古尼虫草多糖及其解聚物的免疫活性

目的　比较研究古尼虫草纯多糖组分FP及其解聚物的免疫活性。方法　采用超声波解聚多糖 ,并用葡聚糖凝胶分离获得解聚级分 ,通过MTT法和中性红比色法测定其对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能和细胞毒T淋巴细胞杀伤功能的影响。结果　FP的解聚级分FP 1、FP 2和FP 3有更强的免疫活性 ,在中、低剂量 (1和 10 μg mL)与对照相比有显著差异 ,而其中以FP 2的活性最明显。结论　古尼虫草多糖解聚后能明显提高免疫活性 ,为多糖生物制品研究开发提供了一条新途径     

戴氏绿僵菌多糖对糖尿病模型小鼠血糖和免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨戴氏绿僵菌多糖对糖尿病模型小鼠血糖和免疫功能的影响。方法:采用连续多次小剂量腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立玉型糖尿病模型,观察模型小鼠体重变化,检测空腹血清葡萄糖,免疫器(脾脏、胸腺)指数,腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力,脾淋巴细胞增殖及血清中免疫球蛋白IgG、补体C3、C4 的含量等。结果:戴氏绿僵菌多糖能够改善模型小鼠体重;降低模型小鼠血糖含量,中、高剂量的多糖均能显著提高模型小鼠T、B 淋巴细胞的增殖能力(P<0.01);高剂量能显著提高模型小鼠脾脏指数和血清中IgG、C3、C4 的含量(P<0.01);中、高剂量能显著提高模型小鼠胸腺指数及腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力(P<0.01)。结论:戴氏绿僵菌多糖可增强STZ 诱导的玉型糖尿病模型小鼠的免疫功能和降低玉型糖尿病模型小鼠血糖含量。     

霍山石斛多糖对小鼠的双向免疫调节作用

目的观察霍山石斛多糖对小鼠的双向免疫调节作用。方法将90只昆明种小鼠随机分成9组,分别为正常对照组、免疫亢进模型组、免疫亢进+霍山石斛多糖[低(50 mg?kg-1?d-1)、中(100 mg?kg-1?d-1)、高(200 mg?kg-1?d-1)]剂量组、免疫抑制模型组、免疫抑制+霍山石斛多糖[低(50 mg?kg-1?d-1)、中(100 mg?kg-1?d-1)、高(200 mg?kg-1?d-1)]剂量组。采用连续3 d腹腔注射环磷酰胺(80 mg·kg-1)制作免疫抑制模型小鼠,采用连续11 d肌注卡介苗0.5 mg/只制作免疫亢进模型小鼠,观察霍山石斛多糖对免疫抑制模型小鼠和免疫亢进模型小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬活性、体外脾淋巴细胞增殖能力和胸腺指数的影响。结果霍山石斛多糖能明显改善环磷酰胺所致的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬活性降低、脾淋巴细胞体外增殖能力降低和胸腺指数降低,缓解卡介苗所致的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬活性亢进、脾淋巴细胞体外增殖能力亢进和胸腺指数降低。结论霍山石斛多糖具有较好的双向免疫调节作用。     

乳酸菌Z222产胞外多糖(EPSⅠ)对免疫细胞功能的影响

目的　检测乳酸菌Z2 2 2 产胞外多糖EPSⅠ对体外免疫细胞功能的调节作用。方法　不同浓度的EPSⅠ作用于小鼠的腹腔巨噬细胞和脾细胞 ,分别用中性红染色法检测巨噬细胞的吞噬能力 ,用MTT法检测淋巴细胞在体外的转化能力、NK细胞杀伤肿瘤细胞Yac 1的能力和产细胞因子IL 2的活性。结果　 (1)EPSⅠ单独作用小鼠脾细胞就能促进体外淋巴细胞增殖 ,且表现出剂量依赖关系。EPSⅠ亦可促进ConA诱导的体外小鼠淋巴细胞转化。 (2 )EPSⅠ体外作用于小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞均可提高MΦ的吞噬能力 ,与对照组比较差异都有显著性。 (3)与对照组相比EPSⅠ能增加体外NK细胞的活性 ,杀伤率最大值达 6 2 .4 1%± 2 .5 4 %。 (4 )EPSⅠ使小鼠脾细胞产IL 2的能力与对照组比较 ,差异有显著性。结论　乳酸菌多糖EPSⅠ对小鼠的免疫功能有一定的调节作用。     

