广州市4～8岁儿童体格发育现状

目的 了解经济发达地区儿童体格发育现状，为儿童的营养指导和干预提供依据。方法 采用2阶段整群抽样法调查广州市4～8岁儿童9108名，以身高、体重、皮褶厚度、上臂围等指标反映体格发育水平，采用基于WH0标准的Z分评价儿童的身体发育状况。结果被调查儿童低体重检出率男童为3．75％，女童为2．98％；肥胖发生率男童为6．67％，女童为5．01％；生长发育迟缓率男童为3．24％，女童为2．43％。各年龄段儿童的身高别体重Z分(WHZ)、年龄别体重Z分(WAZ)、年龄别身高Z分(HAZ)均值均小于0，但体重平均Z分高于身高。结论广州市4～8岁儿童体格发育整体状况较好，但还应加强对居民的营养教育。     

贵州省农村5～6岁学龄前儿童贫血状况及其与体格发育的关系研究

目的了解贵州省农村地区5～6岁学龄前儿童贫血状况,探索学龄前儿童贫血与体格发育关系。方法采用横断面研究方法,选取5 313名贵州省农村地区5～6岁学龄前儿童作为研究对象,检测其血红蛋白浓度,并测量其身高、体重,计算年龄别体重Z评分、年龄别身高Z评分、年龄别体质指数Z评分,根据各Z评分计算低体重率、生长迟缓率及消瘦率。采用卡方检验对不同特征人群贫血检出率进行比较,采用二分类logistic回归分析贫血与体格发育的关系。结果贵州省农村地区5～6学龄前儿童贫血检出率为28.1%(26.9%,29.3%),以中重度为主(占总贫血人群的54.3%),不同年龄(P=0.0003)及地区间(P0.0001)贫血检出率不同。调整年龄、性别、地区因素后,轻度贫血组、中重度贫血组发生生长迟缓的风险分别为非贫血组的1.57倍(OR=1.57,95%CI:1.21,2.01)、1.59倍(OR=1.59,95%CI:1.26,2.01)。结论贵州省农村地区5～6岁学龄前儿童贫血检出率较高,贫血可能会增加学龄前儿童发生生长迟缓的风险。     

安徽省泾县6867名幼儿园儿童体格发育与贫血状况评价

目的了解安徽省泾县3~7岁幼儿园儿童体格发育与贫血状况,为采取相应的干预措施,进一步改善幼儿园儿童的生长发育状况提供依据。方法利用2012年安徽省泾县儿童健康监测资料,对其23所幼儿园6 867名3~7岁儿童的健康检查资料进行分析。结果安徽省泾县3~7岁幼儿园儿童中,男童、女童的比例分别为52.5%、47.5%,身高在各年龄组上均有统计学意义（P〈0.001）,男童高于女童;男童和女童体重在5~7岁、6~7岁组差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.001）,男童体重高于女童,男童身高和体重以及女童体重仅在3~4岁组低于WHO推荐参考值,其余组均高于世界卫生组织（WHO）推荐参考值;3~7岁幼儿园儿童中,超重、肥胖检出率分别为14.7%、5.9%;消瘦、生长迟缓、慢性严重营养不良的检出率分别为2.0%、4.3%、0.1%;3~7岁幼儿园儿童贫血患病率为11.5%,以轻度贫血为主。结论安徽省泾县幼儿园儿童体格发育总体状况良好,但存在营养不足和营养过剩状况,且贫血患病率较高。应采取措施加以控制。     

