Effect of preoperative endoscopic biliary drainage on infectious morbidity after pancreatoduodenectomy: a case-control study

BACKGROUND: The utility of preoperative endoscopic biliary drainage (PEBD) in jaundiced patients before pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) is still debated. This is in part due to the heterogeneity of the studied population, including different tumor location, drainage techniques, and surgical procedures. The aim of the current study was to report the influence of PEBD on postoperative infectious morbidity of PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1996 and December 2004, 124 patients underwent a PD and 28. Twenty-eight (22.6%) of these patients underwent a PEBD. This group of patients was matched to 28 control patients who underwent PD without PEBD during the same period. The 2 groups were matched for age, sex, indication of surgery, and serum bilirubin levels. RESULTS: The specific morbidity of PEBD before surgery was 10.7% (n = 3). The postoperative overall morbidity, medical morbidity, and surgical morbidity rates were not different between the 2 groups. At the time of surgery, 89.3% (n = 25) of the patients in the PEBD group had positive bile culture in comparison to 19.4% (n = 4) in the control group (P < .001). The number of patients with 1 or more infectious complications was higher in the PEBD group (50%; n = 14) than in the control group (21.4%; n = 6) (P = .05). CONCLUSIONS: Before PD, PEBD should be routinely avoided whenever possible in patients with potentially resectable pancreatic and peripancreatic lesions. In patients with cholangitis, requiring extensive preoperative assessment (such as liver biopsy) or neoadjuvant treatment, PEBD might still be indicated.     

Effect of preoperative biliary drainage on surgical outcome after pancreatoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND: The role of preoperative biliary drainage in patients with biliary obstruction undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy remains controversial. Several authors failed to show any effect of preoperative biliary drainage, whereas others even reported an increased morbidity following pancreatoduodenectomy. METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed in a consecutive series of 257 patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy between November 1993 and November 1999. RESULTS: Ninety-nine patients (38%) underwent preoperative biliary drainage for a median time period of 10 days (range 1 to 41) prior to resection. Cumulative postoperative morbidity was 47% (120 patients), the reoperation rate was 4.3% (11 patients), and mortality was 2.3% (6 patients). There was no difference in total morbidity, infectious complications, reoperation rate, mortality, or long-term survival between patients with or without preoperative biliary drainage. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative biliary instrumentation and biliary drainage do not affect early or late outcome in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy.     

Effect of biliary decompression on morbidity and mortality of pancreatoduodenectomy

To evaluate the effect of levels of serum bilirubin on morbidity and mortality after pancreatoduodenectomy, a prospective study was designed to compare patients who underwent preoperative biliary decompression to those who did not. Preoperative biliary decompression decreased the mean serum bilirubin level from 15.8 to 5.8 mg/dl in one group of 10 patients (Group A). The only statistical differences between this group and the two other groups of patients (Groups B and C) who were not treated with preoperative biliary decompression was the level of serum bilirubin before pancreatoduodenectomy (5.8, 22, and 1.3 mg/dl in Groups A, B, and C, respectively). Only one death occurred in each group of patients. The numbers of nonfatal complications were comparable. These results suggest that there is no decrease in morbidity or mortality after pancreatoduodenectomy when the serum bilirubin level is decreased by preoperative biliary drainage.     

Decreased morbidity and mortality after pancreatoduodenectomy

In two 5 year periods (1975 to 1979 and 1980 to 1984), 96 patients underwent pancreatoduodenal resection, which included 74 partial pancreatic resections and 22 total pancreatectomies. Thirty-seven of these patients had resections with preservation of the pylorus. Substantial reductions in perioperative mortality (2 percent versus 10 percent) and morbidity (26 percent versus 49 percent) (p less than 0.05) were achieved in the latter period. Pylorus preservation, with a mortality and morbidity of 3 percent and 27 percent, respectively, did not increase operative risk or compromise long-term survival in patients with malignant disease. In comparison, relatively high mortality and morbidity rates (14 percent and 59 percent) accompanied total pancreatectomy without improved long-term survival. Five year actuarial survival for nonpancreatic periampullary adenocarcinomas was 58 percent. Thus, we recommend pancreatoduodenectomy with preservation of the pylorus for resection of periampullary tumors. These patients, whose only possibility for cure is a major pancreatic resection, should not be denied this opportunity on the basis of reports from a previous era.     

The effect of preoperative biliary drainage on postoperative complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND:

The benefit of preoperative biliary drainage in jaundiced patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for a suspected malignancy of the periampullary region is still under debate. This study evaluated preoperative biliary drainage in relation to postoperative outcomes.

STUDY DESIGN:

At the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, a cohort of 311 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy from June 1992 up to and including December 1999 was studied. Of this cohort 21 patients with external or surgical biliary drainage were excluded and 232 patients who had received preoperative internal biliary drainage were divided into three groups corresponding with severity of jaundice according to preoperative plasma bilirubin levels: < 40 μM (n = 177), 40 to 100 μM (n = 32), and > 100 μM (n = 23) were designated as groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. These groups were compared with patients who underwent immediate surgery (n = 58) without preoperative drainage.

