Alzheimer病与血管性痴呆临床特点的对照研究

目的 比较Alzheimer病(AD)与血管性痴呆(VD)的临床特点。方法 通过详细收集临床资料，并用痴呆严重程度临床评定量表(CDR)、简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)评定，对38例AD与30例VD患者的发病情况、行为、精神症状特点、认知功能、日常生活能力等进行比较。结果 VD患者多急性发病、呈阶梯性病程、伴有高血压和卒中史；AD患者脑电图改变主要是双额叶及双枕叶的节律改变，以θ波及δ波为主要活动，而VD患者以不对称为主要表现；抑郁、焦虑、欣快的发生率VD患者明显高于AD患者，而幻觉、妄想、饮食障碍则明显低于AD患者；时间定向、地点定向、物体命名评分AD患者明显低于VD患者，而图形描述评分高于VD患者；AD和VD患者存在着躯体生活、工具使用能力下降的不平衡，VD患者躯体生活能力下降更明显。结论 AD与VD患者的临床特点不同，发病基础、行为、精神症状、认知功能、智能障碍、日常生活能力的评价及CT和脑电图的检查等对痴呆的诊断与鉴别诊断均具有重要价值。     

阿尔茨海默病和血管性痴呆的精神行为症状

目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease，AD)和血管性痴呆(vascular dementia，VD)患者的精神行为症状特点及对早期诊断的价值。方法 对80例AD和72例VD的精神行为症状进行分类、比较和分析。结果 VD患者焦虑(P＝0．0024)和抑郁(P＝0．0059)的发生率显著高于AD患者，AD患者则以无目的闲逛(P＝0．0018)明显多见；而情感失控和情绪不稳的发生率在两组痴呆患者中无明显差异。结论 AD和VD患者的精神行为改变各有其不同特点，这对二者的早期诊断和鉴别诊断有一定帮助。     

阿尔茨海默病与血管性痴呆患者精神行为症状和认知功能损害的比较

目的:探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)和血管性痴呆(VD)患者精神行为症状和认知功能损害特点。方法:分析53例AD患者(AD组)及49例VD患者(VD组)近1个月精神行为症状及发生率;采用简明精神状态检查(MMSE)、世界卫生组织-加利福尼亚大学听觉词语学习测验(WHO-UCLA AVLT)和画钟测验(CDT)评估两组患者的认知功能。结果:AD组攻击行为、行为紊乱发生率明显高于VD组,抑郁发生率明显低于VD组(P均0.05);AD组MMSE中记忆、言语能力评分显著低于VD组,注意力评分显著高于VD组(P均0.05);AD组WHO-UCLA AVLT中延时记忆、长时记忆评分显著低于VD组(P均0.05);两组间CDT评分差异无统计学意义。结论:AD患者较VD患者有更多的攻击行为及行为紊乱,认知功能损害以记忆、言语能力下降更重;VD患者较多出现抑郁症状,注意力损害更明显。     

阿尔茨海默病和血管性痴呆的临床症状研究

目的：了解阿尔茨海默病(AD)和血管性痴呆(VD)患者不同严重程度痴呆时临床症状。方法：认知功能测试量表采用简易智力状态检查(MMSE)、日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)，精神行为症状采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、老年临床评定量表(SCAG)对住院AD157例及VD150例进行测试。结果：两组患者有不同程度的认知功能障碍及精神行为症状。AD组患者认知功能较差，VD组患者躯体生活自理较差。结论：不同严重程度的AD和VD患者临床症状有差异。     

Alzheimer病与血管性痴呆的认知及生活功能变化的随访研究

目的　探讨Alzheimer病(AD)与血管性痴呆(VD)的认知功能和生活功能的衰退模式。方法　入组时、1年后,采用痴呆严重程度临床评定量表(CDR)、简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)、生活功能量表(ADL)对住院的Alzheimer病与血管性痴呆患者进行检查。患者出院1 年后对原有样本进行面检随访研究,并同时进行上述量表的测查,并分析对认知功能及生活功能的影响因素。结果　1年后AD病死率为3.45%(2/58)、VD病死率为12.12%(4/33)。入组时AD与VD组比较,各痴呆严重程度之间、MMSE总分差异无显著意义(均P>0.05),两者均以记忆力的减退最为明显, 1年后AD组MMSE总分及地点定向、图形描述因子分下降较为显著(P<0.05),而VD组MMSE总分及个因子分下降不明显(均P>0.05),AD组ADL总分及躯体生活功能、工具性生活功能因子分均有不同程度的升高(P<0.05),而VD组ADL总分及躯体生活功能、工具性生活功能因子分没有明显的变化(均P>0.05)。MMSE分与年龄、病程、GDS评级正相关,与ADL总分负相关,ADL总分与年龄、病程、GDS评级正相关,与MMSE分负相关。反映VD患者的空间感知能力损害较AD患者更为明显。结论　AD与VD患者的认知功能和日常生活能力减退各具其特点,这些特点有助于AD和VD的诊断和治疗。     