学龄前儿童营养状况及影响因素分析

目的 :了解西安市城乡学龄前儿童的营养状况。方法 :采用整群抽样方法 ,选取身高、体重二项指标 ,按 WHO推荐的参照标准 ,分别计算每一儿童的年龄别身高、年龄别体重和身高别体重的 Z分。运用 SPSS11.0软件进行统计分析。结果 :学龄前儿童身体营养状况存在明显的城乡差异和性别差异 ,各项 Z分均值均以城市男童为最高 ,乡村女童最低 ,而生长迟缓和低体重发生率则是乡村女童最高 ,城市男童最低 ,乡村男童和城市女童居中。城市男童长期和近期营养状况良好 ,城女和乡男长期营养状况稍差 ,而乡村女童长期和近期营养状况均欠佳。城市儿童尚存在营养过剩趋势。除了上述类似结果外 ,多因素分析还显示 ,父亲职业、母亲文化程度对儿童营养状况的影响。结论 :在儿童保健工作中 ,应重视改善乡村女童的营养状况 ,同时还需注意城市儿童肥胖的预防。提高父母的文化素养对儿童营养有着十分积极意义     

7岁以下儿童体格发育影响因素研究

调查表明,我市儿童出生体重超出九省市初生儿,随后各年龄组儿童体格发育处于较低水平.7岁以下男童体重及身高达均值率分别为44.98％,43.78％;女童则为44.06％,40.47％.经单因素及多元逐步回归分析发现影响儿童体格发育的因素有父母身高、母亲职业、入托情况、儿童营养以及反复呼吸道、肠道感染、贫血等疾病因素.提出促进儿童体格发育的有力措施。     

学龄前儿童营养状况及影响因素分析

目的了解西安市城乡学龄前儿童的营养状况.方法采用整群抽样方法,选取身高、体重二项指标,按WHO推荐的参照标准,分别计算每一儿童的年龄别身高、年龄别体重和身高别体重的Z分.运用SPSS11.0软件进行统计分析.结果学龄前儿童身体营养状况存在明显的城乡差异和性别差异,各项Z分均值均以城市男童为最高,乡村女童最低,而生长迟缓和低体重发生率则是乡村女童最高,城市男童最低,乡村男童和城市女童居中.城市男童长期和近期营养状况良好,城女和乡男长期营养状况稍差,而乡村女童长期和近期营养状况均欠佳.城市儿童尚存在营养过剩趋势.除了上述类似结果外,多因素分析还显示,父亲职业、母亲文化程度对儿童营养状况的影响.结论在儿童保健工作中,应重视改善乡村女童的营养状况,同时还需注意城市儿童肥胖的预防.提高父母的文化素养对儿童营养有着十分积极意义.     

江苏和浙江省15县(市)3～6岁儿童体格发育不良影响因素分析

目的 分析江苏和浙江省15县(市)3～6岁农村儿童体格发育不良的影响因素.方法 研究数据来源于北京大学医学部生育健康研究所2000年对江苏和浙江省15县(市)183 295名3～6岁农村儿童随访研究和相关围产保健监测资料.采用WHO标准对儿童体格发育进行评价,结合儿童母亲的围产期健康资料和儿童出生资料分析儿童体格发育不良的影响因素.结果 江苏和浙江省农村3～6岁儿童的平均生长迟缓率为7.95%,体重低下率为1.55%.儿童性别、出生体重、是否早产、儿童母亲身高、母亲初次孕检BMI、母亲文化程度、母亲职业与儿童体格发育不良明显相关.出生体重对儿童体重影响最大.出生体重＜2500、≥2500 g儿童的体重低下率分别为7.77%、1.46%.低出生体重儿童发生体重低下的OR值为3.68(95%CI:3.11～4.37).母亲身高对儿童身高影响最大,母亲身高＜155、155～160、160～165、≥165 cm的儿童生长迟缓率分别为13.01%、8.76%、6.21%、4.14%.与母亲身高≥165 cm的儿童相比,母亲身高＜155cm的儿童发生生长迟缓的OR值为3.08(95%CI:2.82～3.37).结论 出生体重和母亲身高是儿童体格发育的重要影响因素,为促进儿童体格发育应提高围产保健服务水平,改善孕妇营养状况.     