刺五加酸性多糖对免疫低下小鼠的免疫调节作用

目的观察刺五加酸性多糖对环磷酰胺导致的免疫抑制小鼠的免疫调节作用。方法采用DEAE-纤维素离子交换柱层析法制备刺五加酸性多糖。选用ICR小鼠,随机分为对照组、模型组、刺五加酸性多糖低、中、高剂量组,连续灌胃21 d后,检测小鼠免疫器官脏器指数、外周血白细胞计数、巨噬细胞吞噬功能、TNF-α和IFN-γ水平、血清溶血素水平、脾淋巴细胞增殖能力和凋亡率。结果刺五加酸性多糖能增加环磷酰胺致免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫器官脏器指数、外周血白细胞数量,增强小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能,提高TNF-α和IFN-γ水平、血清溶血素水平,增加脾淋巴细胞增殖能力,降低脾淋巴细胞凋亡率。结论刺五加酸性多糖能够明显增强免疫抑制小鼠的免疫功能。     

蛹虫草多糖免疫调节机制的研究进展

蛹虫草多糖（CMP）是蛹虫草的主要生物活性成分，具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤、降血糖等多种生物活性功能。本文综述了CMP主要通过细胞因子、自然杀伤细胞、T/B淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞等发挥免疫调节机制的作用，同时也介绍了CMP抗肿瘤及抗炎、降血糖等作用的新进展。     

三种赤灵芝粉对免疫抑制模型小鼠免疫功能的调节作用

目的:为了探讨灵芝调节机体免疫功能的作用机制,并寻找出一种能有效改善机体免疫功能的灵芝制剂,本文研究了三种赤灵芝粉对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的调节作用。方法:实验动物随机分为5组(Ⅰ～Ⅴ组),Ⅱ～Ⅴ组采用腹腔注射环磷酰胺(CTX)70 mg.kg-1.bw-1,隔日注射,共4次,以制备动物模型,Ⅰ组注射等体积生理盐水。Ⅲ～Ⅴ组于注射CTX次日及末次注射CTX后11日内分别灌胃给予赤灵芝破壁孢子粉(D1)、赤灵芝孢子粉(D2)和赤灵芝精粉(D3)(1g.kg-1.bw-1),定期监测小鼠体重;给药后无菌取脾脏称重,计算脾指数;采用小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞试验检测巨噬细胞吞噬功能;采用NK细胞介导的细胞毒试验检测NK细胞功能;采用淋巴细胞转化试验检测T、B淋巴细胞功能;采用流式细胞术检测CD4+T及CD8+T细胞比例。结果:与免疫抑制组相比,小鼠给予灵芝粉后,三组小鼠体重均升高(P<0.05);D3组脾指数降低;D1和D2组小鼠的腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬指数较免疫抑制组升高(P<0.05);三组小鼠NK细胞杀伤活性无明显变化;脾脏T、B淋巴细胞增殖能力无明显变化;D3组小鼠脾脏CD4+和CD8+T细胞比例明显升高,特别是CD4+T细胞升高最为显著且较正常对照高(P<0.05)。结论:三种灵芝对免疫抑制模型小鼠的免疫功能具有调节作用,尤其是赤灵芝精粉具有显著提高CD4+T细胞数量的作用,为其临床应用提供了实验依据。     

北豆根提取物对小鼠和人淋巴细胞及巨噬细胞作用的体外实验研究

目的：探讨中药北豆根提取物的免疫学调节作用及其作用机制；比较北豆根水提物、醇提物和多糖成分的生物学活性。方法：采用水提取、醇提取及水回流等方法对北豆根进行成分分离。采用MTT法、中性红法检测了北豆根提取物对淋巴细胞增殖的作用以及对小鼠巨噬细胞代谢和吞噬功能的影响。结果：北豆根多糖成分(RMP)具有丝裂原样作用，可刺激小鼠脾细胞及人淋巴细胞增殖，对小鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬功能有一定的促进作用。而北豆根水提物(RMW)和醇提物(RME)对小鼠脾细胞、人淋巴细胞的增殖具有抑制作用，对小鼠巨噬细胞的代谢及吞噬功能也有抑制作用。结论：不同的北豆根成分对免疫细胞有不同的作用，水提物和醇提物对免疫细胞的增殖、代谢和功能具有一定的抑制作用；北豆根多糖成分对淋巴细胞具有丝裂原样作用，能增强小鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬功能，该活性可用于临床辅助治疗肿瘤。     