经影像学支持的阿尔茨海默病与血管性痴呆的临床比较研究

目的研究阿尔茨海默病(AD)和血管性痴呆(VD)的临床特征,寻找鉴别诊断的有效方法.方法共125例AD患者和97例VD患者,包括北京协和医院的门诊痴呆患者171例和流行病学调查中受访的痴呆患者51例,AD患者均有头颅MRI资料,VD患者都有头颅MRI或CT资料.按照美国精神医学会的<精神障碍诊断和统计手册>第四版(DSM-Ⅳ)标准诊断痴呆,很可能AD采用美国神经病学、语言障碍和卒中-老年性痴呆和相关疾病学会(NINCDS-ADRDA)标准,很可能VD采用美国国立神经病与卒中研究所/瑞士神经科学国际协会(NINDS-AIREN)标准.比较AD和VD患者在认知功能、行为症状、日常活动能力和影像学方面的差异,采用Logistic二元多重回归模型确定鉴别诊断的有效指标.结果不同痴呆阶段的AD和VD患者具有不同的临床特征,两者间的鉴别指标随痴呆进展而变化轻度AD患者学习能力较VD患者减退明显(Fuld物体记忆储存分分别为6.3±2.4、8.0±1.7,P=0.040),鉴别中度AD和VD患者的有效指标是注意力(数字广度测验倒背分分别为2.2±1.4、1.0±1.2,P=0.004)和综合语言能力(简易智能状态检查法综合语言能力分分别为6.3±1.1、5.3±1.7,P=0.001),重度AD患者以短时记忆减退(Fuld物体记忆总分分别为3.1±1.7、6.0±4.3,P=0.046)为著.轻中度AD患者在理财和打电话上逊于VD患者,VD患者则在与肢体活动有关的日常活动中表现退步(均P<0.05).重度VD患者的日常生活活动能力总分明显低于同阶段AD患者(49.3±14.8,62.4±14.9,P=0.032).重复收敛行为是鉴别中重度AD和VD患者的有效指标(均P<0.05).结论 AD和VD具有不同的临床特征.两者的差别是由各自的病变性质、部位和病理生理机制所决定的.     

老年性阿尔茨海默病与血管性痴呆患者的行为和精神症状的比较

目的探讨阿尔茨海默病痴呆患者的行为和精神症状。方法选取本院2011年5月至2015年5月诊治的痴呆性老年患者80例,其中血管性痴呆(VD)患者40例为VD组,阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者40例为AD组,均行AD行为评分表(Behave-AD)评定,比较两组患者的行为和精神症状。结果 AD组患者偏执和妄想发生率、行为紊乱发生率、攻击行为发生率、焦虑和恐惧发生率均明显高于VD组,AD组患者偏执和妄想评分、行为紊乱评分、攻击行为评分、焦虑和恐惧评分、总评分均明显高于VD组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。AD组患者幻觉发生率高于VD组,AD组患者日间节律紊乱发生率、情感障碍发生率均低于VD组,AD组患者幻觉评分高于VD组,AD组患者日间节律紊乱评分、情感障碍评分均低于VD组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 AD患者偏执和妄想、行为紊乱、攻击行为、焦虑和恐惧等病症较为严重,其发生机制可能与AD患者存在较明显的额-枕叶萎缩有关。     

阿尔茨海默病与血管性痴呆患者精神行为症状的对照研究

目的探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)与血管性痴呆(VD)患者精神行为症状(BPSD)的阳性检出率及差异。方法选取2011年1月-2014年6月在临沂市精神卫生中心住院的痴呆患者,均符合美国精神病学会《精神障碍诊断和统计手册(第4版)》(DSM-Ⅳ)AD和VD诊断标准,其中AD患者102例,VD患者100例,采用简易精神状态评定量表(MMSE)及神经精神问卷(NPI)进行测评。结果 AD和VD患者BPSD阳性检出率分别为92.16%和86.00%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.972,P0.05)。AD组幻觉、激越、淡漠、易激惹、异常运动行为、睡眠夜间行为的阳性检出率高于VD组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05或0.01),VD组抑郁症状检出率高于AD组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论 AD和VD患者BPSD存在差异,对BPSD测评可能有助于AD和VD的鉴别。     