7岁以下儿童体格发育影响因素研究

调查表明，我市儿童出生体重超出九省市初生儿．随后各年龄组儿童体格发育处于较低水平．7岁以下男童体重及身高达均值率分别为44．98％．43．78％；女童则为44．06%．40．47%．经单因素及多元逐步回归分析发现影响儿童体格发育的因素有父母身高、母亲职业、入托情况、儿童营养以及反复呼吸道、肠道感染、贫血等疾病因素．提出促进儿童体格发育的有力措施．     

厦门市石塘社区2019—2022年0～3岁儿童心理行为发育及营养状况评价

目的 了解厦门市石塘社区0～3岁儿童心理行为发育和营养状况,为优化社区保健工作提供依据。方法 回顾分析石塘社区2019—2022年体检儿童母乳喂养方式和儿童预警征象(WSC-MBD)筛查结果,用Z评分法评价体格发育和营养状况。结果 石塘社区2019—2022年6月龄儿童纯母乳喂养率54.1%,其中男童1月和3月喂养率均低于女童;≥3月龄儿童WSC-MBD筛查通过率均>95.0%,男童在24、30和36月龄筛查通过率均低于女童;男女童WAZ评分(weight for age Z score)在3月龄达最高、在30月龄最低,男童在3、12、18、24和30月龄的年龄别身高H(L)AZ评分均低于女童,在1、3、18、30、36月龄的身高别体重WH(L)Z评分均高于女童;3岁儿童低体重发生率0.7%(57/7 849)、生长发育迟缓率0.5%(43/7 849)、消瘦率0.9%(74/7 849)和肥胖率2.2%(176/7 849);低体重、生长发育迟缓和消瘦发生率随月龄增加呈下降趋势,各月龄男童肥胖发生率均高于女童。结论 厦门市石塘社区0～3岁儿童6月龄纯母乳喂养率及体格发育水平良好...     

兰州市城关区3～7岁儿童体格发育状况评价

目的:了解兰州市城关区3~7岁儿童生长发育状况,为今后本地区儿童保健工作提供参考依据。方法:采用分层随机抽样的方法,于2019年5—7月,选取兰州市城关区10所幼儿园的1383名儿童进行身高和体重测量,采用WHO推荐的Z评分法进行生长发育状况的评价。结果:除4~5岁年龄段外,其他各年龄组男童的身高、体重均高于同年龄段女童,不同年龄段儿童身高和体重的平均值之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);男童和女童的身高别体重(WHZ)在各年龄组间比较,差异有统计学意义(男童FWHZ=7.524,女童FWHZ=3.149,P<0.05),男童组的年龄别身高(HAZ)和年龄别体重(WAZ)在各年龄组间比较,差异有统计学意义(男童FHAZ=0.003,FWAZ=0.034,P<0.05)。结论:兰州市城关区学龄前儿童总体发育情况较好,但营养不良情况仍然存在。     

上海市闵行区民工小学学生贫血与生长发育状况调查

【目的】 了解上海闵行区民工小学学生生长发育状况、贫血发生率,贫血学生的膳食营养状况,为制定预防民工子女贫血措施提供依据。 【方法】 选取上海市两所民工小学的2 513名6～13岁学生作为研究对象,测身高体重,对诊断为贫血的60%学生进行连续三天24 h膳食调查。 【结果】 女生消瘦风险是男生的1.49倍(OR=1.49),男生超重风险是女生的5.53倍(OR=5.53)。贫血患病率为10.3%。身高、体质指数、年龄与血红蛋白值呈正相关(r=0.204、0.346、0.440,P<0.05)。贫血学生生长迟缓和低体重风险分别是非贫血学生的1.76倍(OR=1.76)和1.78倍(OR=1.78)。钙、锌、VitA、VitC的摄入量不足推荐摄入量60%的比例分别为72.1%、48.3%、45.6%和32.7%。 【结论】 民工子女贫血患病率高,贫血会影响生长发育。贫血学生营养摄入不足,膳食结构不合理,改善营养是预防贫血促进生长发育的关键。     

