Role of serotonin signaling in depression-like behavior induced by increased blood pressure variability in rats

OBJECTIVE To investigate depressionlike behavior caused by the increase in blood pressure variability and mechanisms involving serotonin signaling.METHODS Adult male SD rats were divided into two groups: the sham control and sinoaortic denervation(SAD). All the rats were examined for three different of behaviors using sucrose preference and forced swimming tests two weeks after sham or SAD surgery. The expression levels of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase(IDO),total and phosphorylated P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(P38MAPK, p-P38MAPK) were detected in the hippocampus using Western blotting, while the level of serotonin was analyzed by ELISA kit and serotonin transporter activities were measured using ASP assay.RESULTS Compared with the sham control, the SAD rats showed longer immobility time in the forced swimming test, and lower sucrose preference rate. The level of serotonin was reduced while IDO, p-P38MAPK and serotonin transporter activities were increased in the hippocampus of SAD rats. CONCLUSION Increased blood pressure variability causes depression-like behavior in rats, which is likely mediated by serotonin signaling.     

枳壳提取物抗抑郁作用及其机制探讨

目的：探讨枳壳乙醇提取物对慢性轻度不可预见性的应激（CUMS）大鼠干预作用及其机制。方法：通过21dCUMS方法建立抑郁模型,造模的同时灌胃枳壳乙醇提取物（5、10和20g／kg）。采用糖水偏好和强迫游泳评价大鼠抑郁行为,以胃排空和肠推力评价大鼠胃动力变化,采集全血测皮质酮（COR）,采用逆转录一聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）法测定海马糖皮质激素受体（GR）、盐皮质受体（MR）inRNA、皮层和海马的脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）ITIRNA表达。结果：与模型组比较,枳壳10、20g／kg显著提高抑郁大鼠的糖水偏好（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,显著延长强迫游泳测试中的不动时间（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。枳壳20g／kg显著提高大鼠胃动力（P〈0．05）。枳壳10、20g／kg显著上调海马GRmR—NA表达,降低血浆COR浓度,并上调皮层和海马的BDNFmRNA表达水平（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论：枳壳乙醇提取物的抗抑郁作用可能与提高大鼠胃动力,上调海马GRmRNA、皮层和海马的BDNFmRNA表达有关。     

Orcinol glucoside produces antidepressant effects by blocking the behavioural and neuronal deficits caused by chronic stress

This study focused on the antidepressant potential of orcinol glucoside (OG) and its possible mechanisms of action. We established a depressed rat model using 3 consecutive weeks of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). The antidepressant-like effect of OG was revealed using the sucrose preference test, the open field test, the forced swimming test (FST), and the tail suspension test (TST). The activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis was evaluated by detecting the serum corticosterone (CORT) concentrations and mRNA expression of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the hypothalamus. The protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and total phosphorylated-ERK1/2 were detected by western blot. The results showed that OG treatment (1.5, 3, or 6 mg/kg) alleviated the depression-like behaviour of rats under CUMS, as indicated by the increased sucrose preference and the decreased immobility in both the FST and TST, although the rearing frequency in the open field test increased only in the group that received the lowest dose (1.5 mg/kg OG). Rats that received OG treatment exhibited reduced serum CORT levels and CRH mRNA expression in the hypothalamus, suggesting that the hyperactivity of the HPA axis in CUMS rats was reversed by OG treatment. Moreover, OG treatment upregulated the protein levels of BDNF and phosphorylated-ERK1/2 in the hippocampus, even above control levels. Our findings suggest that OG improved depressive behaviour in CUMS rats by downregulating HPA axis hyperactivity and increasing BDNF expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the hippocampus.     

Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylate cyclase prevents depression-like behaviour in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress

Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder. It is well established that endogenous nitric oxide (NO) contributes to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)‐induced depression. The aim of this study was to investigate brain‐derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) expression in CUMS‐induced depression‐like behaviour in rats. Rats were exposed to CUMS for 5 weeks. A specific and selective nNOS inhibitor, 3‐bromo‐7‐nitroindazole (3‐Br‐7‐NI; 20 mg/kg/day, i.p.), and a specific soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitor, 1H‐(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3‐a)quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ; 10 mg/kg/day, i.p.), were administered during CUMS. The forced swimming test (FST) was used to assess despair and sucrose consumption, and sucrose preference test was used to assess anhedonia that are the main symptoms of the depression. We show that both 3‐Br‐7‐NI and ODQ administration during CUMS suppressed CUMS‐induced, depression‐like behavioural changes, including reduced sucrose preference, body‐weight and locomotor activity as well as increased immobility time in the FST. CUMS also significantly decreased BDNF protein levels in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, which was reversed by 3‐Br‐7‐NI and ODQ administration. Our findings suggest a novel role for nNOS and sGC‐cGMP in the development of the CUMS model of depression.     