灵芝活性多糖GLIS对正常和荷瘤小鼠骨髓巨噬细胞的激活作用

为研究灵芝活性多糖GLIS对正常和荷瘤小鼠巨噬细胞的激活作用,用灵芝活性多糖GLIS刺激体外培养的正常和荷瘤小鼠的巨噬细胞,检测GLIS刺激后巨噬细胞分泌至培养基中的TNF-α、IL-1β和NO的含量,以及小鼠巨噬细胞对乳胶颗粒的吞噬率的变化,并检测GLIS刺激的巨噬细胞对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用,同时研究灵芝活性多糖GLIS组成的糖和蛋白部分对活性的影响。结果显示经灵芝活性多糖GLIS刺激后,能显著刺激巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α和IL-1β,并产生大量的NO。小鼠巨噬细胞对乳胶颗粒的吞噬功能也明显的增强,且荷瘤小鼠的巨噬细胞对GLIS的敏感度要优于正常小鼠,GLIS中的糖部分对它的活性作用起主要作用。该研究表明,灵芝活性多糖GLIS对正常和荷瘤小鼠巨噬细胞均具有明显的激活作用。     

白术多糖对小鼠淋巴细胞功能的调节

研究了白术多糖ＰＡＭ体内及体外对小鼠脾淋巴细胞的调节作用。结果表明：白术多糖ＰＡＭ在一定的浓度范围内能单独激活或协同ＣｏｎＡ／ＰＨＡ促进正常小鼠淋巴细胞转化并能明显提高ＩＬ－２分泌的水平。ＰＡＭ对氢化可的松造成的免疫抑制小鼠淋巴细胞的增殖功能有恢复作用。同时还发现白术多糖ＰＡＭ对淋巴细胞的调节与β－肾上腺素受体激动剂异丙肾上腺素相关。     

Crucial role of marginal zone macrophages and marginal zone metallophils in the clearance of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection

Macrophages play a key role in the immune defense against pathogens. They control early invasion by antigen-unspecific phagocytosis of pathogens and act as professional antigen-presenting cells to induce antigen-specific T cell responses. To investigate the involvement of particular subsets of the splenic macrophages in an antiviral immune response, we selectively depleted mice of splenic marginal zone macrophages (MZM) and marginal zone metallophils (MM) using the clodronate liposome depletion technique. MZM- and MM-depleted mice were not able to control an infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). In these mice, LCMV spread from the spleen to peripheral organs at an early phase of infection. The virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response was induced initially, yet was exhausted in parallel with the overwhelming virus replication. These findings suggest that MZM and MM play a crucial role in the early control of a LCMV infection by preventing immediate virus spread to peripheral organs, but are not essential for the induction of the LCMV-specific CTL response.     

Immunomodulatory activities of HERBSnSENSES Cordyceps -- in vitro and in vivo studies

The commercially available HERBSnSENSEStrade mark Cordyceps (HSCS) belongs to a cultivated strain of Cordyceps sinensis whose immunomodulatory activities has been renowned in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for centuries. The present report is the first that describes its immunomodulatory features through a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. We measured, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells the in vitro effects of HSCS on the gene expression of cytokines and cytokine receptors, cytokine release, and surface expression of cytokine receptors using cDNA expression array, cytometric bead array (CBA), and immunoflorescence staining, respectively, as well as macrophage phagocytosis and monocyte production of H2O2 using flow cytometry. Sixty female BALB/c mice were fed with either HSCS (40 mg/kg/day) or water consecutively for 14 days. Proliferation, cytokine liberation, and CD3/4/8 expression of splenic cells were measured using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine proliferation ELISA, CBA, and cytometry immunoflorescence staining, respectively. In vitro results demonstrated that HSCS induced the production of interleukin(IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor alphaalpha from PBMC, augmented surface expression of CD25 on lymphocytes, and elevated macrophage phagocytosis and monocyte production of H2O2. In vivo results showed that HSCS did not induce splenomegaly and cytokine overliberation. Our results possibly provide the biochemical basis for future clinical trials.     

