EGFR基因突变与EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂近期疗效的关系

背景与目的 多项研究证实表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)突变与EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)的疗效存在相关性.本研究应用荧光定量PCR技术检测晚期肺癌的EGFR基因突变,分析其与EGFR TKI药物Gefitinib二线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌(nonsmall cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的近期疗效之间的关系.方法 从63例血浆和胸腔积液标本(其中血浆53例,胸腔积液10例)中提取游离DNA,应用荧光定量PCR技术进行EGFR 18、19、21外显子基因的检测,并结合临床进行分析.结果 在63例血浆和胸腔积液标本中检测到EGFR基因突变17例,突变率为27.0%.EGFR基因突变主要见于女性及非吸烟人群(P＜0.05).存在EGFR基因突变的患者Gefitinib二线治疗的疗效明显优于野生型患者(P＜0.01).结论 晚期NSCLC患者的血浆、胸腔积液游离DNA中存在EGFR基因突变,这类突变可以通过荧光定量PCR技术检测出来.EGFR基因突变患者对Gefitinib的反应率明显高于野生型患者,检测胸腔积液和/或血浆EGFR基因突变有助于选择有效患者接受EGFR TKI治疗.     

肺鳞癌患者EGFR基因突变状态与EGFR-TKIs疗效分析

摘 要：［目的］ 分析肺鳞癌患者表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）基因的突变状态,观察表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors,EGFR-TKIs）对EGFR敏感突变肺鳞癌患者的临床疗效。［方法］ 回顾性分析广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院2013年11月至2017年8月行EGFR基因检测的肺鳞癌患者172例,利用突变扩增阻滞系统（ARMS）的方法进行EGFR基因检测,分析患者的临床病理特征,随访EGFR-TKIs靶向治疗的EGFR敏感突变肺鳞癌患者。［结果］ 172例肺鳞癌患者中,EGFR基因敏感突变15例,突变率为8.7%,在EGFR基因突变患者中,女性、不吸烟患者EGFR基因突变率高于男性、吸烟患者（22.2% vs 5.1%,16.7% vs 4.5%）（P=0.001,P=0.007）。不同分化程度、不同分期、标本类型、癌胚抗原、鳞状细胞癌相关抗原正常或升高之间EGFR基因突变率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。EGFR基因敏感突变肺鳞癌患者中,5例一线、1例二线使用EGFR-TKIs治疗,其客观有效率为33.3％,疾病控制率为83.3％,中位无进展生存期为4.9个月,中位总生存期为10.75个月,副反应为皮疹2例,均为1级。［结论］ 肺鳞癌患者EGFR基因突变率与性别和吸烟史相关,女性、不吸烟者EGFR突变率高于男性、吸烟者。EGFR-TKIs对EGFR敏感突变的肺鳞癌患者具有一定临床疗效,副反应可耐受。     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的研究进展

表皮生长因子受体（epidermal growth factor receptor，EGFR）在细胞的信号转导、细胞增殖和分化中发挥着重要的作用，对多种肿瘤的发生和发展也具有重要影响，抑制该受体活性可以有效抑制肿瘤的生长。以此为靶点的抗肿瘤药物的开发，在多种肿瘤治疗中取得了令人鼓舞的疗效。     

EGFR突变与非小细胞肺癌酪氨酸激酶抑制剂靶向治疗

肺癌的高发病率和高病死率，以及化疗对晚期肺癌疗效的十分有限，使之成为世界性医学难题。最近发现，表皮生长因子受体（epidermal growth factor receptor，EGFR）酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（tyrosine kinases inhibitors，TKIs）的分子靶向治疗可以使晚期非小细胞肺癌瘤体缩小；然而，以Gefitinib和Erlotinib为代表的TKIs治疗敏感性与EGFR基因突变显著相关。研究证实，EGFR最常见发生的19区缺失突变和21区点突变导致相应氨基酸序列和EGFR结构的改变，是其增加药物敏感性的主要机制。此外，EGFR基因扩增和CA重复序列的多态性、EGFR通路下游信号（如p-AKT等）激活、HER2和（或）HER3表达的增加、K—RAS基因突变等因素皆影响其对TKIs的治疗敏感性。鉴于此，进一步研究EGFR基因不同突变的功能，寻找能预测TKIs治疗敏感性的因素，并作为TKIs敏感患者的筛选指标，对于提高晚期肺癌患者TKIs靶向治疗疗效具有重要意义。     