2006年中国10省(区)农村婴幼儿体格发育不良影响因素分析

目的 了解中国10省(区)农村婴幼儿体格发育不良的影响因素.方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,对随机选取的吉林、山西、甘肃、新疆、江苏、四川、江西、湖南、广西和贵州10省(区)农村婴幼儿进行问卷调查和体检.结果 共调查婴幼儿58 926名,男女童分别占50.91％和49.09％.总低体重率为5.05％,生长迟缓率为10.49％,其中0～6月龄组最低(分别为1.97％和3.79％),24～ 36月龄组最高(分别为7.80％和16.83％).儿童年龄、性别、出生体重、孕周、父母文化程度与儿童体格发育状况有关,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.0001).结论 中国农村地区婴幼儿体格发育不良状况仍不乐观,且低出生体重是儿童体格发育的重要影响因素,应加强围产期保健.     

学龄前儿童体重与身体素质的相关性研究

目的 了解体重对于学龄前儿童身体素质的影响,减少低体重和超重发生,促进学龄前儿童的体质健康。方法 在上海市6所幼儿园中选取576名5~6岁的学龄前儿童,分为低体重组、正常体重组和超体重组。体质测试项目包括身高、体重、坐位体前屈、10 m折返跑、立定跳远、网球掷远、双脚连续跳和走平衡木,分析身体素质与体重的相关性。结果 随年龄增长,低体重组占同年龄段总人数比例呈现下降趋势;女童低体重组比例高于超体重组。三组间身体素质综合评分,表现为正常体重组>低体重组>超体重组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。低体重组的体重指数(BMI)和其身体素质综合评分呈正相关关系(r_男=0.364,r_女=0.344,P<0.05),超体重组的BMI和其身体素质综合评分呈负相关关系(r_男=-0.515,r_女=-0.498,P<0.01)。结论 不同体重组的学龄前儿童身体素质情况差异较大,提示体重对身体素质指标有影响,建议重视学龄前儿童低体重和超体重问题。     

The potential use of maternal size in priority setting when combating childhood malnutrition

OBJECTIVE: To devise a strategy for assessing the nutritional status of a household and specifying the major needs in combating childhood wasting, distinguishing between inadequate food availability, poor parental care and/or the need for improved public health measures. DESIGN: An evaluation of the relationship between children's wasting, stunting, or underweight and mothers' or adult women's body mass indexes (BMIs) in the same household. A household was designated as 'malnourished' on the basis of a single child's weight/height of < -2.0 s.d. or at risk of being malnourished if the Z-score was below--1.5. Adult women's BMI was taken to signify adequate household food availability. Sibling concordance of anthropometric measures was investigated. RESULTS: A wide variety of prevalence of severe (BMI < 16.0), moderate (BMI 16.0-16.9) and marginal (17.0-18.4) malnutrition existed in the various study areas. The worst condition was recorded in India, while 18% of the women in Zimbabwe were classified as obese. Similarly wide variation in the prevalence of child wasting and stunting was observed, with the Indian children again faring worst and those in Zimbabwe the best. The within-household analysis of concordance gave higher concordance for height than for weight between siblings. Mothers' BMI was highly correlated with the BMI of all other adult women in the same household and the BMI of all the women was found to be as useful as that of the mother for relating to children's anthropometry. Households with mothers of normal body weight but wasted children were designated as in need of public health measures and improved parental care rather than of enhanced food security. The distribution of households on this combined basis of maternal BMI and child nutritional status highlighted very diverse situations in the various study areas, with higher proportions of combined maternal and child malnutrition in India and in some areas of Ethiopia, while in Zimbabwe only 1-2% presented this condition. On this basis, the principal problem in India was food security; in Zimbabwe household security was rarely apparent, so public health measures and maternal care were designated as problems. In three Ethiopian communities there was a mixture of needs. CONCLUSIONS: A relatively simple household-based approach is proposed to discriminate the most pressing needs in combating childhood malnutrition, and a policy-making tool is suggested for setting priorities in community action.     