阿尔茨海默病与血管性痴呆病人的脑CT及镜像书写研究

目的　比较阿尔茨海默病(AD)与血管性痴呆(VD)病人的脑CT及镜像书写。方法　采用经线测定法对29例AD及32例VD病人的脑CT进行了对比分析,同时对全数病例进行了利手、简明精神状态量表(MMSE)Hachinski缺血量表及总体衰退量表测定,采用汉语失语症检查法(草案)中书写部分进行检查,并将所得结果加以比较。结果　①AD组病人的两脉络球间距离与侧脑室体部间最大外经之商和头颅内横经与侧脑室体部间最大外经之商均值均明显较VD组病人为小(P<0 .01 )。第三脑室和外侧裂最大宽度则明显较VD组病人为大(P<0 .01)。②AD组病人的镜像书写发生率为48 .3%,明显低于VD组病人的78. 1% (P<0 .05 );而镜像书写分度为(5. 71±3 .69),明显高于VD组病人的(3 .78±3.14) (P<0 .05)。结论　AD及VD病人的脑CT及镜像书写各有其特点,可有助于两种疾病的诊断及鉴别。     

痴呆患者心理和行为症状特征以及利培酮疗效的研究

目的　比较痴呆各亚型心理和行为症状 (BPSD)的特征 ,评价利培酮治疗BPSD疗效与安全性 ,探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平与BPSD的关系。方法　采用Alzheimer病行为症状评定量表 (BEHAVE AD)、Cohen Masfield激惹性问卷 (CMAI)评定阿尔茨海默病 (AD)、阿尔茨海默病混合型 (MD)、血管性痴呆 (VD)各 3 0例和正常对照组 3 0名的BPSD。 66例痴呆患者应用利培酮 (1 5mg/d)治疗 6周。采用副反应量表 (TESS)评价副反应。采用高压毛细管电泳紫外检测法测定经 2 ,4一二硝基氟苯 (DNFB)衍生后的血浆Hcy水平。结果　AD患者激惹、焦虑与恐惧发生率较高 ,VD患者无目的游荡发生率和严重程度均较低 ,MD患者BPSD症状无特异性。利培酮能明显改善痴呆患者BPSD ,且不损害认知功能 ,副反应主要为轻度嗜睡 ,肌强直 ,震颤。AD、MD和VD患者血浆Hcy浓度均显著高于正常对照组 ,血浆高Hcy水平的痴呆患者BEHAVE AD总分较高。结论　AD、VD患者BPSD症状有特异性 ,MD患者BPSD表现无特异性。利培酮能有效改善痴呆患者BPSD且安全。血浆高Hcy水平在痴患者BPSD的发病机制中可能起重要作用。     

阿尔茨海默病与脑血管性痴呆临床特征比较

目的：比较阿尔茨海默病（AD）与脑血管性痴呆（VD）的临床特征。方法：按ICD-10诊断标准收集68例AD患者和89例VD患者，使用问卷调查，痴呆精神行为症状（BPSD）及认知功能筛查量表（CASIC-2.0)评定。结果：AD在性别，受教育程度，认知功能，BPSD等方面与VD有显著差异。结论：阿尔茨海默病与血管性痴呆的临床特征有各种差异。     

BPSD Patterns in Patients With Severe Neuropsychiatric Disturbances: Insight From the RECAGE Study

ObjectiveBehavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) profiles vary depending on etiology in patients with mild-to-moderate BPSD. It is not known if similar differences exist in patients with severe BPSD.MethodsWe analyzed data collected at baseline in 398 patients with severe BPSD (NPI ≥ 32) and defined diagnosis of dementia (Alzheimer's disease [AD] 297; frontotemporal dementia [FTD] 39; Lewy body disease/Parkinsonian dementia [LBD/PD] 31; and vascular dementia [VD] 31) included in the European multicenter cohort RECAGE.ResultsMean total NPI was 52.11 (18.55). LBD/PD patients demonstrated more hallucinations, more anxiety and more delusions than patients with other dementia. FTD patients had less delusions and more disinhibition than patients with other neurodegenerative disorders. These profiles overlapped partially with those reported in the literature in patients with less severe symptoms.ConclusionPatients with severe BPSD display different and specific profiles of neuropsychiatric symptoms depending on dementia etiology.     

