Viral hepatitis and hepatitis B antigen: recent advances

Recent advances in hepatitis research have shed new light on the etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology and prevention of type B hepatitis infection. The so-called ‘Dane’ particle is probably the complete hepatitis B virion; its outer coat is the hepatitis B (Australia) antigen (HB Ag) and its inner core is an immunologically distinct particle. Subtypes of HB Ag (a, d, y, w and r) are useful indices for epidemiological surveys. Concepts of epidemiology have changed: type B hepatitis is transmissible by contact as well as by inoculation. The presence of HB Ag in blood is indicative of the presence of hepatitis B virus. Tests to detect antigen and use of voluntary blood donors have played a major role in the decreased incidence of post transfusion hepatitis. A special hepatitis B gammaglobulin preparation and a heat-inactivated hepatitis B vaccine have proved to be effective in preliminary studies.     

自身抗体在乙型病毒性肝炎和自身免疫性肝炎中的特点分析

目的 分析自身抗体在乙型病毒性肝炎及自身免疫性肝炎中的特点.方法 将血清样本分为3组:乙型病毒性肝炎组(HBV) 306例、自身免疫性肝炎组(AIH)235例和健康对照组150例,采用间接免疫荧光法和欧蒙印迹法检测血清中抗核抗体(ANA)、抗平滑肌抗体(ASMA)、抗线粒体抗体(AMA)、抗肝肾微粒体Ⅰ型(LKM-1)抗体和抗可溶性肝抗原/肝胰抗原(SLA/LP)抗体等肝病相关自身抗体.结果 (1) HBV组和AIH组ANA检出率分别为9.1％、80.42％,明显高于健康对照组;AIH组ANA阳性率显著高于HBV组(P＜0.05).(2)HBV组ANA滴度1:100、1:320、1:1 000阳性率分别为6.2％、2.6％、0.3％,以低滴度(1:100)为主,AIH组1:100、1:320、1:1 000滴度阳性率分别为22.98％、41.28％、14.47％,以高滴度(≥1:320)为主.(3)HBV组AMA、ASMA、抗LKM-1及抗SLA/LP抗体的阳性率分别是0.3％、0.9％、0.3％和0％,AIH组的阳性率分别为36.6％、25.1％、23％和2.55％,明显高于HBV组.(4)AIH组荧光模型以核均质型和核仁型为主;HBV患者以颗粒型为主.(5)采用1999年诊断积分系统评估,28例自身抗体阳性乙肝患者中有1例评分超过16分,达到自身免疫性肝炎确诊标准(≥16分).结论 自身免疫性肝炎患者具有高滴度的自身抗体;乙型病毒性肝炎患者血清中低滴度的自身抗体不构成自身免疫性肝炎,高滴度的自身抗体要结合临床资料排除自身免疫性肝炎.     

慢性肝病与乙、丙型肝炎病毒感染关系的探讨

目的　探讨慢性肝病与乙、丙型肝炎病毒感染的关系。方法　EIA法检测HBV感染指标 (两对半系统 )及抗HCV ;PCR法检测HBVDNA ,反转PCR法检测HCVRNA。结果　 32 8例慢性肝病患者中 ,HBV感染率明显高于HCV感染率 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,肝癌患者中HBV、HCV重叠感染率明显高于慢性肝炎组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　本地区慢性肝病仍以HBV感染为主 ;HBV、HCV重叠感染对肝癌的发生似有相加作用。     

自身抗体在丙型肝炎和自身免疫性肝炎中的特点分析

目的分析自身抗体在丙型肝炎和自身免疫性肝炎中的特点。方法采用间接免疫荧光法和/或欧蒙印迹法检测97例丙型肝炎患者、31例临床确诊的自身免疫性肝炎患者和100例健康人血清中的ANA、SLA/LP、SAMA、AMA、AMA-M2、LC-l、APCA、LKM-1等自身抗体。结果 HCV组中,抗ANA、LKM-1、LC-1、SAMA、AMA-M2、APCA体阳性率分别是38.14%、2.06%、1.03%、2.06%、1.03%和3.09%,而且阳性滴度都比较低,大部分处于1：100。AIH组中,抗ANA、SLA/LP、抗LKM-l、LC-1、SAMA、AMA-M2、APCA抗体阳性率分别是80.65%、16.13%、12.90%、22.58%、58.06%、12.90%、3.22%,AIH组阳性率还是明显高于HCV组（P〈O.05）,以高滴度为主,大多数大于等于1：320。丙型肝炎RNA阳性组自身抗体阳性率高于RNA阴性组。结论丙型肝炎患者血清中存在多种自身抗体,但滴度较低;自身免疫性肝炎具有高滴度的自身抗体水平;HCV引起的自身免疫紊乱尤其是病毒处于复制状态是造成机体免疫损伤,加重丙肝病毒血症的极其重要的因素。     

