appropriate antimicrobial treatment, and aggressive intensive care. However, even when steps are taken appropriately, mortality rates can be high, particularly among certain subgroups, such as extremely preterm neonates and neonates with neutropenia. Multiple factors contribute to the increased susceptibility of neonates to infection, including developmental quantitative and qualitative neutrophil defects. Studies of infected animal and human neonates suggest that the use of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) or recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) can partially counterbalance these defects and thereby reduce morbidity and mortality. However, the body of clinical evidence is currently not sufficient to recommend rhG-CSF or rhGM-CSF administration confidently as routine adjunctive treatment for neonates with sepsis.     

Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in neonatal neutropenia

Neutropenia in neonates is often associated with sepsis, prematurity and maternal hypertension with increased risk of mortality. We describe two neonates with neutropenia treated with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor. The total and absolute neutrophil counts showed a marked response and led to a favourable outcome. Human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor may be used as an adjuvant therapy for neonatal neutropenia of different aetiologies.     

乳铁蛋白与早产儿坏死性小肠结肠炎

坏死性小肠结肠炎是早产儿常见主要并发症之一,具有较高的病死率和发病率,可以导致多种远期并发症,如短肠综合征、全身感染、眼部疾病、营养不良和神经系统发育障碍等.乳铁蛋白是母乳中的一种成分,具有抗细菌、抗病毒、抗真菌、增强免疫力等多种作用.新近许多研究评估了乳铁蛋白防治坏死性小肠结肠炎的效果和安全性.应用乳铁蛋白预防和治疗坏死性小肠结肠炎对于提高早产儿的预后具有很重要作用.     

新生儿脓毒症研究进展

新生儿脓毒症是新生儿期细菌或真菌侵入血液循环并在其中生长繁殖,产生毒素所造成的全身性感染.目前该类疾病的发病率和病死率仍占新生儿感染性疾病首位.根据新生儿自身特点该类疾病的临床表现不明显,给临床带来了一系列问题.本文就新生儿脓毒症的流行病学、病因、病理生理、临床特点及与成人脓毒性休克的异同点等方面作一综述,以加深对新生儿脓毒症的认识.