表皮生长因子受体与酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在肿瘤防治中的应用进展

表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)信号传递系统可调控细胞周期，调节细胞生长与分化，促进损伤修复。EGFR在包括非小细胞肺癌(non-small-cell lung cancer,NSCLC)在内的多种上皮源性肿瘤中过表达预示存活率低、预后差、转移可能性大，可作为肿瘤基因治疗的靶位。酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitors，TKIs)可选择性抑制EGFR酪氨酸激酶活性，抑制肿瘤生长，增加放化疗敏感性。     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的研究进展

表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)在细胞的信号转导、细胞增殖和分化中发挥着重要的作用,对多种肿瘤的发生和发展也具有重要影响,抑制该受体活性可以有效抑制肿瘤的生长。以此为靶点的抗肿瘤药物的开发,在多种肿瘤治疗中取得了令人鼓舞的疗效。     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在晚期非小细胞肺癌一线治疗中的应用

背景与目的表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI)已广泛用于晚期非小细胞肺癌的二、三线治疗,但其在一线治疗中的作用尚未明确。本文旨在探讨EGFR-TKI一线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效及安全性。方法对77例一线使用EGFR-TKI吉非替尼或厄洛替尼治疗的晚期非小细胞肺癌患者的临床特征、治疗效果及生存时间进行回顾性分析,并对药物副作用与安全性进行评估。结果EGFR-TKI一线治疗总有效率为33.8%,疾病控制率为68.8%。中位无进展生存时间为6.0个月,中位生存时间为8.9个月,1年生存率为61.4%。统计学分析显示:病理类型、PS评分、皮疹情况、吸烟史、EGFR突变和血清CEA变化与疗效相关;病理类型和皮疹为影响生存的独立因素。药物不良反应主要表现为皮疹和轻度腹泻。患者服用EGFR-TKI后,疾病相关症状得到缓解,生活质量明显改善。结论EGFR-TKI一线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌安全有效。     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂耐药机制研究进展

肿瘤的分子靶向治疗是近年发展起来的一种全新治疗方向.表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌,已取得一定疗效.全文对EGFR-TKI耐药的有关机制研究作一综述.     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂抗肿瘤治疗的临床进展

表皮生长因子受体 (ｅｐｉｄｅｒｍａｌｇｒｏｗｔｈｆａｃｔｏｒｒｅｃｅｐｔｏｒ ,ＥＧＦＲ)是一种糖蛋白受体 ,是原癌基因ｃ ｅｒｂＢ 1(ＨＥＲ 1)的表达产物 ,定位于细胞膜上 ,所编码的蛋白质属于Ⅰ型跨膜酪氨酸激酶生长因子受体。除血管外 ,它广泛分布于哺乳动物的上皮细胞膜上 ,包括膜外区、跨膜区、膜内区 3个部分。当配体与受体的胞外部分结合后 ,受体胞内部分的酪氨酸残基磷酸化 ,形成酪氨酸底物结合位点 ,使ＥＧＦＲ激活 ,再通过识别一系列底物酶将外界信号转导至细胞内。其中酪氨酸磷酸化是ＥＧＦＲ介导的信号转导的关键分子事件…     

EGFR mutation heterogeneity and the mixed response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors of lung adenocarcinomas

Background.

Non-small cell lung cancer patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations have mixed responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Intertumor heterogeneity in EGFR mutations is one potential explanation for this phenomenon.

Methods.

