160例中心静脉留置导管在血液透析中的应用

目的:探讨血液透析患者暂时和永久性中心静脉留置导管在慢性肾衰竭血液透析治疗中的应用.方法:2001年1月～2003年10月,我科行单针双腔导管留置行血液透析160例,其中暂时中心静脉导管148例,颈内静脉122例,锁骨下静脉8例,股静脉置管18例;永久性中心静脉置管12例,颈内静脉1例,锁骨下静脉11例.分析不同置管方法其临床并发症的发生率及处理方法.结果:暂时中心静脉置管与永久性置管相比,各种并发症发生率高.颈内静脉置管与锁骨下静脉置管相比,各种并发症发生率无明显差别,但颈内因操作相对安全,在临床应用更广泛.结论:暂时中心静脉置管对紧急血液透析患者,因操作简便,并发症低,并能提供稳定血流量,为临床造瘘提供了时间,从而广泛使用.永久性中心静脉置管留置时间长,并发症低,对血管条件差,无法行动静脉瘘、血管移植术或人造血管植入术,或手术失败,预计存活时间在2～3年内的老年体弱患者,为一理想的选择.     

长期颈内静脉双腔留置导管在血液透析中的护理

为分析颈内静脉留置双腔导管在血液透析过程中的应用、相关并发症的预防及处理，评价长期留置双腔导管的优缺点，2002年10月至2007年10月，我院血液透析中心应用颈内静脉双腔留置导管行血液透析病人共28例。介绍如下。     

血液透析中应用双腔带涤纶套长期留置管观察

目的：研究双腔带涤纶套长期留置管手术及其在血液透析中的使用技术及并发症的处理.方法：应用Seldinger技术和撕脱型扩张导管法行颈内静脉带涤纶套中心静脉导管留置术,对2009年5月-2013年4月期间行该方法治疗的109例患者相关并发症进行观察和治疗.结果：共109例.经右侧颈内静脉置管101例次,超声检查提示右侧颈内静脉狭窄或堵塞,经左侧颈内静脉置管8例.其他原因死亡11例,行肾移植6例,改腹透治疗4例,血流下降无法满足透析需要拔管5例,管路自行脱落2例,感染12例,因感染经处理后无效拔管8例.结论：（1）充分的术前准备、熟练的操作技术、良好的维护是导管成功留置的关键;（2）双腔带涤纶套长期留置导管是一种快速、简便、安全、有效的血管通路.     

锁骨下静脉置管在血液透析中应用分析

目的：探讨临时锁骨下静脉置管的安全性。方法：回顾分析1992年1月～2010年10月,经锁骨下静脉置管、进行血液透析之尿毒症患者的导管相关性并发症的发生率。结果：927例患者共行965次临时锁骨下静脉置管。一次置管成功率95.1%,换位后100%成功。导管留置共39860导管天,平均（45±12.57）d。发生急性并发症11例次,发生率1.14%。出口感染67例次,菌血症73例次,发生率各为1.68次及1.83次/1000导管天;无导管隧道感染;症状性深静脉梗阻42例次,发生率4.35%。结论：锁骨下静脉置管可替代颈内静脉作为血液透析临时通路,今后还需要大样本多中心临床对照研究来证实。     

维持性血液透析患者中心静脉置管临床观察

经皮中心静脉留置双腔导管是建立血液净化通路的有效方法。因其具有操作简便、实用、创伤小的优点而广泛应用于临床，尤其适用于造瘘困难、造瘘失败的患者。本文回顾性分析我院血液净化室56例维持性血液透析患者行永久性双腔中心静脉置管的方法及其并发症，现报道如下。     

14例长期中心静脉留置导管更换原因分析

随着血液透析技术的进步,维持性血液透析的患者越来越多,而且寿命越来越长,保证血管通路的通畅永远是血液透析患者进行血液透析的最重要前提.维持性血液透析的患者当中因血管条件差导致动静脉内瘘无法建立或者无法长期维持的不在少数,而长期中心静脉留置带有涤纶环的双腔导管能满足血液透析所需的血流要求,目前已广泛应用.但是,在长期中心静脉留置导管的使用过程中,往往有各种原因导致更换导管,现就我科2010年6月~2012年6月14例更换长期中心静脉留置导管的患者进行总结,以探讨对长期中心静脉留置导管更好的维护,延长长期中心静脉留置导管的使用寿命.     