Supplemental vitamin A improves anemia and growth in anemic school children in Tanzania

We conducted a randomized controlled trial of the effects of dietary supplements on anemia, weight and height in 136 anemic school children from a low socioeconomic background in Bagamoyo District schools in Tanzania. The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of dietary supplements on anemia and anthropometric indices of anemic school children. The supplements were vitamin A alone, iron and vitamin A, iron alone or placebo, administered in a double-blinded design for 3 mo. All supplements were provided with local corn meals. Hemoglobin concentration, body weight and height were measured at baseline and at follow-up after supplementation. Vitamin A supplementation increased the mean hemoglobin concentration by 13.5 g/L compared with 3.5 g/L for placebo [P < 0.0001, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.19-13.57), the mean body weight by 0.6 kg compared with 0.2 kg for placebo (P < 0.0001, 95% CI 0.19-0.65) and the mean height by 0.4 cm compared with 0.1 cm for placebo (P = 0.0009, 95% CI 0.08-0.42). However, the group of children who received combined vitamin A and iron supplementation had the greatest improvements in all indicators compared with placebo (18.5 g/L, P < 0.0001, 95% CI 14.81-22.23; 0.7 kg, P < 0. 0001, 95% CI 0.43-0.88 and 0.4 cm, P < 0.0001, 95% CI 0.22-0.56 for hemoglobin, weight and height, respectively). It is likely that vitamin A supplementation may have a useful role in combating the problems of vitamin A deficiency and anemia, as well as in improving children's growth, in developing countries.     

宝鸡市区7～18岁儿童青少年生长发育及营养状况调查分析

目的 研究宝鸡市区7～18岁儿童青少年生长发育及营养现况,为改善中小学生生长发育和营养状况提供科学依据。方法 随机抽取宝鸡市区7～18岁27 114名儿童青少年,测量身高和体重,计算体重指数(BMI)。依据2009年九省/市数据制定的标准评估营养情况。结果 除10~至12~岁,男生身高显著高于女生(P<0.05);各年龄段男生体重均显著高于女生(P<0.05);除15~、16~岁,各年龄段男生BMI值显著高于女生(P<0.05)。男生14岁、女生12岁后身高显著高于全国水平,而10岁前全国水平高于本地男、女生身高(P<0.05);男生10岁后、女生各年龄段体重均显著高于全国水平(P<0.05);各年龄段男、女生BMI均值显著高于全国水平(P<0.05)。生长迟缓、低体重、消瘦、超重和肥胖的检出率分别为2.6%、1.5%、9.1%、13.7%和8.5%,男生检出率均显著高于女生(P<0.05)。各学龄组间生长迟缓、低体重、消瘦和肥胖检出率差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论 宝鸡市区儿童青少年存在营养双重负担,超重/肥胖率高于营养不良1.6倍,应有针对性的防控。     

Birth Weight,Maternal Body Mass Index,and Early Childhood Growth: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study in China

Background

The relations of birth weight and maternal body mass index (BMI) to overweight remain unresolved. We prospectively examined the relations of birth weight with various anthropometric measures at age 3 to 6 years, the effect of maternal BMI, and the patterns of these relations in an analysis using 9 birth weight categories.

Methods

The subjects were 210 172 singleton infants born alive with a gestational age ≥28 weeks between October 1993 and December 1996; the subjects were followed up in 2000. Birth weight, maternal height and weight, and other relevant information were measured or collected prospectively. Overweight and underweight were defined by using National Center for Health Statistics/World Health Organization reference data. Logistic regression models were used to estimate relative risks. Analyses stratified by quartile of maternal BMI were performed to examine the effects of maternal BMI on the associations of birth weight with overweight and underweight.