Cholestatic fibrosing hepatitis and hepatitis B after bone marrow transplantation

In the setting of transplantation and chronic hepatitis B viral infection there is a unique histological feature termed cholestatic fibrosing hepatitis. The use of nucleoside analogues in the treatment of this condition has been successful. We describe a case of cholestatic fibrosing hepatitis, which occurred after intense immunosuppression for graft versus host disease in a patient with bone marrow transplantations. She was commenced on lamivudine therapy and showed good clinical, biochemical and virological response. However she succumbed due to sepsis.     

Non-A, non-B hepatitis and antibody to hepatitis C virus

Stored serum samples from the Transfusion-transmitted Viruses Study in the 1970s were tested for the presence of antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV). Single specimens from five control subjects who did not receive transfusions tested negative for anti-HCV. Of four control subjects who did not receive transfusions and who developed non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis after hospitalization, three remained anti-HCV negative; the fourth person with postoperative NANB hepatitis tested anti-HCV positive before the operation. Five transfusion recipients with posttransfusion hepatitis B virus infection remained seronegative; a sixth with NANB hepatitis as well as hepatitis B virus infection had seroconversion for anti-HCV. Five of nine transfusion recipients with NANB hepatitis had anti-HCV seroconversion. These results show that present anti-HCV testing demonstrates an etiologic basis for approximately half of the cases of transfusion-associated NANB hepatitis, particularly those that develop chronicity. Although cases of NANB hepatitis without seroconversion may be explained otherwise, they may be caused by another, presently unidentified, virus.     

Alcohol and hepatitis C

Although early studies of hepatitis C indicated this is a serious disease, more recent evidence shows it can be relatively benign. A major determinant of hepatitis C prognosis is alcohol consumption. Promotion of alcohol abstinence among people with hepatitis C could result in substantial reductions in morbidity, mortality and treatment costs.     

Detection of hepatitis G virus RNA in hepatitis C patients and hepatitis C virus infected hemodialysis patients

AlthoughsensitiveandspecificimmunoassayandmolecularbiologicaltechniquesforthedetectionofthehepatitisA--Evirusesareavailable,theetiologyofasubstantialfractionofpost--transfusionandcommunity--acquiredhepatitiscasesremainsundefined[1],suggestingtheexistenceofadditionalcausativeagents.Anewhumanhepatitisviruswasisolatedbytwoindependentgroups.ThenewvirusisprovisionallydesignatedashepatitisGvirus(HGV)[ZJorGBvirusC(GBV~C)[3'4),whichwasthoughttobetheagentofpartofthenon--A--Ehepatitispatients.Fro…     

原发性与重叠感染乙肝病毒的巨细胞病毒肝炎的临床特征分析

目的探讨成人巨细胞病毒肝炎的临床特征及巨细胞病毒重叠感染是否为加重慢性重型乙型肝炎肝损害的因素.方法采用ELISA方法检测抗巨细胞病毒IgM,对15例巨细胞病毒肝炎患者与20例急性甲型肝炎患者、13例慢性重型乙型肝炎患者与20例慢性重型乙型肝炎重叠巨细胞病毒感染患者的临床表现和肝功能进行观测比较.结果巨细胞病毒肝炎患者与急性甲型肝炎比较:巨细胞病毒肝炎患者胆汁瘀积症状及病毒血症与后者对比存在显著性差异(P＜0.01),消化道症状无差异(P＞0.05).肝功能比较:巨细胞病毒肝炎与息性甲型肝炎梗阻性指标存在显著差异(P＜0.01),肝实质损害指标无显著性差异(P＞0.05).巨细胞病毒重叠感染慢性重型乙肝患者临床表现及肝实质损害指标与慢性重型乙肝患者比较,无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论巨细胞病毒肝炎患者以急性瘀胆型肝炎表现为主,预后良好;巨细胞病毒重叠感染不能加重慢性重型乙肝患者肝损害.     