We performed direct sequencing to identify EGFR mutations in 180 pairs of lung adenocarcinoma samples (from 3,071 patients). The high-resolution melting method was used in discordant cases to confirm EGFR mutation status. Matching samples were divided into four groups: primary lesions detected at different times, primary tumors with matched metastatic lymph nodes, multiple pulmonary nodules, and primary tumors with matched distant metastases. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate correlations between heterogeneity and patient characteristics.

Results.

In the study population, the discordance rate was 13.9% (25 of 180). The multiple pulmonary nodules group had the highest discordance rate of 24.4% (10 of 41; odds ratio for heterogeneity in primary lesions detected at different times, 6.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.71–23.72; p = .006). Discordance rates in the metachronous and synchronous settings were 15.7% (22 of 140) and 7.5% (three of 40), respectively. In the 34 patients who developed EGFR TKI resistance, 10 (29.4%) cases exhibited heterogeneity and five (14.7%) patients exhibited a mixed response to the drug. Three (8.8%) of the patients with a mixed response also exhibited discordant EGFR mutations.

Conclusions.

The overall discordance rate of EGFR mutation heterogeneity in Asian patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma is relatively low, but the rate in patients with multiple pulmonary nodules is significantly higher. This observation may explain the mixed tumor response to EGFR TKIs.     

改良的内切酶突变体富集法检测肺癌标本中EGFR基因突变

背景与目的表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)基因突变是肺癌靶向药物疗效的可靠预测指标,因此基因突变的检测具有非常重要的临床意义。本研究建立使用常规实验仪器、高灵敏度、简便的检测表皮生长因子受体突变的方法,以利于临床中快速的检测EGFR基因突变。方法采用改良的内切酶法富集法检测251例肺腺癌DNA标本中EGFR基因外显子19缺失突变和21(L858R)点突变,并与直接测序进行比较。利用混合突变/野生型EGFR基因的细胞系测定改良方法的灵敏度。结果在251例腺癌标本DNA中使用测序法检测出EGFR外显子19突变46例、外显子21突变26例。采用改良的突变体富集法检另外测出外显子19突变78例、外显子21突变57例,总突变率53.8%。灵敏度检测显示对于外显子19和21,新方法的检测灵敏度达0.5%。结论本方法具有简便、经济、灵敏度高等特点,便于临床快速筛查非小细胞肺癌病理组织中的EGFR基因突变。     

The Effects of HER2 Alterations in EGFR Mutant Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

BackgroundHER2 alteration (mutation and/or amplification) is associated with poor survival in NSCLC and can mediate resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed de-identified molecular information from 12,946 NSCLC samples that underwent next-generation sequencing (NGS) with Caris Life Sciences. The objectives were to determine the prevalence and type of HER2 alterations with and without EGFR as a co-mutation. Insurance claims were utilized to obtain outcomes data.ResultsThree hundred and twenty-one patients (2.5%) had HER2 alteration: mutation in 197 patients and amplification in 134. Median age was 65 years and 62% were female. A total of 84% were adenocarcinoma. HER2 exon 20 insertion was most common (69%). A total of 1551 (12%) patients had EGFR mutations. Among samples with EGFR mutations, 24 (1.5%) had concurrent HER2 alteration (8 with HER2 mutation and 16 with amplification). Among 8 patients who had both EGFR and HER2 mutations, 3 had EGFR exon 19 deletions and exon 8 HER2 mutation (S310F). One-third of the patients (7/21) with HER2 extracellular domain (ECD) mutation had co-occurring EGFR mutations. All 7 were S310. Patients with concurrent EGFR mutation and HER2 amplification had longer median time on treatment with EGFR TKI(s) than those with EGFR mutation without HER2 amplification (HR 2.284, P =.004).ConclusionA minority of NSCLC samples with EGFR mutations had HER2 alterations. In patients with both mutations, exon 21 mutations for EGFR and exon 8 mutations for HER2 were common. It will be critical to continue to accumulate valuable clinical data for further real-world outcomes analysis.     