RESULTS:

The median number of stent (re)placements was 2 (range 1 to 6) with a median drainage duration of 41 days (range 2 to 182 days) and a stent dysfunction rate of 33%. Although patients in group 1 were better drained than patients in groups 2 and 3 (median reduction of bilirubin levels 82%, 57%, and 37%, respectively, p < 0.01), there was no difference in overall morbidity among the drained groups (50%, 50%, and 52%, respectively). There was no significant difference in overall morbidity between patients with and without preoperative biliary drainage (50% and 55%, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:

Preoperative biliary drainage did not influence the incidence of postoperative complications, and although it can be performed safely in jaundiced patients it should not be used routinely.     

Influence of bactibilia after preoperative biliary stenting on postoperative infectious complications

The aim of this study was to correlate the bactibilia found after preoperative biliary stenting with that of the bacteriology of postoperative infectious complications in patients with obstructive jaundice. One hundred thirty-eight patients (83% malignant and 17% benign etiologies) with obstructive jaundice had both their bile and all postoperative infectious complications cultured. Eighty-six (62%) had preoperative biliary stents (stent group) and 52 (38%) did not (no-stent group). There were no differences for age, sex, incidence of malignancy, type of operation, estimated blood loss, transfusion requirements, hospital length of stay, morbidity, or mortality rates between the two groups. Of 31 infectious complications, 23 were in the stent group and eight were in the no-stent group (P > 0.05), but only 13 (42%) infectious complications had bacteria that were also cultured from the bile. Only wound infection (P = 0.03) and bacteremia (P = 0.04) were more likely to occur in stented patients. Taken together, these data show that preoperative biliary stenting increases the incidence of bactibilia, bacteremia, and wound infection rates but does not increase morbidity, mortality, or hospital length of stay. Jaundiced patients can undergo preoperative biliary stenting while maintaining an acceptable postoperative morbidity rate.     

经皮肝穿刺胆道置管引流术前减黄对胰十二指肠切除术后近期并发症的影响

目的 评价经皮肝穿刺胆道置管引流(percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage,PTBD)作为胰十二指肠切除术前减黄手段对于手术后结果的影响.方法 收集本院2001至2009年115例因胰头癌、胆管远端癌、壶腹癌、十二指肠乳头癌而行胰十二指肠切除患者的临床资料.患者术前采用PTBD作为减黄手段或未进行任何减黄处理,术前或引流前血清胆红素至少＞100 μmol/L且术前无胆管炎表现.115例患者分为PTBD组(42例),早期手术组(73例).对两组间胆瘘、胰瘘、腹腔感染、切口并发症、胃瘫、总并发症、围手术期死亡率、住院时间、住院费用等指标应用PEMS 3.1医学统计软件包进行统计检验.结果 围手术期死亡率PTBD组为2.38％(1例),早期手术组为2.74％(2例),差异无统计学意义.总并发症率PTBD组为54.76％(23例),早期手术组为50.68％(37例),差异无统计学意义.胆瘘、胰瘘、腹腔感染、切口并发症、胃瘫等观察指标也未显示统计学差异.在住院时间和住院费用方面,早期手术组明显优于PTBD组(P＜0.05),差异有统计学意义.结论 PTBD术前减黄对于降低因壶腹周围癌行胰十二指肠切除术术后并发症的作用有限.如果不存在胆管炎或手术需要推迟的原因,术前不需要常规PTBD减黄治疗.     

Preoperative biliary drainage: Impact on intraoperative bile cultures and infectious morbidity and mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Whether it is necessary to perform biliary drainage for obstructive jaundice before performing pancreaticoduodenectomy remains controversial. Our aim was to determine the impact of preoperative biliary drainage on intraoperative bile cultures and postoperative infectious morbidity and mortality following pancreaticoduodenectomy. We retrospectively analyzed 161 consecutive patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy in whom intraoperative bile cultures were performed. Microorganisms were isolated from 58% of these intraoperative bile cultures, with 70% of them being polymicrobial. Postoperative morbidity was 47% and mortality was 5%. Postoperative infectious complications occurred in 29%, most commonly wound infection (14%) and intra-abdominal abscess (12%). Eighty-nine percent of patients with intra-abdominal abscess (P = 0.003) and 87% with wound infection (P = 0.003) had positive intraoperative bile cultures. Microorganisms in the bile were predictive of microorganisms in intraabdominal abscess (100%) and wound infection (69%). Multivariatc analysis of preoperative and intraoperative variables demonstrated that preoperative biliary drainage was associated with positive intraoperative bile cultures (P <0.001), postoperative infectious complications (P = 0.022), intra-abdominal abscess (P = 0.061), wound infection (P = 0.045), and death (P = 0.021). Preoperative biliary drainage increases the risk of positive intraoperative bile cultures, postoperative infectious morbidity, and death. Positive intraoperative bile cultures are associated with postoperative infectious complications and have similar microorganism profiles. These data suggest that preoperative biliary drainage should be avoided in candidates for pancreaticoduodenectomy. Presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Gastroenterological Association, New Orleans, La., May 19, 1998.     