卵清白蛋白特异性T细胞免疫诱导BALB/c小鼠的调节性免疫应答

目的：研究T细胞免疫后正常小鼠的调节性免疫应答，方法：应用体外扩增的卵清白蛋白（OVA）特异的T细胞克隆免疫BALB／c小鼠，3H－TdR掺入法分析细胞增殖，3H－TdR标记靶细胞检测杀伤T细胞的杀伤效应，间接免疫荧光法分析血清中抗T细胞抗体水平。结果：T细胞免疫后能诱导BALB/c小鼠产生调节性T细胞的增殖反应，对靶细胞的杀伤效应以及针对于活化的T细胞的体液免疫应答，并进一步降低机体对OVA抗原的应答，结论：T细胞免疫能诱导正常机体的调节性免疫应答。     

Virus-specific T cell response prevents lymphoma development in mice infected by intrathymic inoculation of Moloney leukaemia virus (M-MuLV).

Previous work on mice neonatally injected with Moloney-murine leukaemia virus (M-MuLV) had shown that T cell lymphoma development correlates with virus infection of lymphoreticular cells (T and B lymphocytes and macrophages) as well as with a lack of generation of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) due to clonal deletion of CTL precursors. In the present report, viral antigen expression and T cell response in mice injected as adults with M-MuLV intrathymus (i.t.) was investigated. Only thymic and splenic T lymphocytes from these mice express virus-induced antigens since they were lysed by virus-specific CTL, and stained by anti-M-MuLV fluorescent serum. In addition, the percentage of M-MuLV-infected T cells increased with increasing post- inoculation times. However, these mice could mount a strong cellular immune response against M-MuLV-infected cells, as detected by massive mixed leucocyte tumour cell culture and by evaluation of virus- specific CTL precursor frequency. Finally, i.t. injected mice were not viraemic and did not develop lymphomas during an observation period of 12-15 months. These data, in contrast with the recent hypothesis that T cell lymphoma development depends on a chronic stimulation of virus-specific T lymphocytes, indicate that the cellular immune response is sufficient for prevention of neoplastic transformation, despite a persistent viral infection of the thymus and peripheral T lymphocytes.     

Immune activation and toxicity evaluation of fresh Cordyceps militaris extracts by high-pressure processing

The immune activation and toxicity of fresh Cordyceps militaris extracts (HFCM) treated by high-pressure processing (HPP) were evaluated by spleen and thymus index, macrophages phagocytosis activity, lymphocyte proliferation, interleukin-2, interferon-γ level, and human kidney 293 cells, hepatic and kidney function, with the ultrasonic treatment as control (UFCM). The results showed the spleen and thymus index, macrophage function, lymphocyte proliferation, IL-2, and IFN-γ levels in HFCM groups were higher than that in UFCM groups by 11.45–12.43%, 11.52–13.95%, 8.92–11.05%, 8.98–9.23%, 9.3–12.66%, and 12.69–17.83%. HFCM was 21.97%, 21.5%, and 20.74% higher than UFCM in the contents of polysaccharide, cordycepin, and total flavonoids. HFCM showed no toxicity to the cell viability, kidney, and hepatic, while the cell viability in UFCM groups was decreased to 81.54%. So the HFCM was stronger than UFCM in immune activation with no toxicity, and can be used as fresh health food.     

Ablation of NK cell function during tumor growth favors Type 2-associated macrophages, leading to suppressed CTL generation

Several reports describe regulatory interactions between NK cells and CTLs. We addressed the issue of NK participation in the early anti-tumor defense by inoculating alpha-ASGM-1 treated mice with BW-Sp3 T lymphoma. Rejection of BW-Sp3 depends on strong CTL responses. Our results demonstrated that (i) NK cells are a prerequisite for efficient CTL generation and (ii) the absence of NK cells favors the outgrowth of alternatively activated macrophages that can suppress CTL restimulation. In vitro studies demonstrate that in splenic cultures from NK-deficient, tumor-bearing mice, the presence of alternatively activated macrophages correlates with a lack of Type 1 cytokines, while the production of Type 2 cytokines is promoted. Provision of the Type 1 cytokine, IFN-gamma can boost overall CTL activity but does not revert the dominance of arginase producing adherent cells in the NK-deficient CTL cultures. The role of NK effector functions in the efficient switch of the immune system towards Type 1 activation was evaluated in cytotoxicity assays. The results indicate that the accessory function of NK can depend at least partially on their ability to preferentially engage arginase-producing cells, suggesting that NK/macrophage lytic interactions might be involved in the switch from Type 2 to Type 1-dependent immune responses.     

