扩大经蝶窦人路内镜下的解剖特点

目的 为扩大经蝶窦入路提供内镜解剖学资料.方法 选择经10%甲醛固定、红色乳胶灌注双侧颈内及椎动脉的中国人成人带颈头颅标本20例行内镜入路相关数据测量;另选5例头颅标本,运用内镜模拟扩大经蝶窦入路对其相关结构进行解剖、观察、测量、照相.结果 扩大经蝶窦入路可清晰显示鞍上、海绵窦、斜坡等区域的解剖结构.(1)内镜下鼻腔的标志有上中下鼻甲、蝶腭动脉等.蝶窦内有鞍底、斜坡凹陷及视神经、颈内动脉隆突等解剖标志.(2)内镜下蝶骨平板、鞍结节、鞍底、斜坡为中线区,内1/3视神经管及颈内动脉隆突为中线旁区,视神经-颈内动脉隐窝及上颌神经、下颌神经隆突为外侧区.(3)内镜下颈内动脉分为鞍旁段及斜坡旁段,前者细分为隐匿段、下水平段、前垂直段及上水平段,下水平段较实际长度明显变短.结论 内镜下扩大经蝶窦入路可以清晰暴露邻近蝶窦的颅内及海绵窦内结构,提供从前方角度处理该区域病变的新途径.     

内窥镜经鼻-蝶手术入路及显微解剖研究

目的回顾内窥镜经鼻蝶手术及其扩展入路的发展,研究经蝶手术入路显微解剖,为内窥镜经蝶手术提供解剖学参考依据。方法采用20具成人尸体头颅,按经蝶手术入路方式解剖邻近血管神经,并进行显微解剖学观测。结果对鞍底、蝶窦口、视神经、颈内动脉、垂体窝、海绵窦的结构构成及其邻近血管神经进行描述测量。结论熟悉蝶鞍区显微解剖结构有助于内窥镜经鼻蝶入路手术准确定位及术中安全操作。     

海绵窦内侧壁的解剖特点及其对于垂体瘤海绵窦侵袭诊断的意义

目的研究海绵窦内侧壁的解剖特点，了解垂体瘤海绵窦侵袭的解剖学基础。方法取福尔马林固定头颅标本20例，其中18例行冠状（8例）、矢状（4例）以及轴位（6例）切片，另取2例鞍区完整的单纯颅底标本进行显微解剖研究，观察海绵窦内侧壁的解剖特点。结果20例标本中均未发现有明确的内侧壁的膜性结构的存在，海绵窦内侧与垂体之间仅仅以垂体囊相间隔，其中冠状位和轴位切片显示有4例垂体前叶舌样突入颈内动脉海绵窦段上方，4例垂体与颈内动脉之间紧密接触无间隙存在；矢状位去除垂体和垂体囊后可以直接看到颈内动脉海绵窦段。结论海绵窦内侧壁没有膜性结构存在，正常垂体前叶可以突入颈内动脉海绵窦段上方，此结构特点使得垂体瘤易于向海绵窦内生长，并非所有的向海绵窦内生长的垂体腺瘤均可以诊断为侵袭性垂体腺瘤。     

前外侧颅底手术硬脑膜外入路的临床应用

目的 总结临床上采用前外侧硬脑膜外入路手术的病例，验证该区域显微解剖临床应用的实际意义。资料与方法：资料1998—2003年收治的采用前外侧硬脑膜外入路的手术：前床突脑膜瘤8例，眶颅沟通瘤12例，海绵窦内肿瘤4例，巨大侵袭性垂体腺瘤2例。方法 对前床突脑膜瘤，采用眶上翼点联合入路，肿瘤累及海绵窦者采用额颞眶颧联合入路。对眶颅沟通瘤：采用眶上入路。对海绵窦内肿瘤，肿瘤主要位于海绵窦前部或前中部，无骑跨中后颅窝，采用额颞眶颧联合入路。对巨大侵袭性垂体腺瘤：采用眶额入路，切除眶板达眶上裂，打开视神经管，磨除前床突。结果 12例颅眶区肿瘤中，全切除10例，次全切除2例，全切除率为83．33%。前床突脑膜瘤全切除5例，次全切除2例，部分切除1例。全组无手术死亡。4例海绵窦内肿瘤，2例全切除，1例次全切除，1例大部分切除。2例侵袭性垂体瘤，1例为全切除，1例为次全切除。结论 前床突脑膜瘤采用硬脑膜外入路，磨除前床突，有利于肿瘤基底部的血供阻断，有利于前床突下肿瘤与颈内动脉的分离。眶颅沟通瘤采用前外侧硬脑膜外入路，肿瘤显露范围充分，可同时处理眶内肿瘤和颅内肿瘤，眶上裂的显微解剖有利于在处理切开总腱环时保护颅神经。前外侧硬脑膜外入路可充分显露海绵窦，Zinn腱环切开并向后切开海绵窦上壁可显露海绵窦内肿瘤。侵袭性巨大垂体腺瘤采用前外侧硬脑膜外入路，可充分显露海绵窦上外侧壁，为在硬脑膜外切除海绵窦内的垂体腺瘤创造了必要的条件；磨除前床突，打开视神经管对硬脑膜下切除肿瘤可增加视神经和颈内动脉的活动度，为切除鞍内肿瘤提供了较好的手术空间。     