Behavioral and Psychological Signs and Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) in antipsychotic-naïve Alzheimer's Disease patients

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: There were few studies identifying the natural unfolding of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression in antipsychotic-naive AD patients. This study aims to examine the specific nature of the association between BPSD in AD and the global severity of illness measured by Global Deterioration Scale(GDS) in antipsychotic-naive AD patients in Korea. METHODS: A total of 562 antipsychotics-naive AD patients were recruited from four different groups [a geriatric mental hospital (n = 145), a semi-hospitalized dementia institution (n = 120), a dementia clinic (n = 114) and community-dwelling dementia patients (n = 183)]. BPSD exhibited by AD patients were measured using the 25-item Korean version of the BEHAVE-AD. RESULTS: Ninety-two percent (n = 517) of AD patients had at least one BPSD, while 56% (n=315) had 4 or more BPSD. Specific kinds of behavioral disturbance peak at the stages of moderate AD (GDS stage 5) or moderately severe AD (GDS stage 6). AD patients left at home without any treatment had higher frequency of BPSD than did other groups seeking treatment, although all of them were antipsychotic-naive. CONCLUSION: BPSD potentially remediable to treatment were highly frequent in Korean AD patients. Health policies to meet the unmet needs of elderly Koreans are urgently needed, especially for AD patients at home without treatment.     

Study of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in Taiwan

The behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are common serious problems that affect the quality of life for both the patients with such symptoms as well as their caregivers. BPSD present a major challenge in the medical management of patients and are the major cause of institutionalization. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia in Taiwan. I performed a systematic literature review on BPSD studies and found that Taiwanese patients with AD exhibit many of the BPSD. Studies showed that between 30% and 63% of Taiwan's AD patients experienced delusion. Hallucination occurred less frequently, which ranged from 21% to 26%. Anxiety occurred in 35-76% of patients and depression 22-50%, sleep abnormalities 26-61% and 39-46%. The differences in the prevalence of BPSD might result from the different clinical settings and evaluation instruments. The prevalence and clinical manifestations of BPSD in Taiwan are similar to Western reports and it suggests that most of BPSD are neurobiologically determined. Based on differing cultural backgrounds, the interpretation of agitation and apathy might differ, so, the development of cross-cultural applicable criteria and rating scales for the assessment and treatment of BPSD are important for future studies.     

Behavioural and psychological symptoms of Alzheimer type dementia are not correlated with plasma homocysteine concentration

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies have been associated with cognitive impairment and various psychiatric symptoms but not specifically with behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). A limitation of previous studies in dementia was lack of concurrent homocysteine measurement especially as it may provide a better indicator of tissue activities of these vitamins. This study was designed to clarify whether a relationship exists between plasma homocysteine concentration and BPSD. METHODS: Plasma homocysteine, serum vitamin B12 and folate were measured in 23 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with BPSD and 27 AD patients without BPSD as determined through the use of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Blood levels of measured substances were also correlated with individual NPI scores and with cumulative NPI scores for different cluster of symptoms. RESULTS: There was no significant difference (p = 0.956) in the mean plasma homocysteine levels between AD patients with BPSD (17.48 micromol/l) and AD patients without BPSD (17.34 micromol/l). Similarly, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the mean serum B12 (382.61 and 391.60 pg/ml, respectively) and folate (7.95 and 10.02 ng/ml, respectively). Mean levels for both vitamins were well within the laboratory reference range. Neither individual nor cluster NPI scores correlated significantly with plasma homocysteine. CONCLUSION: This study shows for the first time that BPSD are not associated with hyperhomocysteinaemia in Alzheimer dementia. Although previous studies have identified homocysteine as an independent risk factor in AD, the results reported here do not lend weight to an aetiological role for homocysteine specifically in BPSD.     

Drug therapy of dementia in elderly patients. A review

Today drug therapy of dementia in elderly patients is possible. Owing to a huge increase in the number of elderly people throughout the Western world in the coming years, evidence-based treatment of dementia in this group is needed. The article reviews double-blind, randomized trials on the effect in dementia of donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine up to 2003. A total of 27 studies were included. Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine improve cognition and the global level of functioning in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). Most evidence exists for donepezil and galantamine. The effect of rivastigmine is best documented in Lewy body dementia (LB). Galantamine, memantine and donepezil may improve cognition in vascular dementia (VD). Galantamine may improve behavioural psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). No solid evidence for drug therapy in severe dementia exists. Elderly patients with mild to moderate AD should be offered drug therapy. One should also consider expanding the indication of dementia treatment to LB and VD. An international consensus on what primary efficacy variables to use is needed.