非小细胞肺癌EGFR基因靶向治疗研究进展

人表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, EGFR-TKIs）给EGFR基因敏感突变患者带来巨大的临床获益。随着临床和基础研究的不断深入,EGFR-TKI已经越来越受到关注。本综述旨在将2016年EGFR-TKI药物研究进展进行概述。     

应用组织芯片法检测EGFR、COX-2在肺癌中的表达及生物学意义

背景与目的研究表明表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)和环氧合酶-2(cy-clooxygenase-2,COX-2)在多种实体瘤中存在高表达,并且可以通过相应的信号通路调节肿瘤的生长、侵袭和转移。本研究旨在探讨EGFR和COX-2在人类肺癌组织中表达的生物学意义及相互之间的关系。方法应用组织芯片技术结合免疫组织化学SP法检测89例原发肺癌、12例淋巴结转移性肺癌、12例癌前病变(不典型腺瘤样增生)和10例正常肺组织中EGFR、COX-2蛋白的表达情况。结果EGFR在肺癌组、癌前病变组、淋巴结转移性肺癌组中的阳性表达率分别为59.6%(53/89)、41.7%(5/12)和66.7%(8/12),COX-2在上述三组中的阳性表达率分别为52.8%(47/89)、41.7%(5/12)和66.7%(8/12),均较正常组明显升高(P<0.05)。EGFR和COX-2的表达与肺癌的组织学类型、临床分期和淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05),而与组织学分级、性别、年龄无关(P>0.05)。COX-2的表达还与肺癌的大体类型有关(P<0.05)。EGFR和COX-2...     

晚期非小细胞肺癌EGFR蛋白磷酸化、基因突变与EGFR-TKI疗效相关性的研究

背景与目的：近年来以吉非替尼和厄洛替尼为代表的表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors,EGFR-TKI),因其在晚期非小细胞肺癌(advanced non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)治疗中独特的临床疗效和较低的不良反应而备受关注。尽管EGFR基因突变是目前认为最确切的预测EGFR-TKI疗效的指标,但与临床疗效间并非“全或无”的关系,提示仍有其他机制参与其中。本研究旨在探讨晚期NSCLC组织标本中EGFR磷酸化酪氨酸1068(EGFR-pTyr1068)、1173(EGFR-pTyr1173)表达与EGFR基因突变的关系,及其在EGFR-TKI治疗中的疗效预测价值。方法：采用变性高效液相色谱法(denaturing high performance liquid chromatography,DHPLC)检测205例晚期NSCLC患者组织中EGFR基因突变(19、21外显子突变)情况;并采用免疫组化方法检测其EGFR-pTyr1068、EGFRpTyr1173表达。结果：晚期NSCLC患者组织中EGFR-pTyr1068和1173表达阳性率分别为80.0%(164/205)、57.6%(95/165);其表达与临床病理特征(年龄、性别、病理类型、吸烟状态、疾病分期)无相关性。全组EGFR基因突变率为44.9%(92/205),与吸烟状态有关(P=0.024),而与其他临床病理特征(性别、年龄、病理类型、疾病分期)无关。EGFR基因突变与EGFR-pTyr1068表达呈弱相关性(P<0.001),与EGFR-pTyr1173无相关性(P=0.297)。EGFR基因突变型患者EGFR-TKI治疗的客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)、疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)和中位无进展生存期(progress free survival,PFS)分别为48.3%(43/89)、80.9%(72/89)和8.8个月(95%CI：6.11~11.42),均明显高于EGFR基因野生型患者［16.2%(17/105)、56.2%(59/105)和2.1个月,95%CI：0.89~3.24］,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001,P<0.001,P=0.024);EGFR-pTyr1068表达阳性患者ORR和DCR分别为37.7%(58/154)和74.7%(115/154),均明显高于表达阴性患者［5.0%(2/40)和40.0%(16/40)］,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。EGFR-pTyr1068表达阳性患者中位PFS为7.0个月,较表达阴性患者(1.2个月)明显延长,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。而EGFR-pTyr1173表达与EGFR-TKI疗效呈负相关性,EGFR-pTyr1173阳性者ORR、DCR和PFS分别为27.8%(25/90)、64.4%(58/90)和4.8个月,显著低于阴性患者［37.9%(25/66)、83.3%(55/66)和7.7个月,P=0.123,P=0.007,P=0.016］。以EGFR基因突变状态分层进行亚组分析显示,在EGFR基因野生型患者中,EGFR-pTyr1068表达阳性率为69.0%(69/100),EGFR-pTyr1068表达阳性和阴性患者ORR分别为23.2%(16/69)和3.2%(1/31),DCR分别为69.6%(48/69)和35.5%(11/31),差异均有统计学意义(P=0.010,P=0.001);EGFR-pTyr1068表达阳性患者中位PFS为3.6个月,较表达阴性患者(1.2个月)明显延长,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。16例EGFR-pTyr1068阳性表达且对EGFRTKI有效患者,中位PFS为15.6个月(95%CI：7.28~23.9)。多因素分析显示,EGFR-pTyr1068是EGFR基因野生型患者EGFR-TKI治疗的独立疗效预测因子(OR=0.24,95%CI：0.16~0.37,P<0.001)。结论：EGFR-pTyr1068可作为晚期NSCLC患者接受EGFR-TKI治疗的有效预测因子,尤其对从EGFR基因野生型患者中筛选EGFR-TKI治疗有效者具有重要作用。     