Results

Birth weight was linearly associated with height, weight, and BMI at age 3–6 years. Adjustment for maternal BMI did not alter this association. Birth weight was positively associated with overweight and negatively associated with underweight. The relation curves for both overweight and underweight resembled half of a flat parabolic curve. The associations for overweight and underweight were slightly stronger for the highest and lowest quartiles of maternal BMI, respectively.

Conclusions

Higher birth weight is associated with an increased risk for childhood overweight, and lower birth weight with an increased risk for underweight. The associations between birth weight and early childhood anthropometric growth measures could not explained by maternal BMI.Key words: birth weight, overweight, underweight, maternal body mass index     

Poor nutritional status of younger Tibetan children living at high altitudes

BACKGROUND: The growth, development and nutrition of children in Tibet with high-altitude and unique traditional culture have recently gained attention. However, few researches are available on the nutritional status of younger children of Tibet. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to evaluate the nutritional status of children below 36 months old in Tibet by means of anthropometry. DESIGN: The cross-sectional survey was conducted between August and September in 1999 and a sample of 1655 children below 36 months old was obtained using a stratified multistage cluster random sampling method from a total of seven districts of Tibet. Height, weight and hemoglobin concentration were measured and at the same time related sociodemographic and environmental information were collected. NCHS/CDC/WHO reference data were used to evaluate the nutritional status of the entire study children population and estimate the prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting. RESULTS: Compared with the reference of NCHS/CDC/WHO, the distributions of HAZ and WAZ shifted to the left significantly and the means of HAZ and WAZ were -1.53 and -1.05, respectively, which were significantly lower than the reference value. The distribution of WHZ, however, was close to that of the reference. The reduction of Z-scores for height and weight occurred very early in life and was greatest in the second year after birth. The prevalence of malnutrition of children was 39.0% for stunting, 23.7% for underweight and 5.6% for wasting, respectively. Rural children had prevalence of stunting of 41.4% and underweight of 24.7%, as compared with prevalence of stunting of 25.3% and underweight of 18.1% for urban children. Stunting and underweight were associated with altitudes. The mean of hemoglobin (Hb) of children was 120.4 g/l and rural children had a significantly lower Hb concentration (119.9 g/l) than urban children (123.3 g/l). The prevalence of anemia seemed higher when using different altitude corrections for Hb to estimate the prevalence, but the consequences were uneven. CONCLUSIONS: For Tibetan young children, the nutritional status of the entire population is poor and the prevalence of malnutrition is higher, especially for stunting. Malnutrition is related to high altitudes. Although the Hb concentration is higher induced by high altitude, there must be quite a lot of anemic children at high altitudes. The relationship between altitude and Hb for children on the Tibetan plateau requires further study in order to determine correctly the magnitude of anemia of children.     

Prenatal exposure to the major DDT metabolite 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) and growth in boys from Mexico

Recent data suggest that prenatal exposure to p,p′-DDE may reduce height and increase body mass index (BMI) in childhood, thus potentially raising the risk of adult health problems. The association between prenatal DDE exposure and growth was evaluated in 788 boys from Chiapas, an area of Mexico where DDT was recently used. The median DDE levels in maternal serum at birth (2002-2003) were 2.7 μg/g lipid. 2633 measurements of height (cm) and weight (kg) were obtained in 2004-2005. The median age of the children during follow-up was 18 months (quartiles 14 and 22 months). Height and body mass index (kg/m²) were age-standardized and expressed as standard deviation scores (SDS). Multivariate random-effect models for longitudinal data were fitted and predicted height and BMI SDS were estimated from the adjusted models. Overall, associations between prenatal DDE level and height or BMI SDS at any given age were not observed. For example, the predicted values showed that children with the highest exposure (DDE: >9.00 μg/g) compared to those least exposed (DDE: <3.01 μg/g) grew similarly and they had a BMI SDS similar to the referent group. The results do not support the prior findings of an association of DDE exposure with childhood height or BMI.