Comparison of Immune Functional Parameters Following In Vitro Exposure to Natural and Synthetic Amphetamines

The potential of synthetic and natural amphetamines to modulate cellular immune effector and regulatory mechanisms was evaluated in an in vitro exposure system. Murine splenic lymphocytes and elicited peritoneal macrophages were cultured with 0.0001-100 μM of amphetamine sulfate, methamphetamine hydrochloride, or the (S) or (R) isomers of cathinone hydrochloride. T-lymphocyte regulatory function was assessed by quantitating the production of cytokines, and T-lymphocyte effector function was assessed by the induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). B-lymphocyte function was measured by proliferation, and natural immunity was assessed by quantitating basal and IL-2 augmented natural killer (NK) cell activity. None of the compounds tested had any direct effect on cellular viability. Exposure to amphetamine resulted in a significant suppression of IL-2, but not IL-4, production by T-lymphocytes, as well as a suppression of B-lymphocyte proliferation only at the highest amphetamine concentration examined. NK cell function was slightly suppressed by amphetamine exposure, but was enhanced by methamphetamine exposure. Conversely, exposure to either (S) or (R) isomers of cathinone resulted in stimulation of IL-2 production, B-lymphocyte proliferation, and CTL induction. No significant effect of cathinone was noted on NK cell function. These data suggest that natural and synthetic amphetamines exhibit differential immunomodulatory activity following in vitro exposure.     

Interleukin‐1β triggers the differentiation of macrophages with enhanced capacity to present mycobacterial antigen to T cells

The rapid differentiation of monocytes into macrophages (MΦ) and dendritic cells is a pivotal aspect of the innate immune response. Differentiation is triggered following recognition of microbial ligands that activate pattern recognition receptors or directly by pro‐inflammatory cytokines. We demonstrate that interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) induces the rapid differentiation of monocytes into CD209⁺ MΦ, similar to activation via Toll‐like receptor 2/1, but with distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics. The IL‐1β induced MΦ express higher levels of key markers of phagocytosis, including the Fc‐receptors CD16 and CD64, as well as CD36, CD163 and CD206. In addition, IL‐1β‐induced MΦ exert potent phagocytic activity towards inert particles, oxidized low‐density lipoprotein and mycobacteria. Furthermore, IL‐1β‐induced MΦ express higher levels of HLA‐DR and effectively present mycobacterial antigens to T cells. Therefore, the ability of IL‐1β to induce monocyte differentiation into MΦ with both phagocytosis and antigen‐presenting function is a distinct part of the innate immune response in host defence against microbial infection.     

Antigen processing of vesicular stomatitis virus in situ. Interdigitating dendritic cells present viral antigens independent of marginal dendritic cells but fail to prime CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells

Acute macrophage (M phi) depletion, using a liposome-mediated 'suicide technique', markedly suppressed priming of splenic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). However, phagocytic marginal dendritic cells (MDC), but not interdigitating dendritic cells (IDC), are now known to be also depleted by this technique. To clarify the role splenic dendritic cell (DC) subsets and M phi play in priming for a virus-specific T-cell-mediated immune response, DC and M phi were purified from VSV-infected mice and assayed for the presence of epitopes recognized by VSV helper T (Th) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Antigen pulse experiments performed in situ demonstrated that VSV Th cell and CTL epitopes became transiently associated only with DC, but not M phi or B cells, indicating that DC represent the critical antigen-presenting cell (APC) population in vivo for this virus. The failure of MDC/M phi-deficient mice to become primed was not due to the complete elimination of antigen-presenting DC because VSV peptide/class I and II complexes were detected on IDC following lipsome-mediated elimination of phagocytic cells. However, the VSV-induced chemokine response was dramatically suppressed in these mice. Thus, despite the expression of VSV peptide/class I and II complexes, IDC are not sufficient to prime VSV Th cells in the absence of MDC and/or splenic M phi.