Management of tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in lung cancer with EGFR mutation

The identification of driver mutations and drugs that inhibit their activity has been a major therapeutic advance for patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Unfortunately, the success of these drugs is limited by the universal development of resistance. Treatment failure can result from inadequate drug exposure or selection of resistant malignant clones. Clinically distinct mechanisms of disease progression have been identified and can inform treatment decisions. Investigations into the biochemical mechanisms of tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance may provide additional therapeutic targets by which the efficacy of targeted therapy can be improved.     

The relationship between tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy and overall survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer carrying EGFR mutations

For patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive lung cancer, the relationship between the dose or duration of treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) and overall survival remains unclear. Here, we analyzed clinical data of 39 patients who were diagnosed with EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer and treated with TKI, but subsequently died. Several parameters were measured in this study: overall survival; first, second, and overall TKI therapy durations; first TKI intensity (actual dose/normal dose); and TKI rate (overall TKI therapy duration/overall survival). The response rate to TKI therapy was 50% , and the median survival was 553 days. After TKI therapy failed, 38.5% patients were re-challenged with TKI. We observed a moderate relationship [r = 0.534, 95% confidential interval (CI) = 0.263 to 0.727, P 0.001] between overall TKI therapy duration and overall survival. However, we found no relationship between overall survival and first TKI intensity (r = 0.073, 95% CI = -0.380 to 0.247, P = 0.657) or TKI rate (r = 0.0345, 95% CI = -0.284 to 0.346, P = 0.835). Nonsmall cell lung cancer patients with mutation-positive tumors remained on TKI therapy for, on average, 33% of the overall survival time. These findings suggest that patients with EGFR mutation-positive tumors should not stick to using TKIs.     

Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors for non-small cell lung cancer

First-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), including gefitinib and erlotinib, have proven to be highly effective agents for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients harboring an activating EGFR mutation such as the exon 19 deletion mutation and L858R. Although those reversible small molecular targeted agents provide a significant response and survival benefit, all responders eventually acquire resistance. Second-generation EGFR-targeting agents, such as irreversible EGFR/HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors and pan-HER TKIs, may improve survival further and be useful for patients who acquired resistance to first-generation EGFR-TKIs. This review discusses novel therapeutic strategies for EGFR-mutated advanced NSCLC using first- and second-generation EGFR-TKIs.