吴茱萸次碱对慢性不可预见性温和刺激诱导大鼠的抗抑郁作用及其机制研究

目的研究吴茱萸次碱对慢性不可预见性温和刺激(CUMS)诱导的大鼠抑郁模型的作用及其机制。方法将大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、氟西汀组(1 mg/kg)和吴茱萸次碱低、高剂量(10、20 mg/kg)组,每组10只,除对照组外,其他各组动物连续复制CUMS模型28d,在造模的第15天开始每天ig给药1次,连续14d。记录大鼠体质量,通过糖水偏好实验、旷场实验、强迫游泳实验检测各组大鼠的行为学,并检测大脑海马5-羟色胺(5-HT)和去甲肾上腺素(NA)水平及脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)m RNA表达水平。结果与模型组比较,吴茱萸次碱高低剂量组均能显著抑制大鼠体质量下降(P0.05);与模型组比较,吴茱萸次碱高剂量组大鼠的糖水偏好度、大鼠穿越格数和中央格停留时间明显增加(P0.05);与模型组比较,吴茱萸次碱高低剂量组大鼠强迫游泳不动时间明显减少(P0.05、0.01);与模型组比较,吴茱萸次碱高剂量组大鼠海马中5-HT、NA水平和BDNF mRNA表达明显增加(P0.05、0.01)。结论吴茱萸次碱具有一定的抗抑郁效果,其机制可能与其提高大鼠海马单胺神经递质水平、增加BDNF mRNA的表达有关。     

右美托咪定通过调节CX3CL1-CX3CR1信号通路对老年大鼠肝部分切除术后认知功能障碍的改善作用研究

目的 观察右美托咪定通过调节CX3CL1-CX3CR1信号通路对老年大鼠肝部分切除术术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的改善作用.方法 60只SPF级老年SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、阳性对照组、右美托咪定组和CX3CL1抗体+右美托咪定组.阳性对照组大鼠于术前3 d给予布洛芬混悬液35 mg/kg,ig给药,8 h/次...     

癫痫大鼠颞叶和海马区PX1mRNA与CX36mRNA表达及甘珀酸的干预

目的观察戊四氮点燃大鼠颞叶和海马区PX1mRNA和CX36mRNA的表达及阻断剂甘珀酸的干预作用。方法 K组、CBX、NS组SD大鼠各10只,K组、CBX组用PTZ点燃,再分别用生理盐水CBX干预3d,NS组注射生理盐水。观察3组大鼠的行为变化,采用RT-PCR方法观察颞叶和海马区PX1mRNA和CX36mRNA的表达。结果①K组,CBX组28d左右均达到点燃,NS组大鼠行为学无变化。②PX1mRNA在海马和颞叶的表达均为K组〉CBX组〉NS组（P〈0.05）,各组海马区的表达高于颞叶（P〈0.05）。CX36mRNA在海马和颞叶的表达均为K组〉CBX组〉NS组（P〈0.05）,各组颞叶的表达高于海马区（P〈0.05）。结论 PX1和CX36可能参与癫痫的发生发展,其阻断剂CBX有潜在的抗惊厥作用。     

Lamotrigine treatment reverses depressive-like behavior and alters BDNF levels in the brains of maternally deprived adult rats

Lamotrigine is an anticonvulsant and has an antiglutamatergic action, which may contribute to its antidepressant effects, since glutamate has been linked to depression. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the behavioral and molecular effects of lamotrigine treatment in maternally deprived rats. To this aim, deprived and non-deprived male rats were treated with lamotrigine (20 mg/kg) once a day for 14 days during their adult phase. Their behavior was then assessed in the forced swimming and open field tests. In addition to this, the BDNF and NGF levels were assessed in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. In the course of this study we demonstrated that maternally deprived rats treated with saline and lamotrigine showed an increase in their immobility time and a decrease in the climbing and swimming times when compared with non-deprived rats treated with saline alone. Treatment with lamotrigine reversed the increase in the immobility time in the deprived rats. The BDNF levels were decreased in the amygdala in deprived rats treated with saline, and treatment with lamotrigine reversed this decrease. The NGF levels were decreased in the hippocampus in deprived rats treated with saline, but treatment with lamotrigine did not reverse this decrease. In conclusion, lamotrigine showed antidepressant effects in the forced swimming test, and it presented positive effects on the BDNF protein levels in the amygdala of maternally deprived rats.     