带涤纶套血液透析导管在透析中的应用

目的:观察带涤纶套血液透析导管的血液透析患者使用及并发症情况.方法:以我院2006年1月至2009年3月留置带涤纶套血液透析导管经左侧锁骨下静脉置管的35例患者为研究对象,收集其临床资料,分析置管后血栓形成和导管相关性感染的发生情况.结果:35例经左锁骨下静脉置管全部成功,导管置入后X线下复查全部位于上腔静脉与右心房交界处,置管成功率为100%.血流量均大于200ml/min,导管连续使用12月以上10例,6月以上18例,超过3月7例.共发生导管内血栓形成9例(占25.7%),其中合并其它部位血栓形成3例(占8.5%),左锁骨下静脉内血栓形成3例,其中1例同时合并上腔静脉内血栓形成和左颈内静脉内血栓形成.导管相关性感染2例(5.7%).结论:带涤纶套血液透析导管的置入可解决许多不适合进行造瘘手术且外周血管条件差的患者的血管通路问题.锁骨下静脉置管同样安全和方便.     

长期性留置带涤纶套双腔导管在血液透析中的使用及护理

目的:探讨慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)患者长期性留置带涤纶套双腔导管行血液透析(HD)的并发症及护理.方法:对2006年7月～2010年10月6例使用长期性留置带涤纶套双腔导管的患者血液透析例情况和护理做一小结,介绍留置导管的适应证、置管方法、导管的护理操作、导管使用不当的因素以及常见并发症.结果:6例患者共2976次治疗期间,其中1例全身感染,经抗感染治疗无效而把拔管,其余5例全部在维持血透,并发局部感染1次,血流不畅2例共11次,微血栓形成73次,无一例因导管功能失效而拔管.与使用动静脉内瘘患者相比,血液透析充分性无显著差异.结论:使用长期性留置带涤纶套双腔导管行血液透析,医护人员严格的无菌操作、正确的使用导管和封管、对患者针对预防并发症的健康宣教是保证患者延长导管使用寿命的关键.     

血液透析患者中心静脉阻塞性疾病的介入治疗

中心静脉阻塞性疾病( CVO)包括中心静脉狭窄及闭塞,是血液净化通路相关的严重并发症,在血液透析患者中的发生率可达到25％～40％[1].我国血液透析患者长期血管通路建立时机普遍较晚,中心静脉置管广泛应用,且留置时间偏长,容易导致CVO,严重影响透析充分性及生活质量.因此,我们通过分析10例临床疑诊CVO患者的资料,探讨CVO的诊断线索及治疗方法.     

血液透析长期导管并发症的护理

血液透析患者维持血透使用的长期中心静脉留置导管（以下简称长期导管）在建立及应用过程中常出现血栓形成、导管感染、纤维鞘、导管打折及位置异常等多种并发症,严重影响置管寿命。正确的护理操作是减少导管相关并发症的关键,早期防治并发症对于维持并延长长期导管功能、提高透析患者生活质量和生存率至关重要。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

Single center experience in single-incision laparoscopic surgery in children in Turkey

Purpose

Minimally invasive surgery has evolved into single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) in the recent years. Few reports have addressed the practicality of SILS in children. Our current experience with regard to feasibility and effectiveness of SILS in children is presented.

Methods

A retrospective review of the operative database for patients operated on using SILS in our department from March 2009 to July 2010 was performed. Data regarding the type of the procedure, age, sex, operative performance, hospital stay, and complications were collected.

Main Results

Among 43 patients, cholecystectomy was performed in 11; appendectomy, in 10; unroofing for ovarian cysts, in 5; unroofing for splenic cysts, in 4; oophorectomy, in 6 (ovarian torsion, 2; teratoma, 4); ovary-preserving teratoma excision, in 1; splenectomy, in 1; gonadectomy, in 3; and varicocelectomy, in 2. There were no conversions to standard laparoscopic or open techniques. The only postoperative complication was a wound infection that occurred after an appendectomy.

Conclusion

Although currently more expensive, SILS can be performed in children in almost every pediatric surgical procedure that can be accomplished with conventional laparoscopic techniques. The most significant contribution of SILS procedure is cosmesis. Postoperative pain and length of hospital stay were not improved.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.