经鼻-蝶窦至海绵窦内侧壁手术入路的显微及神经内镜解剖学研究

目的探讨内镜或内镜辅助下的经鼻-蝶窦入路治疗海绵窦内病变的解剖学基础。方法乳胶灌注汉族成人尸头湿标本10例,2例矢状位沿中线切开,在手术显微镜下解剖海绵窦内侧壁。8例在神经内镜下模拟经鼻中隔旁入路、中鼻甲切除入路和经中鼻道入路暴露双侧海绵窦内侧壁。结果垂体侧方的海绵窦内侧壁只有一层硬膜结构。蝶窦后壁的斜坡凹陷是全鞍型蝶窦常见而且确定的解剖标志,打开海绵窦内侧壁,内镜下可清晰观察海绵窦内结构：颈内动脉及其分支,外展神经,动眼神经,滑车神经和眼神经。结论采用单纯内镜经鼻-蝶窦入路可清楚地显露海绵窦内侧壁的结构,这一入路对手术器械、设备和手术者的技术均有较高要求。     

扩大经鼻入路颈内动脉海绵窦段的显微解剖

颈内动脉海绵窦段（cavenlous segment of the internal carotid artery,CSICA）是扩大经鼻入路处理鞍区病变的重要解剖结构。但相关显微懈剖研究不多．特别是在经鼻视角下对CSICA的具体解剖观察与测量更少,本研究通过在此视角下对CSICA进行显微解剖和测量,为临床开展扩大经鼻海绵窦手术提供解剖学依据。     

扩大经鼻入路颈内动脉海绵窦段的显微解剖

目的：研究扩大经鼻入路颈内动脉海绵窦段的显微解剖特征,为相关手术提供形态学依据．方法：采用10例防腐尸颅,按经鼻路径在显微镜下进行解剖,观测颈内动脉与蝶窦外侧壁和垂体的关系,颈内动脉海绵窦段及其分支的走行、分布情况,测量颈内动脉海绵窦段各分段与中线的距离．结果：前鼻棘到颈内动脉隆起最凸点的连线长度为（74．5±3．1）mm,颈内动脉海绵窦段可分为鞍旁部和斜坡旁部,主要有2个分支;前垂直段、前曲段、水平段、后曲段、后垂直段内侧壁与中线的距离分别为（7．4±1．0）,（9．0±1．3）,8．3±2．5）,（7．6±1．4）和（8．9±1．5）mm．结论：采用扩大经鼻入路可处理侵袭海绵窦内侧腔的病变,颈内动脉海绵窦段及其分支是扩大经鼻入路处理海绵窦病变所遇到的主要解剖结构,熟悉相关动脉的解剖学特点,对于减少术中出血、安全处理海绵窦病变有重要意义．     

经硬膜外入路对海绵窦外侧壁三角的显微解剖研究

目的 通过硬膜外入路研究海绵窦（cavemoussinus，CS）外侧壁三角的显微解剖，为该区域病变的显微外科手术提供解剖学参数。方法 对15例30侧湿性头颅标本在显微镜下解剖并测量。结果海绵窦外侧壁及其附近的旁内侧三角、Parkinson三角、Mullan三角、外侧三角、Glasscock三角和Kawase三角，这些三角均可以从硬膜外得以暴露。结论 海绵窦三角为海绵窦病变直接手术提供了安全入路。磨开Glasscock三角可以暴露岩骨段颈内动脉，磨除Kawase三角的骨质可以从中颅底暴露中上斜坡区，为该区域病变的手术提供入路选择。     

蝶窦的CT与断层解剖比较研究

目的 了解蝶窦CT图像和实体解剖的区别,为蝶窦手术提供解剖学和影像学资料.方法 采用CT技术和断层解剖方法 ,对15例尸头和50例颅骨标本蝶窦的形态、类型、径线、毗邻等进行观察.结果 蝶窦的前后径大于上下径,上壁和前壁薄,下壁和后壁较厚.在蝶窦CT水平层面上可清楚显示其气化类型,前后壁、两侧壁及中隔的位置、厚度、毗邻;在冠状层面上可显示上、下壁厚度及上壁与垂体、颈内动脉的关系.蝶窦内可见管型视神经管隆起和管型颈内动脉隆起,其出现率分别为23.8%和21.9%.视神经管隆起仅见于发育良好的枕鞍型和全鞍型蝶窦,一般后壁较薄,最薄者仅为0.6 mm.结论 蝶窦的气化程度差异较大,视神经、颈内动脉可向窦腔内突入.发育良好的枕鞍型和全鞍型蝶窦与脑干间仅隔以纸样薄骨板.经蝶窦入路手术,应控制手术操作范围,避免损伤操作范围及毗邻结构.     

内镜下眶上硬膜外入路海绵窦区显微解剖学研究

目的 探讨内镜下眶上硬膜外入路海绵窦区的显露范围及显微解剖结构,为临床神经外科提供解剖学依据。方法 对20具新鲜尸头使用4 mm 0°、30°内镜观察,鉴别与入路有关的解剖标志。结果 内镜下眶上硬膜外入路可分为3个步骤：内镜进入前颅窝底、内镜进一步进入中颅窝及眶骨膜、内镜下暴露海绵窦上壁及外侧壁。该入路内镜下可以清晰地暴露海绵窦侧壁显微解剖,尤其是Dolence三角、Parkinson三角和Mullan三角。结论 内镜下眶上硬膜外入路可以通过微侵袭手段较好地显示海绵窦区显微解剖,是一种值得推广的手术方法。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.