Increased severity and morbidity of acute hepatitis in drug abusers with simultaneously acquired hepatitis B and hepatitis D virus infections

Hepatitis D virus (delta agent) markers were present in 111 (36%) of 308 intravenous drug abusers who were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), 52 of these having hepatitis D virus antigenaemia. IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc IgM) was present in 92 out of 95 subjects tested, indicating that hepatitis D virus and hepatitis B virus infections had been acquired simultaneously. Hepatitis D virus markers were present in three out of four patients with fulminant hepatitis, and in 80 of 223 (36%) with mild or moderate hepatitis compared with four of 29 (14%) of those who were asymptomatic. These proportional differences were significant (p less than 0.001). Hepatitis D virus markers were present in twice as many patients positive for anti-HBc IgM requiring admission to hospital with acute hepatitis compared with outpatients attending a drug treatment centre. Tests on one patient showed complete disappearance of HBsAg, but hepatitis D antigen (HDAg or delta antigen) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) were still present in serum samples. All five patients with chronic active hepatitis had hepatitis D antibody (anti-HD) compared with seven of 24 (29%) with chronic persistent hepatitis (p = 0.008). Blocking anti-HD persisted for long periods after simultaneous infections with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus but at lower titres than in patients with chronic liver disease.     

甲型乙型肝炎联合疫苗的制剂安全性试验研究

目的 评价甲型乙型肝炎联合疫苗是否具有肌肉刺激性、急性毒性和过敏性反应。方法 家兔后肢股四头肌im 0.5 mL甲型乙型肝炎联合疫苗,每天给药1次,连续给药2 d,停药2和21 d后对注射部位进行肉眼和病理组织学检查;小鼠后肢im 0.2 mL甲型乙型肝炎联合疫苗,给药1次后观察小鼠的不良反应情况;豚鼠后肢隔日im 0.5 mL甲型乙型肝炎联合疫苗,连续注射3次,分别于末次致敏后第14和21 d iv给予1.0 mL甲型乙型肝炎联合疫苗进行激发,观察豚鼠30 min内是否出现过敏反应。结果 甲型乙型肝炎联合疫苗可导致注射部位肌肉局灶性炎细胞浸润,停药21 d后肌肉组织无异常;在本实验条件中,未见对小鼠有明显的毒性反应;豚鼠全身主动过敏反应阴性。结论 甲型乙型肝炎联合疫苗无全身主动过敏性反应且毒性较低,对肌肉有轻度的刺激反应,但其刺激作用可恢复。     

慢性乙型肝炎与散发性戊型肝炎重叠感染的临床分析

对４７例慢性乙型肝炎，肝炎肝硬化与散发性戊型肝炎重叠感染及５０例慢性乙肝进行临床对比分析，以探讨双重感染的临床特征，重症肝炎发生率及转归。方法采用ＥＬＩＳＡ法及ＥＩＡ法检测甲乙丙丁戊与５种肝炎病毒，同时检测肝功能。结论提示ＨＢＶ与ＨＥＶ重叠感染肝细胞损害加重，病情有重症比倾向。     

加强对乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎病毒准种的研究

生物的变异是生物为了适应环境的不断变化，维持生存和种族繁衍的需要而采取的一种十分重要和必要的应对措施，也是生物进化的基础，这是生物界普遍存在的现象。     

慢性丙型肝炎病理分级分期特点及与乙型肝炎的比较研究

目的:探讨慢性丙型肝炎病理分级、分期的特点及与乙型肝炎的鉴别诊断价值.方法:收集1994年1月～2004年1月中日友好医院及外院会诊的经临床血清学确诊的慢性丙型肝炎患者的肝脏穿刺标本53例,按2000年全国<病毒性肝炎防治方案>慢性肝炎病理诊断标准,进行分类、分级、分期.严格按照级期对应的原则,选取119例慢性乙型肝炎患者的肝脏穿刺标本,对比观察分析两型肝炎的分级分期病理形态特点.结果:慢性丙型肝炎各级中均有较明显的大泡状脂肪变性、小胆管损害及汇管区淋巴滤泡形成等;分期中S1可见汇管区膨大伴周围纤维化,并易见窦周纤维化;与乙型肝炎相比,S2～S4以宽大的P-P型纤维间隔最具特征.结论:慢性丙型肝炎的炎症活动度分级及纤维化分期与乙型肝炎相比,具有一定的形态学特征及鉴别诊断意义.