Palliative percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage: assessment of morbidity and mortality

The results of palliative percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage were assessed retrospectively in 16 cases and prospectively in 7 between 1982 and 1985. Causes of biliary obstruction were metastatic cancer (nine), pancreatic cancer (nine), cholangiocarcinoma (three) and gallbladder cancer (two). Internal drainage was established in 78.3%. In the 19 patients who died, the mean duration of drainage was 3.6 months. Early morbidity was 17.4%. Late septic morbidity occurred in 11 patients (48%) (a total of 28 episodes). Late deaths (31.2%) resulted from upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hepatic abscess, septic shock, subhepatic abscess and peritonitis. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage is associated with substantial morbidity (67.4%) and mortality (35.5%) from infection. Palliation was modest; only eight patients spent more than half their survival time at home, and 10 patients never left hospital. Clinical trials are required to assess the risk-to-benefit ratio and role of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage versus surgical bypass in patients with lesions amenable to surgery, and biliary drainage versus no treatment in patients whose tumour cannot be bypassed.     

术前胆道引流对肝门部胆管癌手术并发症的影响

但不能降低术后并发症发生率和住院病死率.Bismuth-Corlette分型、是否合并肝切除是预测患者术后风险的重要因素.     

Influence of preoperative biliary drainage on surgical outcome after pancreaticoduodenectomy: single centre experience

Purpose

Controversy prevails on the impact of preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) on postoperative complications and clinical outcome of pancreatic cancer. We determined whether PBD is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Methods

A total of 131 consecutive patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (93 jaundiced, 38 with no jaundice) were included in this study. Overall, 57 % of jaundiced patients underwent PBD, while 43 % were not drained. The impact of PBD on postoperative morbidity and mortality was evaluated by means of logistic regression analysis. The Kaplan–Meier method was applied to determine the effect of PBD on survival of patients with malignant lesions.

Results

Mortality and morbidity rate was 3 % and 54.6 %, respectively. PBD was demonstrated to be the unique predictor of complications (odds ration [OR]?=?10.18; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 3.65–28.39, p?<?0.001). The jaundiced patients who were drained exhibited high frequencies of wound infection (p?<?0.001), post-pancreatectomy haemorrhage (p?=?0.0185) and hyperglycaemia (p?<?0.001). In addition, an increased frequency of pancreatic fistula emerged among drained patients compared to those who were not drained (p?=?0.036). PBD did not affect survival of patient with malignant lesions.

Conclusions

With the exception of the classical indications, PBD should be carefully evaluated in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer.     

术前减黄对重症黄疸患者行胰十二指肠切除术的影响

目的　探讨术前以手术方法减轻梗阻性黄疸 (减黄 )对壶腹周围癌伴重度黄疸患者行胰十二指肠切除术 (PD )的影响。方法　回顾分析对比 2 2例壶腹周围癌伴重度黄疸患者PD术前行减黄手术 (减黄组 ) ,与 3 0例直接行PD手术 (未减黄组 )患者的临床资料。结果　两组临床资料具有可比性 (P >0 .0 5 )。两组均行经典式PD手术 ,减黄组手术时间及术中出血量分别为 3 44(2 40～5 70 )min及 10 5 7(60 0～ 2 10 0 )ml ,较未减黄组的 3 0 6(2 10～ 490 )min及 90 8(2 0 0～ 2 0 0 0 )ml有增多趋势 ,但无统计学差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。减黄组术中输血量为 13 0 0 (80 0～ 2 40 0 )ml ,较未减黄组的93 9(0～ 2 40 0 )ml明显增多 (t =2 .0 5 7,P <0 .0 5 )。术后并发症发生率减黄组为 5 9.1% (13 /2 2 ) ,未减黄组为 5 3 .3 % (16/3 0 ) ,手术死亡率减黄组为 4.5 % (1/2 2 ) ,未减黄组为 6.7% (2 /3 0 ) ,两组比较差异均无显著性 (均P >0 .0 5 )。但在总住院时间上减黄组为 71(4 3～ 10 1)d ,较未减黄组的 47(2 9～ 81)d明显延长 (t =-3 .3 2 2 ,P <0 .0 5 )。结论　对伴有重度梗阻性黄疸的壶腹周围癌患者 ,若能充分进行术前准备 ,一期行PD手术利大于弊。     

The effect of preoperative internal and external biliary drainage on mortality of jaundiced rats

Mortality following abdominal infection induced by cecal ligation and puncture was studied in rats with obstructive jaundice and after relief of the obstruction by preoperative internal or external biliary drainage. Four groups of adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used: common bile duct ligation (BDL), BDL followed by internal drainage after two weeks, BDL followed by external drainage after two weeks, and sham operation. The serum bilirubin concentration was significantly increased in the BDL group and returned to normal following internal and external drainage. Mortality in the sham group was 16.5% and increased to 83.3% following BDL, but it decreased significantly (25%) to near-normal values after preoperative internal drainage. However, after external drainage no significant reduction in mortality (63%) was found. These findings confirm the poor results of preoperative external drainage in previous studies and establish the efficacy of internal biliary drainage in a well-controlled experimental model that has to be evaluated in the clinical situation.