氨磺必利通过TLR/NLR通路对慢性应激抑郁大鼠的改善作用研究

目的 观察氨磺必利对抑郁症大鼠行为的影响,并探究其对大鼠海马组织Toll样受体(TLR)/NOD样受体(NLR)通路相关蛋白表达的影响.方法 将SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组及低、中、高剂量(0.3、1.2、4.8 g/kg)氨磺必利组,每组10只,除对照组外,其他各组大鼠给予8周慢性温和不可预知应激(CUMS)刺激制...     

难治性癫痫患者致痫灶中CX43的表达

目的探讨由CX43组成的缝隙连接在难治性癫痫患者致痫灶脑组织中的表达,为难治性癫痫的临床研究及治疗提供新的思路。方法以24例行手术治疗的难治性癫痫患者为实验组,6例脑外伤急诊手术患者为对照组,采集其手术切除的致痫灶脑组织,应用免疫组织化学方法,观察CX43的表达并与对照组进行比较。结果免疫组织化学方法检测显示实验组CX43的表达高于对照组(P<0.001)。结论难治性癫痫患者致痫灶脑组织中CX43表达增高,提示CX43所形成的缝隙连接参与癫痫活动,可能在癫痫的发生、发展中发挥重要的作用。     

Behavioural signs of depression and apoptosis in the limbic system following myocardial infarction: effects of sertraline

Depression is diagnosed in 15-30% of patients following myocardial infarction (MI) and this may also be observed in the rat. We measured the effects of the antidepressant sertraline on behavioural and biochemical events following MI in a rat model. Following surgery, MI rats and sham controls were treated with sertraline (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline. Subgroups of rats were tested for behavioural depression 14 days after surgery. Apoptosis was estimated in other rats by measuring caspase-3 activity and TUNEL positive cells (3 days after surgery) in limbic structures (amygdale, hippocampus, hypothalamus, frontal and prefrontal cortices). Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was measured 14 days after surgery. Behavioural signs of depression (decreased sucrose intake and forced swimming time) were found in saline-treated MI rats but not in sertraline-treated rats. Compared with controls, caspase-3 activity and TUNEL positive cells were significantly increased in most limbic structures of MI rats. High prefrontal Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in MI rats correlated with low forced swimming time. Apoptosis was not found in sertraline-treated MI rats. These results establish the bases of a rat model of depression following MI and show for the first time that a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor prevents both behavioural and biochemical markers in this model.     

Chronic Administration of Baicalein Decreases Depression-Like Behavior Induced by Repeated Restraint Stress in Rats

Baicalein (BA), a plant-derived active flavonoid present in the root of Scutellaria baicalensis, has been widely used for the treatment of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders including depression. Previous studies have demonstrated that repeated restraint stress disrupts the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in depression. The behavioral and neurochemical basis of the BA effect on depression remain unclear. The present study used the forced swimming test (FST) and changes in brain neurotransmitter levels to confirm the impact of BA on repeated restraint stress-induced behavioral and neurochemical changes in rats. Male rats received 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg BA (i.p.) 30 min prior to daily exposure to repeated restraint stress (2 h/day) for 14 days. Activation of the HPA axis in response to repeated restraint stress was confirmed by measuring serum corticosterone levels and the expression of corticotrophin-releasing factor in the hypothalamus. Daily BA administration significantly decreased the duration of immobility in the FST, increased sucrose consumption, and restored the stress-related decreases in dopamine concentrations in the hippocampus to near normal levels. BA significantly inhibited the stress-induced decrease in neuronal tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the ventral tegmental area and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA in the hippocampus. Taken together, these findings indicate that administration of BA prior to the repeated restraint stress significantly improves helpless behaviors and depressive symptoms, possibly by preventing the decrease in dopamine and BDNF expression. Thus, BA may be a useful agent for the treatment or alleviation of the complex symptoms associated with depression.     

半夏厚朴汤抗抑郁作用——改善脑内氧化应激水平

目的：通过观察半夏厚朴汤对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠行为学和氧化应激的影响,研究半夏厚朴汤抗抑郁的机制。方法：采用强迫游泳实验、开野实验、糖水偏好实验,研究半夏厚朴汤对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠的抗抑郁作用,并通过UPLC-T-QMS系统检测其大鼠脑内单胺类神经递质的含量,部分动物取其海马制备海马匀浆,Western blotting检测超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）。结果：与空白组相比,模型组大鼠糖水消耗量显著下降,强迫游泳不动时间显著延长,交叉次数、直立次数显著减少;海马内去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺含量显著降低。与模型组相比,半夏厚朴汤组糖水消耗量显著升高,强迫游泳不动时间显著缩短。半夏厚朴汤组显著增加大鼠脑内去甲肾上腺素和5-羟色胺含量。Western blotting检测结果显示,与模型组比较,半夏厚朴汤组显著升高SOD水平,显著降低MDA水平。结论：半夏厚朴汤能明显改善慢性应激所致的大鼠抑郁行为,其机制可能与上调海马内去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺水平,增强机体抗氧化应激能力有关。     

BCEF0083对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马神经元及脑源性神经营养因子mRNA表达的影响研究

目的:研究BCEF0083对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马神经元及脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)mRNA表达的影响。方法:将大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、吗氯贝胺20mg/kg组以及BCEF0083100、50、25mg/kg组,用HE染色法观察海马神经元数目的变化,用逆转录-聚合酶链反应法检测海马BDNFmRNA的表达。结果:BCEF0083可增加慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马神经元数目及上调BDNFmRNA的表达。结论:BCEF0083的抗抑郁作用可能与增加慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马神经元数目及上调BDNFmRNA的表达有关。     

左旋薄荷酮抗抑郁作用及机制研究

目的：研究左旋薄荷酮（MTN）的抗抑郁作用及可能机制。方法：以开野实验、强迫游泳实验、悬尾实验、糖水偏好实验对ICR小鼠进行行为学观察,探讨左旋薄荷酮对抑郁模型小鼠行为学的改善作用,同时检测小鼠血清皮质酮及皮质中糖皮质激素受体（GR）、脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）含量的变化。结果：左旋薄荷酮15、30 mg·kg-1能显著缩短小鼠强迫游泳、悬尾不动时间,显著提高慢性不可预知温和刺激（CUMS）小鼠糖水偏好值,并能显著降低CUMS小鼠血清皮质酮含量、升高GR mRNA和BDNF的表达。结论：左旋薄荷酮具有抗抑郁作用,其抗抑郁机制可能与抑制下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴（HPA轴）过度活化、促进皮质BDNF的表达有关。     

曲马多预处理对氯胺酮抗抑郁作用的影响

目的:观察曲马多预处理对氯胺酮抗抑郁作用的影响。方法:32只Wistar大鼠随机分为生理盐水组(S组)、曲马多组(T组)、氯胺酮组(K组)、曲马多+氯胺酮组(T+K组)。药物预处理前1天大鼠强迫游泳15 min;预处理当天各组分别腹腔注射1 mL容积的生理盐水、曲马多5 mg.kg-1、生理盐水、曲马多5 mg.kg-1;30 min后,各组分别注射生理盐水、生理盐水、氯胺酮10 mg.kg-1、氯胺酮10 mg.kg-1;再经30 min后,行强迫游泳试验并记录其不动时间,取海马组织测定脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)及酪氨酸受体激酶B(TrkB)的含量。结果:与S组相比,K组、T+K组强迫游泳试验不动时间减少,海马BDNF及TrkB表达增加(P<0.05);与K组相比,T+K组强迫游泳试验不动时间减少,海马BDNF及TrkB表达增加(P<0.05)。结论:曲马多预处理能增强氯胺酮的抗抑郁作用,这可能与大鼠海马BDNF及TrkB表达上调有关。     

去窦弓神经大鼠的心血管及肾脏的形态学改变(英文)

目的　研究去窦弓神经 (SAD)对正常血压大鼠的血流动力学及心、肾、血管等器官病理形态学的影响。方法　采用SD大鼠施行SAD手术 ,术后 18周行股动脉插管 ,在清醒、自由活动状态下计算机实时记录 2 4h动脉收缩压、舒张压和心率 ,并计算血压波动性 (BPV)和心率波动性 (HRV)。处死动物后 ,取心、脑、肾及脾观察大体及光学显微镜下结构变化。结果　SAD术后 18周 ,SAD大鼠的血压和心率水平与假手术组相比无显著差异 ,但 2 4hBPV明显高于假手术组 ,HRV明显低于假手术组 ;大鼠心、肾及血管有明显的类似于高血压靶器官损伤的病理改变。结论　SAD可使大鼠的心、肾和血管发生类似于高血压靶器官损伤的病理改变。     

帕罗西汀抗抑郁作用涉及改善氧化应激状态、HPA轴功能和海马脑源性神经营养因子表达

目的:研究帕罗西汀抗慢性轻度不可预见刺激(CUMS)致大鼠抑郁症作用与调节氧化应激平衡和下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质(HPA)轴功能及脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)表达的关系。方法:♂SD大鼠60只,随机分为正常对照组(NG)、模型组(MG)、帕罗西汀(1.8mg.kg-1.d-1)灌胃处理模型组及对照组。采用孤养结合CUMS方式建立大鼠抑郁症模型。以开场实验及糖水消耗试验评价大鼠抑郁行为,试剂盒测定血清丙二醛(MDA)含量及过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化;放射免疫法分析血清皮质酮(CORT)浓度,RT-PCR法测定大鼠海马BDNF及下丘脑CRFmRNA表达。结果:与NG组相比,MG组大鼠在开场实验中水平得分、垂直得分和理毛次数以及糖水消耗均明显降低,血清MDA含量明显升高,SOD和CAT活性降低,血清COTR含量及下丘脑CRF表达明显升高,海马BDNF表达降低。给予帕罗西汀能够显著阻遏CUMS诱导的上述变化,但对正常组大鼠无明显影响。结论:帕罗西汀抗抑郁作用可能与减轻CUMS所致氧化应激损伤和改善HPA轴功能及阻遏神经细胞BDNF表达降低有关。     

淫羊藿苷对精神分裂症模型大鼠认知功能的改善作用及机制

目的:研究淫羊藿苷(ICA)对精神分裂症模型大鼠认知功能的改善作用及机制。方法:将SD大鼠分为空白对照组、模型组和ICA低、中、高剂量组(15、30、60 mg/kg),除空白对照组外,其余组大鼠均腹腔注射N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体拮抗剂MK-801(0.2 mg/kg)复制精神分裂症模型,每天1次,连续14天。造模成功后,ICA各剂量组大鼠灌胃相应药物,空白对照组和模型组灌胃等体积水,每天1次,连续28天。采用Morris水迷宫实验、旷场实验、强迫游泳实验和Y迷宫实验观察大鼠行为学变化;采用Nissl法染色观察大鼠海马组织病理变化;采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测大鼠脑组织中胆碱能相关指标[乙酰胆碱(Ach)、胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)]的水平;采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)法检测大鼠脑组织中脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶(ERK)、环磷腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)的mRNA的表达水平;采用Western blot法检测大鼠脑组织中BDNF、ERK、CREB蛋白和凋亡相关蛋白[B淋巴细胞瘤2(Bcl-2)及其相关X蛋白(Bax)、胱天蛋白酶3(Caspase-3)]的表达或磷酸化水平。结果:与空白组比较,模型组大鼠逃避潜伏期、T1~T3时段活动路程长度、累积不动时间和脑组织中Caspase-3蛋白的表达水平均显著增加或升高(P<0.05);穿台次数、交替率、海马组织中Nissl染色阳性神经元数以及脑组织中Ach和ChAT水平、Bcl-2/Bax比值、BDNF m RNA和蛋白的表达水平、ERK和CREB mRNA的表达水平、ERK1/2和CREB磷酸化水平均显著减少或降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,ICA高剂量组大鼠逃避潜伏期、T1~T3段活动路程长度、累积不动时间、Nissl染色阳性神经元数、脑组织中AchE水平和Caspase-3蛋白的相对表达量均显著减少或降低(P<0.05);穿台次数、交替率,脑组织中Ach和ChAT水平、Bcl-2/Bax比值、BDNF m RNA和蛋白的表达水平、ERK和CREB mRNA的表达水平、ERK1/2和CREB的磷酸化水平均显著增加或升高(P<0.05)。ICA低、中剂量组大鼠上述部分指标较模型组显著改善(P<0.05)。结论:ICA可改善精神分裂症模型大鼠的认知功能,其作用机制可能与调节胆碱能系统、抑制神经元凋亡、促进BDNF/ERK/CREB信号通路的表达有关。     

防治血管再狭窄的新靶点——缝隙连接蛋白43

缝隙连接是介导相邻细胞间离子和小分子信号物质直接交换的跨膜通道,血管平滑肌细胞中主要表达连接蛋白43(connexin43,CX43)。研究表明,CX43表达上调与平滑肌细胞的增殖、迁移及细胞外基质生成密切相关,促使血管损伤后新内膜生成,引起血管再狭窄,提示CX43可能成为血管性疾病治疗的新靶点。本文综述CX43与血管再狭窄之间关系及以CX43为靶点的药物和基因治疗的研究进展。